一 : 上学期 Unit 6 Mainly revision
教学目标
Unit 6 Mainly Revision
教学目标 与要点
在本单元中要求学生对在前面五单元中所学过的知识做一次全面的回顾和总结。复习、归纳一般过去时态和现在完成时态，进一步学习动词不定式和宾语从句。能够区别 have been与 have gone的用法；重点学习课文"Under the sea"，明白How important is the sea to our life？
通过利用computer去寻找一些information，进一步熟悉有关如何操作计算机的术语；掌握数词的用法和类似 thousands of短语的用法。通过该单元的学习，要使学生明白海洋对于我们人类的重要，人类与自然应当和谐相处，并尽力保护它的环境。
素质教育目标
1. 在本单元中，首先要让学生在复习的基础上，建立起正确的包括现在完成时态在内的五个基本时态 (一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时) 的时间观念并且能基本做到运用所学过的时态进行交际会话。
2. 要求学生对现在完成时态有一个比较完整的了解，并能与其他时态区别开来。同时，对宾语从句也应当有一个完整的了解，并且能够进行综合运用。
3. 要让学生在合作学习的过程中体到学习的乐趣。
4. 大力运用探究式学习，如进行查找资料、资源共享、话题探讨等，使同学们在学习的过程中获得积累知识和陶冶情操的体验。
5. 本单元的主题与大自然关系紧密，教师应当抓住这个时机对学生进行环境教育，使学生明白人类与大自然应当和谐共处。
教学建议
Unit 6 Mainly Revision
关于教材内容的分析
本单元是复习单元，我们除了要复习前5单元中的日常交际用语、重点词汇外，还要复习、归纳所学的语法项目：现在完成时态和宾语从句。
首先，课本采用了相对集中的呈现方式，在经过前几个单元的学习，对时态的结构及其功能均有了一定了解的基础上，围绕“Under the sea”展开教学的。而现在完成时态对于初中学生而言，实在是一个较为难于掌握的语法项目。在本单元复习的课堂教学活动中教师更应注重这一时态的强化，主要强调学生建立一个清晰的概念，并能将现在完成时和一般过去时态的用法区别开来，使得学生建立起现在完成时态从其本质意义上讲，是属于现在时态的范畴的观念。
第二，进一步学习了宾语从句的用法，同时又为我们日后学习不定式作好了准备。应当加强学生对于宾语从句的复习，宾语从句在初中阶段的英语教学中，是一项十分重要的教学项目，学生在理解与应用这一语法项目时都存在着一定的困难。
其三，本单元是进一步学习了how to get information on computer。对于前六个单元中所出现的有关功能意念句型也应当在本单元中作一些完整的归纳。
另外，通过本单元的学习，我们要明白海洋对我们人类的重要性，人类与自然的和谐相处，才为最高境界。
本单元句型和日常交际用语
1. 本单元句型
What happened?
What’s happening?
--- When are they going to return?
--- I think they’ll return next week.
This is because…
It was called…
be amazed at…
Where else can I find such information?
It seems that…
It is said that…
2. 表示“喜欢做……”或询问偏爱时用语
Do you like living here/…?
I prefer…to…
He’d prefer them not to …
Do you prefer… to…?
Would you rather…(or…)?
Which would you prefer, … ?
What’s your preference?
What about your preference?
Do you like… better?
I’d prefer/ rather to (do) …than (do) …
I would (do) … rather than (do) …
I’d like (to)....
I’d go for…
My preference / choice would always be…
If it is up to me, I’d…
关于听说读写训练的教学建议
一、有关听力训练的教学建议
在教学本单元的过过程中，可以充分运用课本提供的对话和课文素材开展听力的教学活动。还可以进行一些独立测试的练习以加强学生的听力的适应性。可参考本单元媒体素材中准备的听声音选图画的听力练习题和短文听力测试题。
二、有关口语训练的教学建议
这个单元作为复习单元，在进行口语复习时，应当适当的设计一些情景，让学生在情景中进行活动，以加强活动的实效性。不能简单的停留在动动口的基础上，还应当让学生动笔来编写一些对话，然后再进行口头的练习。可以设计以下情景：
1. 一位同学向另外一位同学借一个橡皮擦，要征得他的允许。
2. 一位同学想邀请另外几名同学到家里来做客，家里的椅子不够，想到邻居家去借几把椅子。
3. 一位同学想去动物园玩，征求父亲的意见，父亲要他先做完作业 再去，而这位同学坚持要先去动物园回来后再作家艇作业 ，于是父子之间展开了一场对话。
参考句型：
Would you … please?
It was called…
It seems that…
Do you like…？
I’d prefer…to…
I’d prefer to (do) … (rather) than (do). .
I’d rather (do) …than (do) …
I would (do) … rather than (do) …
I’d like (to) …
三、关于阅读训练的教学建议
由于阅读与写作训练应当是本单元的重点，除了要学生加强对课文的阅读与复述之外，还应补充一些阅读材料以提高同学们的阅读能力。可参考扩展资料中提供的拓展阅读的材料。
四、关于写作训练的教学建议
请用英语介绍如何从火车站到自己的学校。
[思路讲解]
请简要介绍出从火车站至学校要走哪条路或要乘坐哪路公交车，在哪站下车，下了车怎么走。总共大约要花多少时间。也可指出学校旁边有哪些醒目的建筑物等。
[范例点评]
My school is far away from the railway station. Luckily there is a bus station outside the railway station. You can take a bus there. The No.6 bus will take you to our school. You could get off at 5th stop. You can see the gate of our school at the Hong Shan stop. Our school is just on the other side of the street. I’m sure you won’t miss it.
本篇作文语言表达简洁清楚。从火车站到学校路线明了，确能让读者很容易地找到该校。
本单元的重点句型及相关知识的讲解
1. Not too long ago, people couldn’t go scuba diving on Hainan Island, or anywhere else.
不久以前，在海南和其他地方人们还不能进行潜水运动。
else 形容词，意思为“别的；其他的”，无比较级。
它常接在疑问代词，不定代词后面。如：
— Beside the weather, what else did he say? 除了天气，他还说了些什么？
— He said something interesting about his travel abroad. 他说了国外旅行的趣闻。
— Who else is coming? 还有别人来吗？
— We are preparing the dinner. 我们正在准备饭。
— Anything else I can do for you? 我还能为你做些别的事吗？
— No, thank you. You’ve already done so much for me. 不用，谢谢。你已经为我做了很多。
2. This is because there was no machine allowing a person to breathe under water for a long time. 这是因为没有供人水下呼吸很长时间的机器。
allow sb. to do sth. 意思为“允许某人做某事”。 相当于宾语时，必须接不定式。如：
They don’t allow children to go into that room.=They don’t let children to into that room.
