一 : 2008高考必背英语词汇讲座-L字头
1、lone, lonely, lonesome, alone
这组词都有“孤独的,寂寞的”之意。
lone:“孤独的,寂寞的,无依无靠的”,该词(在诗歌中)可替代lonely或lonesome。she could see a lone figure on the deserted beach walking to and fro.她看到一个孤寂的人影在荒凉的海滩上走来走去。in that cloudy sky only one lone star could be seen.在那多云的天空中,只能看见孤零零的一颗星。
lonely:“孤单的,寂寞的“,但更强调指渴望陪伴的孤独感受。a lonely young sailor felt sorry for himself because his girlfriend no longer loved him.孤独的青年海员由于女友不再爱他而非常伤心。he spent many lonely days on the deserted island before that attractive girl appeared.在那个有魅力的女孩出现之前,他在那个荒岛上度过了许多寂寞的日子。
lonesome : "无伴的,独居的",通常明确的表达分别或丧偶后的孤寂卑凉,含义较为痛切。the house she had always thought of as overcrowded was lonesome when her children grew up andwent out on their own.先前她认为这屋子过于拥挤,但当其子女出去独立生活后,显得孤寂。you must keep up your spirits, mother, and not be lonesome because i'm not at home.你一定要打起精神,妈妈,不要因为我不在家而倍感凄凉。
2、location, position, situation, spot
这一组词都有“位置,地点”之意。
location:“位置,场所,场地”,指某物所处的固定但也许并不明确的位置,也可指找到的或可加以利用的场地。还可解作“定位,测位选址”,如:industrial location工业选址。the location of the missing plane can hardly be identified without more detailed information.如果没有更详尽的信息,失踪飞机所处的位置就很难确定。the location is exceptionally poor, viewed from a sanitation point, so julia had to devote hertime to finding suitable location for a new school.从卫生角度来看,这个地段非常糟糕,所以朱利亚不得不花时间找一处适于建新学校的地点。
position:“方位,地点,位置”,通常是指某物所处的实际或相对的位置,适用于具体及抽象的事物,想象中或实际存在的东西;因此还可解作“社会地位,职务,见解,立场,姿态”等。can you show me the position of the school on the map?你能指给我那学校在地图上的位置吗?before the invention of the timing devices they told the time by the position of the sun.在计时器发明之前,他们根据太阳的位置来判断时间。
situation:“地点,位置,场合”,它所指的地点更注重考虑周的环境,还指抽象的对某人或社会有影响的条件、事实、事件的总和,因此可以解作“境况、形势、局势、处境”等。常用短语:cope/ do with the situation应付当前情况:save the situation挽回局势。despite the fact that he's only a boy of nine, he could manage to deal with the new situation.尽管他还是个九岁的小男孩,他却能设法对付新情况。the situation of the camp was chosen with respect to its healthfulness and its nearness to thecity.这个营地位置的选择考虑到了有益于健康而且离城市近的原则。
spot:“地点,现场”,指范围清楚的特定地点,也可指事件或行为的发生地,具有较强的“有限空间意义”,如:a historic/ scenic spot古迹/ 风景名胜。常用词组:on the spot 当场。she was probably mad with hunger and thirst in that lonely hot spot.在那炎热孤寂的地方,她很可能因为又饿又渴而几近发疯。the police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime.获悉该项犯罪后几分钟,警察即赶到现场。
3、later, latter
later是late的比较级形式,意为“后来的(地)”,通常用在表示时间单位的词组后,表示“……以后”的意思,此外还通常用在一些习语中。例如:two days later, we proved these facts to be correct. 两天以后,我们证明了这些事实是正确的。he reached the stations 5 minutes later. 他晚到车站五分钟。sooner or later 总有一天,迟早later on 今后,以后
latter是一原级形容词,主要有三种意义:1).表示“后面的,后半的,末了的”之意;2).与定冠词the连用,表示“后者”,与the former相对;3).“最近的,现今的”。例如:the latter half of the month 后半月,下半月the latter part of the year 一年中后一段时期of the two the latter is far better than the former.两者中后者比前者好得多。he has been at home in these latter days.在最近的这些日子里,他一直呆在家里。
4、lay, lie
这两个动词在变形时,往往引起混淆。
lay主要用作及物动词,基本意思为“放”,还可有一些引申意义。它的过去式和过去分词是laid,现在分词是laying。例如:please lay the book on the table.请把书放在桌上。the road is laid with asphalt.这条路是用柏油铺成的。these hens lay eggs every day.这些母鸡天天下蛋。we should lay stress on our pronunciation.我们应该重视我们的发音。