他们不允许孩子进入那个房间。
I allowed him to use my room.=I let him use my room.
我让他使用我的房间。
当allow后接不接人称代词或名词时，后面的动词须用 –ing 形式，而不能用不定式。如：
My parents don’t allow us to smoke. Smoking is not allowed both at home and at school.
我父母不允许吸烟。
注意：这一用法中的allow不能用let替换。
3. In 1943 Jacques Cousteau and his friend made it possible by inventing the scuba machine.
1943年雅克·库斯托和他的朋友发明了水下呼吸器，才能使这成为可能。
make在这里是“使得”的意思，后接不带to的动词不定式。“make sb. do sth.” 意为“让 / 使得某人做某事”。make后还可以跟形容词作宾补。如：
The boss made the workers work twelve hours a day.
老板让工人们一天工作十二小时。
His mother was ill. This bad news made him sad.
他的母亲病了，这个坏消息使他很难过。
4. He was amazed at all the colours, and all the beautiful fish.
他对五颜绿色和各种美丽的鱼感到惊奇。
(1) amazed 使（某人）感到惊奇。
She amazed us by dancing so beautifully. That’s why we enjoyed every minute of the party.
她舞跳得如此美，使我们很惊奇，这也使我们聚会时度过了美好时光。
be amazed at / by 感到惊奇。如：
We are amazed at the changes in Beijing. I can’t even find where my old house is.
北京的变化使我们感到惊奇。我几乎找不到旧房子了。
She was amazed by what she saw in China. She is now planning to bring her whole family here next month.
她在中国所见到的情景使她感到惊奇。她正打算下个月把家人都接来。
(2) fish 指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词，指“鱼的种类”时是可数名词。单复同形指“同一种类的鱼”，而fishes复数形式指不同种类的鱼。如：
We had fish for dinner.
我们正餐吃鱼。
We caught five fish.
我们抓到了五条鱼。
There are many kinds of fishes in the lake.
湖里有各种各样的鱼。
5. However, when he returned some years later, the colourful coral reefs were dead and grey.
然而，多年以后，当他回来时，艳丽多彩的珊瑚礁已经死了，变成灰色的了。
however conj. 然而；可是；不过；但是
Certainly he agreed. However, I won’t agree,
他当然同意了，然而我不同意。
注：however与but的区别在于，前者较为正式，but不能置于句首，而however 可以置于句首，句中或句末。置于句中时，前后用分号隔开的情况较多。
6. Since water covers most of the earth, Corsteau knew we should keep the seas clean.
由于水覆盖了地球的大部分，库斯托知道我们应该保持海洋清洁。
（1）since与because的区别在于，since常用于指众所周知的原因，而Because常用来回答Why的提问。
Since we are young, we should do more for our country.
既然我们年轻，我们应当多为国家做事。
— Why is Kate absent? 凯特为什么迟到了？
— Because she is ill. 因为她病了。
since的另外一种用法，是表示“自从……以来”。
Where have you been since I last saw you?
上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？
It is a week since we arrived here.
我们到这里来已经有一个礼拜了。
（2）本句中cover的用法，意思是“用……遮盖；覆盖”。
Snow covered the ground.
雪覆盖了地面。
She cried and covered her face with her hands.
她哭了，用手蒙住了脸。
The desk was covered with dust.=Dust covered the desk.
书桌上布满了灰尘。
7． …, he encouraged everyone to take part in protecting our lakes, rivers, seas and oceans.
……，他鼓励每个人加入到保护我们的河流、湖泊和海洋的行动中来，take part in意为“参加（活动）”一般表示在活动中还承担一定的职责。
He always takes an active part in all kinds of activities in school.他总是积极参加学校的各种活动。
join也有参加的意思，但是该词主要强调参加某项组织。如：He joined the party when he was eighteen years old.他十八岁就入了党。
8.— … but I’ve gone scuba diving.
— So have I.
— ……但是我去潜水了。
— 我也去了。
“So＋be/情态动词/助动词＋主语”这种简略结构表示“某人也……”如：I like green very much. So does Lily.
我喜欢绿色，莉莉也喜欢。
Tom can swim, so can I.
汤姆会游泳，我也会游。
She is a student. So are they.
她是学生，他们也是。
I went to the zoo yesterday. So did Mary.
昨天我去了动物园，玛丽也去了。
so＋主语＋be/情态动词/助动词，这种结构强调“……确实如此”。如：Her husband is English. So he is.
他丈夫是英国人。是的，他是。
Tom studies very hard. So he does.
汤姆学习很努力。是的，他确实很努力。
She passed the exam. So she did.
她通过了这次考试。是的，他确实通过了。
9. I’ve been down as long as two hours.
我在水下待了两小时之久
as long as …长达……
It took us as long as four hours to get over the mountain.
我们花了四个小时才翻过了那座山。
Mr. Brown spent as long as two and a half years writing the novel.
布朗先生花了长达两年半的时间才写完这部小说
注：类似的用法还有as much as, as large/big as, as wide as, as high as等等。如：
Look at the tower, it is as high as sixty metres.
看那座塔，它高达60米。
I spent as much as ten thousand yuan on the piano.
买这架钢琴，我花了多达一万块钱。
注意：as long as这个短语还可以做从属连词用来引导条件状语从句。意思是“只要……”，也可以说；so long as。如：
As long as I live, I’ll study.
只要我还活着，我就要学习。
You may borrow the books so long as you keep it clean.
只要你能保持书的清洁，你就可以借书。
As long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到解决问题的出路。
10. Maybe we can go scuba diving sometime.
也许改天我们能潜泳。
Maybe it will rain tonight.
可能今天晚上会下雨。
Maybe it is true.