lie是一个不及物动词,它有两种意义和用法:1).意为“平躺;平放;位于”时,过去式为lay, 过去分词为lain; 2).意为:“撒谎”时,过去式和过去分词是lied。例如:don't lie in bed all morning.不要一早上都躺在床上。he lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.他躺在草地上享受阳光。korea lies to the east of china.朝鲜位于中国东面。you are lying.你在撒谎。he lied to me.他对我撒谎。
5、leave out, leave off
这两个短语动词由leave加副词构成,在句中均作谓语,它们的意义有区别。
leave out主要有下列几种意义:1).省去,略去;2).遗漏;3).没有考虑到。例如:we must decide what to leave out and what to leave in. 我们必须决定取舍。please complete this check properly. the date has been left out. 请将这张支票填完整,日期被漏掉了。we left out the possibility of his coming. 我们没考虑到他会来。
leave off则主要表示下列两种意义:1).停止,中断;2).不再穿,不再使用。例如:leave off talking!别讲话了!they leave off work at 4:30 p.m. 他们下午四点半下班。it is warm enough for you to leave off your woolen sweater. 天这么热,可以脱下你的绒线衣了。
6、living, alive, live, lively
这四个形容词均是live派生出的,但它们的意义和用法均不一样。
living有三种意义和用法:1).表示“活着的,尤指现存的”,可以指人,也可指物。在句中作表语或定语;作定语时,可前置也可后置。2).表示某人,某物与另一个人或一物“一模一样,逼真的”之意。3).相当于形容词lively,表示“强烈的、活泼的”之意。例如:a living language should be learned orally. 一种活的语言应该通过口语来学习。no man living could do better. 当代的人没有一个能做得比这好的了。shelly was still living when keats died. 济慈死时,雪莱还活着。he's the living image of his father. 他跟他父亲长得一模一样。we have a living hope that you will succeed. 我们强烈地希望你成功。
alive多用作表语,多用于人,表示“活着的”的意思,还可引申为其他意义;间或也作定语,只能放在被修饰词的后面。例如:is she still alive?她还活着吗?they are the happiest children alive.他们是当代最幸福的孩子们。an enemy officer was caught alive.一名敌军官被活捉了。the lake is alive with fish.湖里鱼多得很。
live作形容词时读作/laiv/, 只用于物,作定语,基本意义是“活的”,这时可用living替代。它还有很多引申意义。例如:this is a live fish/ mouse.这是一条活鱼(一只活老鼠)。don't play with live coals!不要玩燃烧着的煤块。a live wire is dangerous.通上电的电线很危险。it was a live broadcast, not a recording.那是实况广播,不是录音广播。
lively读作/laivli/,在句中可作表语或定语,主要表示下列三种意义:1).有生气的,活泼的,快活的;2).(颜色)鲜明的;3).生动的,真实的。例如:she is as lively as a kitten.她快活得像只小猫。the patient seems a little livelier this morning.那病人今晨似乎好些了。he has lively imagination.他有丰富的想象力。what lively colors!多么鲜明的色彩。he gave a lively description of the football game.他对这场足球赛进行了生动的描述。
7、learn, study
learn为“学习,学会”,侧重学习的成果,指从不知到知,从不会到会的学习,强调通过学习去获得知识和技能,它没有凭勤奋努力而获得知识的意味。learn亦可指向某人学习,从某处学习及学习一门技能等。如 learn music, learn new words, learn to skate, learn from experience, learn from leifeng。
study为“学习,研究”,强调学习的过程,指深入系统地学习,带有努力,勤奋的意味。其学习对象往往是科学,艺术和需要深入探讨,研究的问题及学科,不是单纯地获得技巧。如:study medicine,study science, study a map, study engineering, study painting。下列句子中的learn 和 study均不能互换:if you study hard, you'll learn the language well. 如果你努力学习的话,你会把这门语言学好。he learned traditional chinese medicine from a famous chinese doctor. 他跟随一位著名的中国医生学习中医。she studied late at night.她晚上学习到很晚。he is studying the problem of x-rays.他正在研究x射线的问题。
在指某学科的“学习”时,或在不需要强调两者的区别时, learn 和study可以换用。如:how long have you learned/ studied japanese?你学习日语有多久了?we must keep on learning/ studying if we do not want to lag behind the times. 如果我们不想落在时代后面的话,就必须不断学习。
8、long for, for long
long for是一用作及物意义的动、介型短语动词,表示“渴望,极想得到”的意思。其后可接名词,代词作宾语。例如:the children are longing for the festival.孩子们渴望节日来临。we long for a chance to visit yanan.我们渴望有机会访问延安。
for long中的for是介词,long是名词,一起作介词短语用,在句中充当状语,通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句或否定意义的句子中。意为“很久,长久”。例如:he will not remain for long.他不会呆得太久。will you be away for long?你要离开很久吗?
9、lecture, speech
lecture作“演讲,讲课”解,指有准备的专题演讲,尤指学术性讲演及高等学校教师的讲课。它常和动词give, read, hear, attend, receive连用,当它用于give sb. a lecture结构时,指“训斥某人”。如:they received lecture on technique. (指听演讲)he gave a lecture on the war in english. (指作演讲)father gave me a lecture for smoking. (指训斥)
speech作“说话,演讲”解,系普通用语,除指有声的语言外,又泛指为听众而作的讲,可以是有准备的正式讲话,也可以是无准备的非正式的讲话。它常和动词give, make, hear, prepare, understand等连用。如:i was quite unprepared to make a speech.by your speech i can tell you're from london.he gave a speech about good manners to the whole school.
10、live on, live by
live on有三种意义和用法:1).后接人、钱、工资,表示“依靠这些人或钱物养活”的意思;2).后接各种食物的名称,表示“以……为主食”的意思; 3).作不及物动词用,表示“继续生存下去,永存”之意。例如:jim's father was living on his friends.吉姆的父亲靠他的朋友生活。my uncle lives happily on his pension.我伯父靠退休金生活得很幸福。most of the asians live on rice.多数亚洲人以大米为食。sheep live on grass.羊以草为食。the scientist's name will live on from generation to generation. 这位科学家的名字将流芳百世。
live by有两种意义和用法:1. 后接名词或动名词,表示“以某种方式或手段过活”之意;2. 后接地点名词,表示“住在……附近”之意。例如:they live by honest labor.他们靠正当的劳动生活。smith lives by writing for a small magazine.史密斯靠给一家小杂志社写稿来维持生活。we live by the east lake.我们住在东湖旁边。
二 : 2008年高考英语单词拼写必背全表
一、一个星期七天
1. monday 2. tuesday 3. wednesday4. thursday5. friday 6. saturday 7. sunday
二、一年十二个月
1. january 2. february 3. march 4. april 5. may 6. june 7. july 8. august 9. september 10. october 11. november 12. december
三、一年四季
1. spring 2. summer 3. autumn 4. winter
四、容易拼写错的数字
1. eighth第八
2. ninth第九
3. forty四十
4. twelfth第十二
5. twentieth第二十
四、亲属称呼
1. daughter (女儿)
2. niece (女性晚辈)
3. nephew (男性晚辈)
4. cousin (同辈兄弟姐妹)
5. aunt (女性长辈)
6. uncle (男性长辈)
五、以下动词加-ed或-ing要双写最后一个字母
1. regret (regretted, regretting) 后悔
2. control (controlled, controlling) 控制
3. admit (admitted, admitting) 承认
4. occur (occurred, occurring) 出现
5. prefer (preferred, preferring) 宁愿
6. refer (referred, referring) 提到
7. forget (forgetting ) 忘记
8. permit (permitted, permitting)允许
9. equip (equipped, equipping) 装备
注意:quarrel, signal, travel中的l可双写(英国英语)也可不双写(美国英语)
六、部分过去式和过去分词不规则变化的动词
1. broadcast (broadcast, broadcast) 广播
2. flee (fled, fled) 逃跑
3. forbid (forbade, forbidden) 禁止
4. forgive (forgave, forgiven) 原谅
5. freeze (froze, frozen) 结冰
6. hang (作“绞死”讲,是规则的;作“悬挂”讲,其过去式过去分词都是hung)
7. lie (作“说谎”讲时,是规则的;作“位于”讲时,其过去式是lay,过去分词是lain)
8. seek (sought, sought) 寻求
9. shake (shook, shaken) 发抖
10. sing (sang, sung) 唱歌
11. sink (sank, sunk/sunken) 下沉
12. spread (spread, spread) 传播
13. swim (swam, swum) 游泳
14. tear (tore, torn) 撕碎
15. weave (wove, woven) 编织
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七、意思相近的词
1. check / examine/ test
2. receive / accept
3. destroy /damage
4. celebrate/ congratulate
5. wear / dress
八、注意形容词变名词时的拼写变化
1. long—length 长度
2. wide—width 宽度
3. high—height 高度
4. strong—strength力量
九、以-ic结尾的动词,应先把-ic变为-ick,再加ing或ed
1. picnic (picnicked, picnicking) 野餐
十、个别名词的复数拼写
1. german (germans) 德国人
2. gulf (gulfs) 海湾
3. handkerchief (handkerchiefs) 手帕
4. hero (英雄),potato (土豆),tomato (西红柿) 等有生命的以-o结尾的名词变复数时要加-es。
5. roof (roofs) 房顶
6. stomach 胃 (其复数是stomachs而不是加es)
十一、注意动词变名词时的拼写变化
1. succeed—success成功
2. pronounce—pronunciation 发音
3. explain—explanation解释
4. decide—decision 决定
5. enter—entrance进入
6. permit—permission 允许
7. refuse—refusal 拒绝
8. consider—consideration 考虑
9. discover—discovery 发现
10. bury—burial 埋葬
11. conclude—conclusion 得出结论
12. arrive—arrival 到达
13. weigh—weight 重量
十二、注意形容词变副词时的拼写变化
1. beautiful—beautifully 美丽的
2. possible—possibly 可能的
3. practical—practically 实际的
4. particular—particularly 特别的
5. successful—successfully 成功的
十三、其它必背单词
1. abroad 国外
2. absence n. 缺席 (absent adj.)