也许这是真的。
It may be wrong.
这可能有错。
Don’t worry. We have some time left.
别担心，我们还有时间。
I have been to his school some times.
我去过他的学校几次。
Come and see me sometime next week.
下个礼拜什么时候有时间来看我。
I sometimes go to the cinema after work.
我有时下班后去看电影。
11. Not all sharks are alike.
并不是所有的都相似。
Alive adj. 意思为“相同的；相像的”常做表语。
They were born on the same day. The two brothers are very much alike.
他俩出生于同一天。这兄弟俩长得很像。=They were born on the same day. The two brothers are very like.
他俩出生于同一天。这兄弟俩长得很像。
注意：like 之前可以用very 来修饰，但是alike之前则不行。另外，alike也可以用做副词。如：
You and I think alike.
你和我的想法一致。
Great minds think alike.
英雄所见略同。
12. … but many sharks feed on fish, other sea animals, smaller sharks and sometimes people.
……许多鲨鱼以鱼和其他的海洋动物，较小的鲨鱼为食，有时还以人为食。
Feed on sth. 以……为食
Cows feed on hay.
奶牛吃干草。
The children always feed on the best of food.
孩子们常常吃最好的食物。
13. It is said that one of the most dangerous sharks is the great white shark.
据说有一种最危险的鲨鱼是大白鲨。
It is said …据说……
It is said that you are good at operating computers.
据说你很会操作电脑。
It is said that the sports meeting will be put off till next Thursday.
据说运动会会推迟至下周四举行。
类似的句型还有：
It is thought that … 据认为……
It is proved that … 据证明……
It is known that … 众所周知……
It is suggested that …据建议……
It is reported that … 据报道……
It is announced that …据宣布……
It is required that … 据要求……
It is required that we work eight hours a day. Sometime we work till midnight.
据要求我们一天要工八个小时。有时我们工作到半夜。
It was demanded that the working conditions be improved as soon as possible. But nothing is different, just like what you can see now.
根据要求，工作条件要尽快的改进。但是，如同你看到的，什么都没改变。
关于现在完成时态的归纳
1. 现在完成时态的结构have/has＋过去分词
2. 现在完成时涉及两个时间概念。一是过去，二是现在。谓语动词虽然所表示的动作发生在过去，但是该时态所强调的还是对现在的影响或结果。关键在于这种影响和结果正是说话人的兴趣所在。因而，该时态通常不带有时间状语。如：
The boy has come back.
孩子回来了。（意思是说孩子在家。）
I’ve lost my pen.
我把钢笔给丢了。（意思是说我现在没有钢笔用。）
3. 现在完成时态还可以用来表示开始于过去，且该状态一直延续至今而且还有可能继续下去的可能性的情况。谓语动词的动作通常是可持续的。如：
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
我在此住了二十多年了。
Nothing has happened ever since.
打那以后就什么也没有发生过，
4． 非延续性动词用于现在完成时态的时候，通常不带表示时间段的时间状语，因此不和for或者since连用。例如，不能说：
I have bought the house for two years / since two years ago.
而应当说：I bought the house two years ago.
或者说：I have had the house for two years.
或者说：It’s two years since I bought the house.
但是非延续性动词的否定式可以和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，表示这种动作的否定状态的延续。如：
I haven’t bought anything for a week / since you left.
我已经有一个礼拜没有买东西了。/自从你离开以后我没有买过任何东西。
5． 同学们应当特别注意的是，现在完成时态是一个属于现在时态的范畴，所以它可以和包括“现在时刻”在内的时间状语连用。如：
Now, today, this morning / week / month / year, by now, so far, up to now, already, before, just, ever, never, always, recently, lately.等等。如：
I have done nothing today.
我今天什么事情也没有干。
We have had four lessons this morning.
今天上午我们上了四节课。（说话时还没有超出上午的范围）
Have you seen her before?
你以前见过他吗？
6．当强调行为的行为时间、执行者、行为方式、行为场所、行为原因时，句中一般用一般过去时，而不用或者很少用现在完成时，间或用现在完成时也是为了强调结果。如：Who did it? How did he do it? Why did he do it? Where did he do it? When did he do it?
7．为了准确地判断动词的延续性和非延续性，请记住下面的歌诀：
动词延续非延续，要用“一直”加动词；
说得通是延续动词，说不通是非延续动词。
不能说：一直买buy/开始begin/借入borrow/到达reach,get to,arrive/参加join,等等。
可以说：一直有have/进行be on/保管keep/在……组织里be in/是……成员be a＋身份
如以下所示：
He has gone there.
他上那儿去了。
He has been there for two days.
他上那儿去了两天了。
He has bought a book.
他买了一本书。
He has had the book for 3 weeks.
他买这本书三周了。
She has borrowed a dictionary.
她借了一本词典。
She has kept the dictionary for 2 weeks.
他借这本词典两周了。
练习
将下列句子翻译成英文。
1. 从两点钟起我就在这里了。
2. 她已经走了一个礼拜了。
3. 从上礼拜五他就生病了。
4. 他参军已经有五年了。
5. 自从五年前他就在这里了。
参考答案：
1. I have been here since two o’clock.
2. She has been away for a week.
3. He has been ill since last Friday.
4. He has been in the army for five years.
5. He has lived here since five years ago.
教学设计方案
Lesson 21
Period: The First Period
Content: Lesson 21
Properties: Tape recorder, Overhead Projector, TV, pictures.
Teaching Objectives: Make the students use the language point in the dialogues.
the usage of the present Perfect Tense
Language Focus:
1. Useful expressions: have an accident; hurt badly;
2. The present Perfect Tense:
What’s happened? They’ve had an accident. Has anyone called the police? Yes, they have. Teaching Procedures:
Ⅰ. Organizing the class
Ask the students to get ready for class.
Greetings between the teacher and the students and a duty report.
Ⅱ. Revision
1. check homework.
2. Revise the present perfect Tense. Ask :
Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
How long have you lived in Beijing?
Get the students to answer the questions.
Make sure they can answer correctly.
Ⅲ. Presentation
1. Show a picture of an accident on TV. Get the students to watch and talk about the accident using some words, such as: have an accident, hurt, badly, fall off, hit …
2. Have the students read and practice the dialogues in pairs.
3. Ask some students to act out the dialogue.
Ⅳ. Puzzle dialogue
Find the best answers by themselves. Check the answer with the whole class.
Ask the students to make up similar questions, then get the other students to answer them.
Ⅴ. Read and act
1. Ask the students to close their books, and then listen to the tape and answer the questions:
Where have Bruce and Sue gone?
Haven’t they ever been to London?
When are they going to be back?
Have the students find the answer to the question. Check the answer with the class.
2. Ask the students to read the dialogue, then practice in pairs.
3. Act out the dialogue.
4. Allow them to change the dialogue to fit a situation they might have at home.
Ⅵ. Exercises in class
Fill in the blanks with the right verb forms.
A: I’m not feeling well. I ________ (get) a cold.
B: ________ you ________ (be) to the hospital yet?
A: Yes, I ________ (go) to see Doctor Li this morning and he ________ (give) me some medicine.
B: ________ you ________ (take) the medicine?
A: Yes, I ________ (take) it just a moment ago.
B: Mr. Li is a good doctor. I think you’ll ________ (be) all right soon.
Answers: have got, Have … been, went, gave, Have … taken, took, be
Ⅶ. Homework
Finish off the exercises in the workbook.
Ⅷ. Summary
Translate Chinese into English:
1. 发生什么事情啦？
2. 有人受伤吗？
3．他去过上海好几次。
4．我已经读完了这本书。
Answers:
1. What’s happened?
2. Is anyone hurt?
3. He has been to Shanghai for several times.
4. I have finished reading the book.
教学设计方案
Lesson 22
Period: The second Period
Content: Lesson 22
Properties: Recorder
Teaching Objectives: Students should grasp the new words and expressions as well as the main idea of the text.
Language Focus:
1. useful expressions
2. The object Clause
Teaching procedures:
Ⅰ. Organizing the class.
Greetings and a duty report.
Ⅱ. Revision
Check homework
Practice the dialogue of lesson 21
Ⅲ. Pre-read
Let the students discuss the questions:
1. Who was Cousteau?
2. When was the scuba machine inverted?
3. Who invented the scuba machine?
4. What did Cousteau do under the sea?
Ⅳ. Presentation
Ask students to close their books and listen to the radio, and then answer questions. Then get the students to listen again and check answers.
Ⅴ. Reading
Have the students read the text by themselves.
Explain some useful expressions: be interested in explore; be surprised to
Ⅵ. Group work
Part 3. Discuss the importance of the water.
Then have the students speak out their ideas.
Ⅶ. Workbook
For exercise 2, get the students to discuss the questions in small groups, and write down their ideas.
For exercise 3, have the students do it orally, and check with the whole class.
Ⅷ. Homework
Finish off the exercises in the workbook.
Ⅸ. Summary
Exercises in class
Translate the sentences into English:
1. 你想买点别的什么吗？
2. 不允许任何人经过这里。
3. 我听到这个消息大吃一惊。
4. 他参加了运动会。
Answers:
1. Would you like to buy something else?
2. Don’t allow anybody to pass here.
3. I was amazed at the news.
4. He took part in the sports meeting.
教学设计方案
Lesson 23
Period: The third Period
Content: Lesson 23
Properties: Recorder
Teaching Objectives: Students should master the dialogues, useful expressions about the present perfect tense and the object clause.
Language Focus:
1. How long have you lived in…?
I ve live here since…
2. How long have you been doing sth.?
I ve been doing sth. for…
3. What s the longest time you ve been down?
I ve been down as long as…
4. … says (that)…
Teaching Procedures:
Ⅰ. Organizing the class
Greetings and a duty report.
Ⅱ. Revision
To dictate the words last time.
Check homework
Ⅲ. Presentation
Present the sentence:
How long have you learned English?
Ask some students to answer.
Then go on:
Do you like learning English?
Have the students practice this dialogue in Pairs, in groups. At last, act out the dialogue
Ⅳ. Read and say
Play the tape for the students to listen and repeat
Then ask:
How long has Lin Yang lived in Honolulu?
How long has Lin Yang been surfing?
Have the students ask the questions, check with the whole class.
Ⅴ. Practice
Practice the dialogue in Pairs, then in groups.
Then act out the dialogue.
Ⅵ. Ask and answer
Talk about the dialogue of Part 2 in Pairs.
Finish the sentences in Pairs.
Ⅶ. Practice
Talk in groups of three. The first student says something, the second student may ask: What does he / she say? The third student repeats using the Object Clause: He / She says that…
Ⅷ. Homework
Finish off the exercises in the workbook.
Ⅸ. Summary
Exercise in class:
Rewrite the following sentences with the Object clause.
1. Physics isn t easy to learn
He says…
2. Who does live in the room?
Do you know…
3. You have passed the exam.
I m glad…
4. He ll be back in a month.
I hear…
5. Whose dictionary is this?
Tom asked…
Answers:
1. He says (that) physics isn t easy to learn.
2. Do you know who lives in the room?
3. I m glad that you have passed the exam.
4. I hear he ll be back in a month.
5. Tom asked whose dictionary this was.
教学设计方案
Lesson 24
Period: The Fourth Period
Content: Lesson 24
Properties: Recorder.
Teaching Objectives: Students should be master the useful expressions.
Language Focus: Useful expressions
Teaching Procedures:
Ⅰ. Organizing the class.
Greetings and a duty report.
Ⅱ. Revision
1. Check homework
2. Make some dialogues use the Present Perfect Tense and the Object Clause. Make sure that the students can use freely.
Ⅲ. Listen
Listen the tape for the students. Finish Exercise 1 individually. Then check the answers together.
Ⅳ. Presentation
Tell the students: Tom is interested in the sea, but he can’t find some information about different kinds of sharks. Now let’s help Tom find the information.
Have the students discuss, then say out their ways.
Ⅴ. Practice
Look and role-play. Then get the students to work in pairs.
Ⅵ. Reading
Listen to the tape and then try to find the answers to the following questions:
What is a Shark?
How many kinds of Sharks are there on earth?
What is said to be one of the most dangerous Sharks?
Discuss the question in Pairs and check the answers together.