3. accepted (nmet1997)
4. accident事故 (accidental adj. 偶然的,accidentally adv. 偶然地)
5. achievement成就 (achieve v. 获得)
6. address地址
7. admire钦佩
8. admitting (2000北京春季卷)
9. agreement 协议
10. agriculture农业 (agricultural adj. 农业的)
11. altogether总共
12. ancient 古代的
13. announced(nmet1999)
14. anxiety 忧虑 (anxious adj. 焦急的,anxiously adv. 焦急地)
15. apologize v. 道歉
(apology n. 道歉apologetic adj. 道歉的,apologetically adv.道歉地)
16. apologize/apologise (2000全国卷)
17. appreciate感激/欣赏 (感激人用thank sb;谢谢某人做的事用appreciate sth.)
18. asian(nmet1996)
19. assistant 助手
20. astonish吃惊 (astonishment n. 吃惊,astonishing,astonished)
21. astronaut 宇航员
22. atmosphere气氛
23. attempt尝试 (可作名词也可作动词)
24. attentively 专心地
25. attentively(nmet1996)
26. attitude 态度
27. attract 吸引 (attraction吸引力)
28. average 平均
29. average(nmet1999)
30. balance平衡
31. beauty 美 (beautiful)
32. believe相信 (belief n. 信念,其复数是beliefs)
33. beyond超过
34. biology生物
35. birthday生日
36. bravery 勇敢
37. broadcast(nmet1996)
38. broadcast广播 (过去式、过去分词同原形)
39. carefully 小心 (carefully)
40. ceiling天花板
41. celebrated (2000北京春季卷)
42. celebration 庆祝 (celebrate n. 庆祝)
43. century 世纪
44. challenge 挑战
45. character 性格
46. charge收费
47. cinema电影院
48. comfort v. & n. 安慰 (comfortable adj. comfortably adv.舒适地)
49. comfortably(nmet1997)
50. comment 评论
51. communication 交流
52. competition 竞赛 (compete v. 竞赛competitor 竞赛者)
53. composition 作文
54. concert 音乐会
55. conclude v. conclusion n. 结论
56. condition情况 (conditions条件)
57. confessing (2000北京春季卷)
58. congratulations 祝贺 (congratulate v.)
59. constantly 不断地
60. construction(nmet1996)
61. continue继续
62. contribution 贡献 (contribute v.)
63. conveniently方便 (convenient adj.)
64. conversation 谈话
65. coughing(nmet1997)
66. cousin表兄弟
67. cruelty 残酷 (cruel adj. cruelly adv.)
68. curious 好奇 (curiosity n. 好奇)
69. curious(nmet1996)
70. customer 顾客
71. customers (2000北京春季卷)
72. custom习俗
73. damage损坏
74. declared(nmet1999)
75. delicious 美味
76. destroy毁灭 (其过去式是destroyed)
77. determined 有决心的
78. develop发展 (development n. developing 发展中的,developed发达的)
79. dialogue 对话
80. diary 日记 (dairy 奶制品)
81. difference 不同点 (有复数形式)
82. disappointed失望 (disappointing 让人失望的)
83. disappointment 失望
84. discovery 发现 (其复数是discoveries,其动词是discover,discoverer发现者)
85. disturb打扰
86. dollar美元 (其复数是dollars)
87. downstairs楼下
88. dream梦想 (其过去式是dreamed或dreamt)
89. electricity电 (electrical电的,electric 电的)
90. employ 雇用 (employment n. employer 雇主,employee雇员)
91. empty倒空 (可用动词,其过去式是emptied)
92. encourage鼓励 (encouraging, encouraged, encouragement n.)
93. energy能量
94. envelope 信封
95. envy n. 妒忌 (envious adj.)
96. equal(nmet1998)
97. equipment设备
98. especially 尤其是
99. essential(nmet1999)
100. european 欧洲人
101. event事件
102. excellent极好 (excellence n. excellently adv.)
103. exhibition(nmet1997)
104. exhibition展览
105. expense 耗费
106. experience 经验 (experienced 有经验的)
107. expert 专家
108. expression 表达
109. failure 失败 (fail v.)
110. familiar(nmet1999)
111. familiar熟悉的
112. favorite 最喜爱的 (即作形容词也作名词,作名词时有复数)
113. figure人物/数字
114. finger手指
115. flight飞行
116. forehead前额
117. foreign(nmet1998)
118. fortunately幸运地
119. forward向前
120. freezing 极冷的 (frozen 冷冻的)
121. frequently 经常地
122. furniture 家具
123. further进一步的
124. generally (2000全国卷)
125. geography地理
126. germany德国
127. government(nmet1996)
128. gradually逐渐地
129. graduation毕业 (graduate)
130. grammar语法
131. habits (nmet1997)
132. handkerchiefs (2000北京春季卷)
133. honesty 诚实 (honest)
134. honor/honour 荣誉
135. imagination 想象力 (imagine v.)