Ⅶ. Workbook
Do Exercise 3 in class individually, check with the class.
Do Exercise 2 orally
Ⅷ. Homework
Look at the picture of the animals in part four.
Then have the students write something about animals.
Ⅸ. Summary
Exercises in class:
Translate the sentences into English.
1. 她曾经去过香港吗？
Has she ________ ________ ________ Hong Kong?
2. 过去他常在海底探险。
He used to ________ ________ the sea.
3. 我冲浪已经有两年了。
I ________ ________ ________ for 2 years.
4. 我们正在寻找鲨鱼的有关资料。
We ________ ________ ________ some information ________ sharks.
5. 不是所有的鲨鱼都一样。
________ ________ sharks are ________.
Answers: 1. ever been to 2. explore under 3. have been surfing 4. are looking for, about 5. not all, alike
探究活动
主题演讲
设计一个主题演讲课。该演讲以“Something I have done well”“我干得不错的一、两件事”为题。要求学生在该演讲中除了尽量多使用现在完成时之外，还必须尽可能地把所学过的五种时态完全用上。最后，在使用合理的前提下，以讲演用现在完成时句式最多者为胜。
实施方案：
1. 首先，把该演讲的题目和要求布置给学生，让学生事先作好准备；
2. 在课堂上先将学生分成若干个小组，
3. 上课时，先让学生在小组内进行演讲，然后由各组推荐一人至两人在班内进行表演。
4. 评出优胜小组，表扬不直接给予学生个人，而是以小组的名义表扬，以增强学生的团队精神。
参考讲稿：
I have made a very good model plane. I have tried it out many times. It has been in the sky, flying so well, at least ten times. I have shown it to most of the teachers in my school. It has been a hard job to make the model plane. At first I had neither tools nor material. I looked for them almost in every corner of the city. After I had the tools and the material, I started planning the making. I first drew pictures one after another. Then I tried to make my model plane out of paper. I tried to fly it and it went up into the sky. But it soon fell to the ground. I had to go to my math teacher for help. With the teacher’s help I made my first model plane out wood. I tried it out again. This time it was able to fly in the sky for almost two minutes. It was not very good, but much better. Now my newly made model plane can fly for over ten minutes before it lands safely on the field. I’m still trying out new planes one after another. And I’m sure in ten to twenty days my best model plane will be able to stay in the sky for a quarter of an hour.
制作复习提纲
要求学生根据前五个单元的内容，各个小组制作一份复习提纲和复习的练习题。
实施方案：
1. 布置任务，使学生充分明确老师的意图；
2. 各个学习小组分头进行，包括收集材料，进行筛选，加工，合成。
3. 各小组之间进行交流；相互学习，取长补短；
4. 班内评选，全班公布结果。
同学可以任意选取一份优秀的复习资料作为自己的复习提纲。
设计对话
给出某天电视节目单，让每对学生都根据所示的时间和节目设计对话，并演示他们的设计。
TV PROGRAMMES（节目） | |
Channel (频道) 1 | Channel 2 |
18:00 Children’s programme | 18:15 English classroom |
18:30 Learning to use computers | 19:00 TV play |
19:00 News | 20:30 Sports |
19:30 Weather report | 21:10 Foreign arts |
20:00 Popular music | 22:00 Animal world |
21:00 Talk show | 23:05 Only in China |
22:30 Around the world | 23:40 On TV next week |
对话示例：
A： You want to listen the weather information after learning to use computer, how long do you have to wait?
B： I must wait half an hour.
A： How can I watch the football match today?
B： You’d better watch the Sports progaramme at 20:30 on Channel 2.
限时阅读
教师给出关于介绍Jacques Cousteau生平的阅读文章，让学生在指定的时间内快速阅读，读后马上回答问题：
1. What has Jacques Cousteau done for the world and human being?
2. What is Jacques Cousteau good at or expert in?
Jacques Cousteau
Jacques-Yves was born in Saint-Andre-de-Dubzac, France, to Daniel and Elizabeth Cousteau on June 11, 1910. Cousteau always loved the water and in his early teens, he became interested in machines. At the age of 11, Cousteau built a model crane and at 13, he built a battery-operated(电池操作) car. Also in his early teens, Cousteau became fascinated（着迷） with films. He saved his money and bought a home movie camera.
In high school, Cousteau became bored with school and began to cause trouble. As a result, his parents sent him to a strict boarding school. Cousteau excelled in this new environment and upon graduation（毕业）, he entered the Ecole Navale (Naval Academy) in Brest. In 1933, Cousteau joined the French Navy as a gunnery（射击） officer. It was during this time that he began his underwater explorations and began working on a breathing machine for longer dives.
In 1937, Cousteau married Simone Melchoir, and they had two sons, Jean-Michel and Phillipe. Two years after their marriage, Cousteau fought for the French in World War II. He spent time as a spy and was awarded several medals（奖章）. During the war, Cousteau still found time to continue his underwater work. In 1943, he and French engineer Emile Gagnan perfected the aqualung（水中呼吸器）, which allowed a diver to stay underwater for several hours. Divers used the aqualung to located and remove enemy mines after World War II.
Cousteau was named a captain（船长） de corvette（巡洋舰） of the French navy in 1948, and two years later he became president of the French Oceanographic Campaigns. That same year, Cousteau purchased the ship Calypso（“卡里普索”号船） to further his explorations. To finance his trips and increase public awareness of his undersea investigations, Cousteau produced numerous films and published many books. His films include The Silent World (1956) and World Without Sun (1966). Both won Academy Awards for best documentary. His books include The Living Sea (1963), Dolphins (1975), and Jacques Cousteau: The Ocean World (1985).
Because of his many projects, Cousteau retired from the French navy. In 1957, he became director of the Oceanographic(海洋学的)Museum of Monaco, founded the Underseas Research Group at Toulon, and headed the Conshelf Saturation Dive Program. The Conshelf program was an experiment in which men lived and worked underwater for extended periods of time.
In 1968, Cousteau was asked to make a TV series. For the next 8 years, The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau introduced the public to a world of sharks, whales, dolphins, sunken treasure, and coral reefs（珊瑚礁）. In 1974, Cousteau started the Cousteau Society to protect ocean life. The membership of this non-profit group has grown to include more than 300,000 members worldwide. Cousteau was awarded the Medal of Freedom by President Reagan in 1985 and in 1989, he was honored by France with membership in the French Academy.
On January 11, 1996 the Calypso（“卡里普索”号船） sank in Singapore harbor（海港）. In his last years, Cousteau was involved in a legal（法律的） battle with his son, Jean-Michael over the use of the Cousteau name. Cousteau died on June 25, 1997.
二 : 上学期 2.6 指数函数
教学目标
1. 理解指数函数的定义,初步掌握指数函数的图象,性质及其简单应用.
2. 通过指数函数的图象和性质的学习,培养学生观察,分析,归纳的能力,进一步体会数形结合的思想方法.
3. 通过对指数函数的研究,使学生能把握函数研究的基本方法,激发学生的学习兴趣.
教学重点和难点
重点是理解指数函数的定义,把握图象和性质.
难点是认识底数对函数值影响的认识.
教学用具
投影仪
教学方法
启发讨论研究式
教学过程
一. 引入新课
我们前面学习了指数运算,在此基础上,今天我们要来研究一类新的常见函数-------指数函数.
1.6.指数函数(板书)
这类函数之所以重点介绍的原因就是它是实际生活中的一种需要.比如我们看下面的问题:
问题1:某种细胞分裂时,由1个分裂成2个,2个分裂成4个,……一个这样的细胞分裂 次后,得到的细胞分裂的个数 与 之间,构成一个函数关系,能写出 与 之间的函数关系式吗?
由学生回答: 与 之间的关系式,可以表示为 .
问题2:有一根1米长的绳子,第一次剪去绳长一半,第二次再剪去剩余绳子的一半,……剪了 次后绳子剩余的长度为 米,试写出 与 之间的函数关系.
由学生回答: .
在以上两个实例中我们可以看到这两个函数与我们前面研究的函数有所区别,从形式上幂的形式,且自变量 均在指数的位置上,那么就把形如这样的函数称为指数函数.
一. 指数函数的概念(板书)
1.定义:形如 的函数称为指数函数.(板书)
教师在给出定义之后再对定义作几点说明.
2.几点说明 (板书)
(1) 关于对 的规定:
教师首先提出问题:为什么要规定底数大于0且不等于1呢?(若学生感到有困难,可将问题分解为若 会有什么问题?如 ,此时 , 等在实数范围内相应的函数值不存在.
若 对于 都无意义,若 则 无论 取何值,它总是1,对它没有研究的必要.为了避免上述各种情况的发生,所以规定 且 .
(2)关于指数函数的定义域 (板书)
教师引导学生回顾指数范围,发现指数可以取有理数.此时教师可指出,其实当指数为无理数时, 也是一个确定的实数,对于无理指数幂,学过的有理指数幂的性质和运算法则它都适用,所以将指数范围扩充为实数范围,所以指数函数的定义域为 .扩充的另一个原因是因为使她它更具代表更有应用价值.
(3)关于是否是指数函数的判断(板书)
刚才分别认识了指数函数中底数,指数的要求,下面我们从整体的角度来认识一下,根据定义我们知道什么样的函数是指数函数,请看下面函数是否是指数函数.
(1) , (2) , (3)
(4) , (5) .
学生回答并说明理由,教师根据情况作点评,指出只有(1)和(3)是指数函数,其中(3) 可以写成 ,也是指数图象.
最后提醒学生指数函数的定义是形式定义,就必须在形式上一摸一样才行,然后把问题引向深入,有了定义域和初步研究的函数的性质,此时研究的关键在于画出它的图象,再细致归纳性质.
3.归纳性质
作图的用什么方法.用列表描点发现,教师准备明确性质,再由学生回答.
函数
1.定义域 :
2.值域:
3.奇偶性 :既不是奇函数也不是偶函数
4.截距:在 轴上没有,在 轴上为1.
对于性质1和2可以两条合在一起说,并追问起什么作用.(确定图象存在的大致位置)对第3条还应会证明.对于单调性,我建议找一些特殊点.,先看一看,再下定论.对最后一条也是指导函数图象画图的依据.(图象位于 轴上方,且与 轴不相交.)
在此基础上,教师可指导学生列表,描点了.取点时还要提醒学生由于不具备对称性,故 的值应有正有负,且由于单调性不清,所取点的个数不能太少.
此处教师可利用计算机列表描点,给出十组数据,而学生自己列表描点,至少六组数据.连点成线时,一定提醒学生图象的变化趋势(当 越小,图象越靠近 轴, 越大,图象上升的越快),并连出光滑曲线.
二.图象与性质(板书)
1.图象的画法:性质指导下的列表描点法.
2.草图:
当画完第一个图象之后,可问学生是否需要再画第二个?它是否具有代表性?(教师可提示底数的条件是 且 ,取值可分为两段)让学生明白需再画第二个,不妨取 为例.
此时画它的图象的方法应让学生来选择,应让学生意识到列表描点不是唯一的方法,而图象变换的方法更为简单.即 = 与 图象之间关于 轴对称,而此时 的图象已经有了,具备了变换的条件.让学生自己做对称,教师借助计算机画图,在同一坐标系下得到 的图象.
最后问学生是否需要再画.(可能有两种可能性,若学生认为无需再画,则追问其原因并要求其说出性质,若认为还需画,则教师可利用计算机再画出如 的图象一起比较,再找共性)
由于图象是形的特征,所以先从几何角度看它们有什么特征.教师可列一个表,如下:
以上内容学生说不齐的,教师可适当提出观察角度让学生去描述,然后再让学生将几何的特征,翻译为函数的性质,即从代数角度的描述,将表中另一部分填满.
填好后,让学生仿照此例再列一个 的表,将相应的内容填好.为进一步整理性质,教师可提出从另一个角度来分类,整理函数的性质.
3.性质.
(1)无论 为何值,指数函数 都有定义域为 ,值域为 ,都过点 .
(2) 时, 在定义域内为增函数, 时, 为减函数.
(3) 时, , 时, .
总结之后,特别提醒学生记住函数的图象,有了图,从图中就可以能读出性质.