136. immediate (2000北京春季卷)
137. immediately马上
138. impress 印象 (impression n.)
139. incident小事件
140. including包括 (include v.)
141. indispensable (nmet1999)
142. industry工业 (industrial adj. 工业的)
143. information 信息
144. inspire激励 (inspiration n. inspiring, inspired)
145. institute学院
146. instrument 仪器
147. interest 兴趣
148. interrupt 打断
149. interrupt打断
150. introduce介绍 (introduction n.)
151. irregular 不规则的
152. journey旅程
153. judge判断 (judgment)
154. kindergarten幼儿园
155. knowledge 知识
156. labor/labour劳动
157. late1y(nmet1999)
158. laughter笑声
159. lawyer律师
160. librarian图书馆理员
161. loss损失 (lose, lost 是其动词形式)
162. luckily幸运地
163. magazine杂志
164. majority (2000北京春季卷)
165. majority大多数
166. manage 设法 (manager, management)
167. market(2000全国卷)
168. marriage 结婚 (marry v. 结婚,married已婚的)
169. material(s)/cloth(nmet1996)
170. material物质/材料
171. mayor市长
172. mean (nmet1999)
173. measure测量
174. medal 奖章 (比较:model 模型)
175. memory记忆力 (memorize v. 记住,remember 记得)
176. messages (2000全国卷)
177. metal 金属
178. modern现代的
179. modest谦虚的
180. monitor 班长/监控
181. moustache 胡子
182. murder谋杀 (murderer 凶手)
183. musician 音乐家
184. mysterious 神秘的 (mystery 神秘)
185. nationality国籍 (nation 国家,national国家的)
186. naturally(nmet1998)
187. naughty 淘气的
188. necessary(nmet1999)
189. ninth(nmet1998)
190. normal 正常的
191. obey (nmet1997)
192. obviously明显的
193. offering (2000全国卷)
194. operation手术
195. opportunity 机会
196. ordinary 普通的
197. organized/organised(nmet1996)
198. particularly 特别是
199. passenger 旅客
200. passengers(nmet1999)
201. patience耐心 (patiently)
202. patient病人/耐心
203. perfect 完美 (perfectly)
204. performed(2000北京春季卷)
205. perhaps 或许
206. period 时期
207. permission许可
208. persuaded(nmet1996)
209. phenomena 现象
210. physicist 物理学家
211. pilots (2000全国卷)
212. poisonous 有毒的 (poison)
213. political 政治的 (politics)
214. popular受欢迎的
215. population人口
216. position 职位
217. possibility(-ies)可能性 (possible 可能的)
218. poverty 贫穷 (poor)
219. poverty贫穷
220. practical (nmet1997)
221. preparing(nmet1998)
222. pressure(nmet1997)
223. pretend假装
224. professor 教授
225. profit 利润
226. progress进步
227. pronunciation (2000北京春季卷)
228. provide 提供 (比较:offer, supply)
229. public 公众
230. purpose目的
231. quality(nmet1996)
232. quantity数量
233. realistic(nmet1997)
234. receive 收到
235. recently(nmet1999)
236. recognised/recognized(nmet1999)
237. recognize 认出 (recognition 承认)
238. regards 问候
239. remind提醒
240. repeat (repetition)重复
241. respect尊敬
242. restaurant 餐馆
243. restaurants(nmet1999)
244. satisfaction满意 (satisfy, satisfied, satisfying)
245. satisfactory 满意的
246. saturday(nmet1998)
247. scientific 科学的
248. scientific科学的
249. secretary秘书
250. secretly (2000北京春季卷)
251. separately单独地
252. separates (nmet1998)
253. serious 严重的 (seriously)
254. service服务
255. shortcoming缺点
256. silence 安静 (silent)
257. similar (2000北京春季卷)
258. similar 类似的 (similarity –ies相似之处)
259. situation形势/情况
260. slightly(2000全国卷)
261. society 社会 (social adj. 社会的)
262. southern(2000全国卷)
263. special特别的
264. species 物种 (单复数同形)
265. spring(nmet1997)
266. square 平方
267. stolen(2000全国卷)
268. straight(nmet1997)
269. suitable合适的
270. support支持
271. surprise吃惊
272. surround 包围
273. swimming(nmet1998)
274. technique 技术 (technical adj.)