三.简单应用 (板书)
1.利用指数函数单调性比大小. (板书)
一类函数研究完它的概念,图象和性质后,最重要的是利用它解决一些简单的问题.首先我们来看下面的问题.
例1. 比较下列各组数的大小
(1) 与 ; (2) 与 ;
(3) 与1 .(板书)
首先让学生观察两个数的特点,有什么相同?由学生指出它们底数相同,指数不同.再追问根据这个特点,用什么方法来比较它们的大小呢?让学生联想指数函数,提出构造函数的方法,即把这两个数看作某个函数的函数值,利用它的单调性比较大小.然后以第(1)题为例,给出解答过程.
解: 在 上是增函数,且
< .(板书)
教师最后再强调过程必须写清三句话:
(1) 构造函数并指明函数的单调区间及相应的单调性.
(2) 自变量的大小比较.
(3) 函数值的大小比较.
后两个题的过程略.要求学生仿照第(1)题叙述过程.
例2.比较下列各组数的大小
(1) 与 ; (2) 与 ;
(3) 与 .(板书)
先让学生观察例2中各组数与例1中的区别,再思考解决的方法.引导学生发现对(1)来说 可以写成 ,这样就可以转化成同底的问题,再用例1的方法解决,对(2)来说 可以写成 ,也可转化成同底的,而(3)前面的方法就不适用了,考虑新的转化方法,由学生思考解决.(教师可提示学生指数函数的函数值与1有关,可以用1来起桥梁作用)
最后由学生说出 >1, <1, > .
解决后由教师小结比较大小的方法
(1) 构造函数的方法: 数的特征是同底不同指(包括可转化为同底的)
(2) 搭桥比较法: 用特殊的数1或0.
三.巩固练习
练习:比较下列各组数的大小(板书)
(1) 与 (2) 与 ;
(3) 与 ; (4) 与 .解答过程略
四.小结
1.指数函数的概念
2.指数函数的图象和性质
3.简单应用
五 .板书设计
三 : 上学期 Unit 6 Mainly revision
教学目标
Unit 6 Mainly Revision
教学目标与要点
在本单元中要求学生对在前面五单元中所学过的知识做一次全面的回顾和总结。复习、归纳一般过去时态和现在完成时态，进一步学习动词不定式和宾语从句。能够区别 have been与 have gone的用法；重点学习课文"Under the sea"，明白How important is the sea to our life？
通过利用computer去寻找一些information，进一步熟悉有关如何操作计算机的术语；掌握数词的用法和类似 thousands of短语的用法。通过该单元的学习，要使学生明白海洋对于我们人类的重要，人类与自然应当和谐相处，并尽力保护它的环境。
素质教育目标
1. 在本单元中，首先要让学生在复习的基础上，建立起正确的包括现在完成时态在内的五个基本时态 (一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时) 的时间观念并且能基本做到运用所学过的时态进行交际会话。
2. 要求学生对现在完成时态有一个比较完整的了解，并能与其他时态区别开来。同时，对宾语从句也应当有一个完整的了解，并且能够进行综合运用。
3. 要让学生在合作学习的过程中体到学习的乐趣。
4. 大力运用探究式学习，如进行查找资料、资源共享、话题探讨等，使同学们在学习的过程中获得积累知识和陶冶情操的体验。
5. 本单元的主题与大自然关系紧密，教师应当抓住这个时机对学生进行环境教育，使学生明白人类与大自然应当和谐共处。
教学建议
Unit 6 Mainly Revision
关于教材内容的分析
本单元是复习单元，我们除了要复习前5单元中的日常交际用语、重点词汇外，还要复习、归纳所学的语法项目：现在完成时态和宾语从句。
首先，课本采用了相对集中的呈现方式，在经过前几个单元的学习，对时态的结构及其功能均有了一定了解的基础上，围绕“Under the sea”展开教学的。而现在完成时态对于初中学生而言，实在是一个较为难于掌握的语法项目。在本单元复习的课堂教学活动中教师更应注重这一时态的强化，主要强调学生建立一个清晰的概念，并能将现在完成时和一般过去时态的用法区别开来，使得学生建立起现在完成时态从其本质意义上讲，是属于现在时态的范畴的观念。
第二，进一步学习了宾语从句的用法，同时又为我们日后学习不定式作好了准备。应当加强学生对于宾语从句的复习，宾语从句在初中阶段的英语教学中，是一项十分重要的教学项目，学生在理解与应用这一语法项目时都存在着一定的困难。
其三，本单元是进一步学习了how to get information on computer。对于前六个单元中所出现的有关功能意念句型也应当在本单元中作一些完整的归纳。
另外，通过本单元的学习，我们要明白海洋对我们人类的重要性，人类与自然的和谐相处，才为最高境界。
本单元句型和日常交际用语
1. 本单元句型
What happened?
What’s happening?
--- When are they going to return?
--- I think they’ll return next week.
This is because…
It was called…
be amazed at…
Where else can I find such information?
It seems that…
It is said that…
2. 表示“喜欢做……”或询问偏爱时用语
Do you like living here/…?
I prefer…to…
He’d prefer them not to …
Do you prefer… to…?
Would you rather…(or…)?
Which would you prefer, … ?
What’s your preference?
What about your preference?
Do you like… better?
I’d prefer/ rather to (do) …than (do) …
I would (do) … rather than (do) …
I’d like (to)....
I’d go for…
My preference / choice would always be…
If it is up to me, I’d…
关于听说读写训练的教学建议
一、有关听力训练的教学建议
在教学本单元的过过程中，可以充分运用课本提供的对话和课文素材开展听力的教学活动。还可以进行一些独立测试的练习以加强学生的听力的适应性。可参考本单元媒体素材中准备的听声音选图画的听力练习题和短文听力测试题。
二、有关口语训练的教学建议
这个单元作为复习单元，在进行口语复习时，应当适当的设计一些情景，让学生在情景中进行活动，以加强活动的实效性。不能简单的停留在动动口的基础上，还应当让学生动笔来编写一些对话，然后再进行口头的练习。可以设计以下情景：
1. 一位同学向另外一位同学借一个橡皮擦，要征得他的允许。
2. 一位同学想邀请另外几名同学到家里来做客，家里的椅子不够，想到邻居家去借几把椅子。
3. 一位同学想去动物园玩，征求父亲的意见，父亲要他先做完作业 再去，而这位同学坚持要先去动物园回来后再作家艇作业 ，于是父子之间展开了一场对话。
参考句型：
Would you … please?
It was called…
It seems that…
Do you like…？
I’d prefer…to…
I’d prefer to (do) … (rather) than (do). .
I’d rather (do) …than (do) …
I would (do) … rather than (do) …
I’d like (to) …
三、关于阅读训练的教学建议
由于阅读与写作训练应当是本单元的重点，除了要学生加强对课文的阅读与复述之外，还应补充一些阅读材料以提高同学们的阅读能力。可参考扩展资料中提供的拓展阅读的材料。
四、关于写作训练的教学建议
请用英语介绍如何从火车站到自己的学校。
[思路讲解]
请简要介绍出从火车站至学校要走哪条路或要乘坐哪路公交车，在哪站下车，下了车怎么走。总共大约要花多少时间。也可指出学校旁边有哪些醒目的建筑物等。
[范例点评]
My school is far away from the railway station. Luckily there is a bus station outside the railway station. You can take a bus there. The No.6 bus will take you to our school. You could get off at 5th stop. You can see the gate of our school at the Hong Shan stop. Our school is just on the other side of the street. I’m sure you won’t miss it.
本篇作文语言表达简洁清楚。从火车站到学校路线明了，确能让读者很容易地找到该校。
本单元的重点句型及相关知识的讲解
1. Not too long ago, people couldn’t go scuba diving on Hainan Island, or anywhere else.
不久以前，在海南和其他地方人们还不能进行潜水运动。
else 形容词，意思为“别的；其他的”，无比较级。
它常接在疑问代词，不定代词后面。如：
— Beside the weather, what else did he say? 除了天气，他还说了些什么？
— He said something interesting about his travel abroad. 他说了国外旅行的趣闻。
— Who else is coming? 还有别人来吗？
— We are preparing the dinner. 我们正在准备饭。
— Anything else I can do for you? 我还能为你做些别的事吗？
— No, thank you. You’ve already done so much for me. 不用，谢谢。你已经为我做了很多。
2. This is because there was no machine allowing a person to breathe under water for a long time. 这是因为没有供人水下呼吸很长时间的机器。
allow sb. to do sth. 意思为“允许某人做某事”。 相当于宾语时，必须接不定式。如：
They don’t allow children to go into that room.=They don’t let children to into that room.
他们不允许孩子进入那个房间。
I allowed him to use my room.=I let him use my room.
我让他使用我的房间。
当allow后接不接人称代词或名词时，后面的动词须用 –ing 形式，而不能用不定式。如：
My parents don’t allow us to smoke. Smoking is not allowed both at home and at school.
我父母不允许吸烟。
注意：这一用法中的allow不能用let替换。
3. In 1943 Jacques Cousteau and his friend made it possible by inventing the scuba machine.
1943年雅克·库斯托和他的朋友发明了水下呼吸器，才能使这成为可能。
make在这里是“使得”的意思，后接不带to的动词不定式。“make sb. do sth.” 意为“让 / 使得某人做某事”。make后还可以跟形容词作宾补。如：
The boss made the workers work twelve hours a day.
老板让工人们一天工作十二小时。
His mother was ill. This bad news made him sad.
他的母亲病了，这个坏消息使他很难过。
4. He was amazed at all the colours, and all the beautiful fish.
他对五颜绿色和各种美丽的鱼感到惊奇。
(1) amazed 使（某人）感到惊奇。
She amazed us by dancing so beautifully. That’s why we enjoyed every minute of the party.
她舞跳得如此美，使我们很惊奇，这也使我们聚会时度过了美好时光。
be amazed at / by 感到惊奇。如：
We are amazed at the changes in Beijing. I can’t even find where my old house is.
北京的变化使我们感到惊奇。我几乎找不到旧房子了。
She was amazed by what she saw in China. She is now planning to bring her whole family here next month.
她在中国所见到的情景使她感到惊奇。她正打算下个月把家人都接来。
(2) fish 指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词，指“鱼的种类”时是可数名词。单复同形指“同一种类的鱼”，而fishes复数形式指不同种类的鱼。如：
We had fish for dinner.
我们正餐吃鱼。
We caught five fish.
我们抓到了五条鱼。
There are many kinds of fishes in the lake.
湖里有各种各样的鱼。
5. However, when he returned some years later, the colourful coral reefs were dead and grey.
然而，多年以后，当他回来时，艳丽多彩的珊瑚礁已经死了，变成灰色的了。
however conj. 然而；可是；不过；但是
Certainly he agreed. However, I won’t agree,
他当然同意了，然而我不同意。
注：however与but的区别在于，前者较为正式，but不能置于句首，而however 可以置于句首，句中或句末。置于句中时，前后用分号隔开的情况较多。
6. Since water covers most of the earth, Corsteau knew we should keep the seas clean.
由于水覆盖了地球的大部分，库斯托知道我们应该保持海洋清洁。
（1）since与because的区别在于，since常用于指众所周知的原因，而Because常用来回答Why的提问。
Since we are young, we should do more for our country.
既然我们年轻，我们应当多为国家做事。
— Why is Kate absent? 凯特为什么迟到了？
— Because she is ill. 因为她病了。
since的另外一种用法，是表示“自从……以来”。
Where have you been since I last saw you?
上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？
It is a week since we arrived here.
我们到这里来已经有一个礼拜了。
（2）本句中cover的用法，意思是“用……遮盖；覆盖”。
Snow covered the ground.
雪覆盖了地面。
She cried and covered her face with her hands.
她哭了，用手蒙住了脸。
The desk was covered with dust.=Dust covered the desk.
书桌上布满了灰尘。
7． …, he encouraged everyone to take part in protecting our lakes, rivers, seas and oceans.
……，他鼓励每个人加入到保护我们的河流、湖泊和海洋的行动中来，take part in意为“参加（活动）”一般表示在活动中还承担一定的职责。
He always takes an active part in all kinds of activities in school.他总是积极参加学校的各种活动。
join也有参加的意思，但是该词主要强调参加某项组织。如：He joined the party when he was eighteen years old.他十八岁就入了党。
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