275. technology技术
276. temperature温度
277. theory 理论
278. thirsty口渴
279. thorough (nmet1997)
280. total合计
281. traffic 交通
282. translated(nmet1998)
283. translation 翻译 (translator翻译家,interpret 解说, interpreter 口语翻译)
284. umbrella(nmet1999)
285. umbrella伞
286. unusually不寻常 (unusual不寻常的)
287. unwilling 不愿意 (willing adj. 愿意 will n. 意志)
288. upstairs(2000全国卷)
289. upstairs楼上
290. vacation假期
291. various各种各样的 (variety n. 种类)
292. victim受害者
293. victory胜利
294. vocabulary词汇
295. voyage航行
296. waste (nmet1999)
297. wealth财富
298. weather(nmet1998)
299. whisper 低语
300. worship崇拜
301. youth年轻人 (复数加-s)
302. zero 零
三 : 2008高考必背英语词汇讲座-M字头
1、make...from, make...of, make...into, make up
make...from为“用...原料制成”,介词的宾语是原材料,用from表示从制成品上看不出原来的制作材料。例如:they make wine from grapes. 他们用葡萄为原料制成葡萄酒。this cake is made from corn. 这个蛋糕是以玉米为原料制成的。
make...of为“用...材料制成”,介词的宾语是某种材料,用of表示从制成品上可以看出原来的材料。例如:nearly everything inside the room is made of bamboo. 屋子里的东西几乎都是用竹子制成的。this big box is made of wood. 这个大盒子是由木头制成的。
make...into为“把...做成”,动词的宾语是某种原料和材料,介词into的宾语是制成品。例如:they make milk into butter and cheese. 他们把牛奶制成白脱和奶酪。can you make this material into a skirt?你能把这布料制成一件衬衫吗?
比较make...into与make...from, make...of的区别:flour is made from wheat. 面粉是小麦制成的。wheat can be made into flour. 小麦可制成面粉。bottles are made of glass. 瓶子是用玻璃制成的。glass can be made into bottles. 玻璃可制成瓶子。
make up为“构成,组成”,主语为构成一个整体的各个个体,宾语是一个集合体。此结构用于被动语态时,需加介词of,构成be made up of短语。例如:ten doctors make up a visiting team. 十位医生组成了一支访问团。a car is made up of many different parts. 一辆汽车是由许多不同的零件组成的。life is made up of both sweetness and sorrow. 生活中既有甘,又有苦。
2、main, chief, major
这三个词都有“重要的”之意。
main:“主要的”,只用于物,强调事物的某一部分、分支的重要性,大小及潜力优于其他部分、分支,或表示该部分在整个事物中占有显赫的地位。this article has in the main preserved the fairness of news reporting.该文章大体上保留了新闻报道所用的不偏不倚的风格。his main reason for going to the library was to look up the book he spoke of yesterday.他到图书馆去的主要原因是去找他昨天谈到的那本书。
major:“重大的,主要的”,指在规模,数量,重要性方面超出同类的其他事物。john has also played a major part in the improvement of the paper.约翰在改进这份报纸的工作中也起了较大的作用。it was not until late afternoon that he began to tackle the major problem.直到傍晚,他才开始处理重大问题。
chief: "主要的,首要的",强调在顺序,等级,重要性,价值方面高于其他所有同类事物,用于人时指 "地位最高",用于物,意为 "最重要的"。the chief engineer is the most important of a group of engineers in a job. he is highest in rank and probably in pay.总工程师是参加一项工作的一组工程师中首要的一个,他的级别是最高的,薪水也可能是最高的。the chief reason for the great changes in the cultural field is the development of economy.经济发展是文化领域内发生巨大变化的主要原因。
3、material, matter, substance
这三个词组都可作“物质,材料”讲。
material:“物质,物资,材料”,一般指具物理成份,构成某具体物体的物质,尤指人造物品的制作材料;有时则引申为现实观念或现实的根据或基础。如:raw material原材料,指能够进一步加工的物质,也指可以被进一步利用的事件,观念等,例如用作文学素材。with the development of industry, the consumption of raw material by industry has been rising surprisingly.随着工业的发展,工业所消耗的原材料增长惊人。they discovered that they could weave the wool into the material, which can be made into warm coats and suits.他们发现可以把羊毛纺成衣料,再把衣料制成暖和的外套和西装。
matter:“物质,内容”,基本上指某种实体或构成所有客观事物的“物质”,与精神相对;也指与形式相对的“内容”。常用短语:a matter of course 理所当然的事, matter-of-fact 讲求实际的。the matter in your composition is quite good, but the writing is not lucid enough.你的作文内容很好,但文字不够清楚。we know nothing about force or energy, nor of any physical phenomenon, except through the agency of matter. 要是不通过物质这个媒介,我们对力或能会一无所知,更不会了解任何物理现象。
substance:“物质,东西",常指具有某种物理或化学性质的特殊物质,或指构成某物,并赋予某种特性的物质;还可指 “重要的”或“实际性的”内容。常用短语:a question of substance 实质性问题;have substance 有道理,有根据,有内容。the function of the root of a plant is to fix the plant in its place and to take in water and food substance present in the earth.植物根的功能是将植物固定在所处的位置,并从土壤中吸收水及营养物质。a good chemical laboratory is equipped with precision instruments and supplies of many chemical substances. 一个好的化学实验室应配有精密仪器,并有充足的各种化学物质供应。
4、maybe, possibly, perhaps, probably
这四个词都可表示“可能性”。
maybe:“可能,也许”,比其余的几个词更为随便和不正式,可能性不大,也可以表示一种非常委婉,礼貌的建议或要求。如:you could put it over there, maybe. 也许你可以把它搁在那边。he didn't feel quite right; maybe he got sunstroke. 他觉得不太好;也许是有点中暑。the doctor thinks maybe we'd better have a minor operation. 医生认为也许我们最好做个小手术。
possibly:“可能地,或者,也许",可能性较大。用于否定句和疑问句时表示 "无论如何"之意。she expressed regret for any inconvenience which might possibly be caused.她为任何可能造成的不便而深表歉意。i couldn't possibly have finished typing such a long document in such a limited period of time. 无论如何,我也不可能在如此有限的时间内打完这么长的文件。
perhaps:“可能”,较为常用也较为正式的词,可能性也不十分大。它可以表示建议或要求,也可以表示以礼貌的方式下命令。i thought perhaps it was the letter you had been expecting. 我想这大概是你一直盼望的那封信。perhaps you will kindly give us a hand when we are in trouble. 当我们陷入困境时,也许你会善意地帮我们一把。
probably:“很可能,大概”,可能性在这一组词中最大,表示一种几乎完全肯定的意思。he is the only witness of the accident; he can probably give us some detailed information about it. 他是这次事故唯一的目击者,他大概可以告诉我们一些详细情况。there is probably some kind of living matter on some other worlds, but we do not know yet. 很可能在其他的世界存在着另类的生物,只是我们尚不知道。
5、mean, intend, propose
这组词都有“打算,有心做某事”之意。mean:“打算,想象,有...意图”,不如intend正式,强调心里想做的意思,但不强调决心。短语: mean...for 准备让...做...everyone believed that it would be a very suitable match because john and julia were obviously meant for each other. 每个人都认为他们的结合会很般配,因为约翰和朱利亚显然天生一对。he shouldn't have done it, of course, but he was thoughtless. and he meant to pay the money back. 当然,他本来不该那么做,但他考虑不周到,再说他是打算还钱的。
propose:“打算,建议”,指宣布或明确确定某人的意图,含有公开宣称或清楚解释这一意图之意。可接名词,动名词,不定式及从句。while summarizing the year's work, the managing director of the company proposed a greater project for the next year. 公司的总经理总结了一年的工作,提出了下半年度更大的工程计划。generally speaking, what's reached in the end may be better or worse than what was proposed. 一般说来,最终所达到的效果总的要比计划的好或差。
6、much, quite, so, very
这四个词都表示“十分,非常”之意。
much:“非常,十分,颇”,程度副词,多修饰动词,副词,过去分词,偶尔修饰个别形容词。修饰动词时,通常以very much, too much, so much等形式出现。i feel so much better today that i would like so much to go out. 我今天觉得好多了,所以,非常想到外边去。the distance from here to the town is much the same by either of the two roads. 从这里到镇上有两条路,无论是走哪一条,路程都相同。
quite:“十分,相当,非常”,程度副词,相当于completely, perfectly, rather等意思,在不正式的场合可代替very,可以修饰动词,副词,分词,形容词及介词短语。he has quite recovered from his illness and is now able to return to his post. 他已完全恢复健康,可以重返工作岗位了。the first step will need quite a long time and cannot be accomplished overnight. 第一步所需的时间相当长,决不是一朝一夕就能完成的。
so:“非常,十分,极,很,如此地”,表示程度较高,常用于口语中,有时以very替换,但在so组成的结构中则不能用very。常用短语:so that 如此...以至于;so beautiful a child/ such a beautiful child 如此漂亮的孩子。so absorbed was he in his work that his wife would not dare to make a sound. 他全神贯注地工作,以致他妻子不敢作声。all this was so sudden and unexpected that nobody quite realized what had happened. 这一切来得那样突然,以至没有人晓得究竟发生了什么事情。
very:“很,十分,非常”,语气比quite强,可用于正式场合,通常修饰副词,形容词和纯粹用作形容词的过去分词,以及形容词的最高级以加强语气,不能直接修饰动词。they did their very best to increase quantity and variety of their products. 他们尽了最大的努力来增加产品数量和品种。whatever you may have heard about me from poets, i am really not a very romantic character. 不管你从诗人那里听到关于我的什么情况,我实际上不是十足的浪漫派。
7、mark, sign, signal, symbol
这组词都有“标记,标志”之意。
mark:“标志,标记",含义广泛,指事物留下的深刻印迹或某物上用于辨别该物品的附属物,比sign更侧重于区别性或揭示性的标志,有时不一定十分直观或明显。one mark of a writer's greatness is that different minds can get a different inspiration from his works. 一个伟大作家的标志之一是不同的人都能从他那里得到不同的灵感。the lighthouse on the top of the hill serves as a mark for fliers. 山顶上的灯塔成了飞行员(识别地形)的标志。
sign:“记号,标记”,用法最广,可指符号(装置),也可指情绪,性格的直观显示,还指具体的用于识别或指示的标志,如指标牌,卡片等。借喻时讲作“征兆,迹象”。如:sir, you are not to walk your pet on the lawn. don't you see the sign: "keep off the grass"?先生,你不可以在草坪上溜狗,你没瞧见牌子上写着“请勿践踏草坪”吗?in the british army, crown, stars and stripes are signs of military rank. 在英国军队里,王冠,星星和条形徽是军阶的标志。
signal:“信号”,常指约定俗成,用于传达某些信息的信号,也指灯光,声音或信号标志。a red light is a signal of danger, which is even known to a five-year-old child. 红灯是危险的信号,这一点就连五岁的孩子都知道。the sportsmen are all ready, waiting for the signal to start running. 运动员们都作好了准备,等待着起跑的信号。
symbol:“象征,符号”,指被人们选出的物体或图案,用来代表另一事物,并作为该事物的标记或象征。symbol is a sign, figure or physical object, the meaning of which is established by convention. 常用的表义符号是由按常规规定其意义的符号,图案或实物图像构成的。in the picture the tree is the symbol of life and the snake the symbol of evil. 在这幅画中,树是生命的象征,蛇是邪恶的象征。
8、made up of, made of, made from
这三个词组都同be动词连用。
made up of 含有“由...(成分)组成”的意思,即表示某物或组织由一个个成分或成员组成,of后通常接可数名词。例如:the committee is made up of seven members. 委员会由七名委员组成。the third world is made up of the developing countries. 第三世界是由发展中国家组成。
made of和made from都有“由...(原材料)制成”的含义。但前者表示某一物品由某种原材料制成后,原料已看不出来。例如:concrete is made of cement, sand, stone and water. 混凝土是由水泥,砂子,石头和水混合而成。nylon is made from air, coal and water. 尼龙是由空气,煤和水加工制成。
9、make the best of, get the best of
make the best of是指“充分利用时间,机会,场合,资源”等意思,其后接此类名词或短语。例如:you should make the best of this valuable opportunity. 你应该尽量利用这个宝贵的机会。we must make the best we can of the few natural resources we have. 我们一定要尽可能地充分利用我们所拥有的少量自然资源。
get the best of 亦可解作get the better of,其中的动词get亦可用have替代。它主要指主体与宾语在进行争斗或交锋中,“胜过,占优势,占上风”的含义。个别场合下,它还有“从...中得到最大的好处”的含义。例如:they were pretty evenly matched, but martin got the best of him by a clever trick. 他们势均力敌,但马丁以智取胜。our team got the best of the visitors in the last quarter. 我队在最后四分之一比赛中战胜了客队。with his indomitable spirit he got the best of his disease. 他以坚强不屈的意志战胜了疾病。
10、man, mankind
这对词都表示“人类”的意思,但用法有所区别。
man一般以单数形式出现(现在也有人以复数men表示“人类”),其前不能置任何限定词,其相应的代词应是he, him, his, himself。例如:the changes between the states have been used by man to work for him since ancient times. 自古以来,人类就利用这两种状态的变化为自己服务。engels pointed out a hundred years ago that labour created man himself. 恩格斯一百多年以前就指出,劳动创造了人类本身。
mankind前也不可加任何限定词,但可用形容词修饰。它是集合名词,可作单数或复数使用。作单数概念时,谓语要用单数,其相应的代词一般为it, its, itself(也有人用he ,him, his, himself);作复数概念时,谓语要用复数,其相应的代词是they, them, their, themselves。例如:mankind is much cleverer than it was one thousand years ago. 人类比一千年前是聪明多了。all progressive mankind love peace. 所有进步人类都热爱和平。that is one small step for a man, but one giant leap for mankind. 对于个人来说那是小小的一步,但对于整个人类来说却是一次巨大的飞越。
请注意:human being也可表示“人类”,它是可数名词,有单复数之分。其意义比较具体,它一般用来区别人以外的事物,特别是动物或者是“神”,“鬼”之类。例如:without its light and warmth there would be neither plants nor animals nor human beings. 没有光和热,就不可能有植物,动物,也不可能有人类。although the negroes were human beings just like the whites, they were not treated as humanbeing. 尽管黑人和白人一样都是属于人类,但是他们并没有被当作人对待。
11、manage, try
manage为“设法做到”,指花费精力设法使某事终于做成功,相当于succeed in doing sth.。try为“试图,努力,尝试”,指花费精力去做某事,含有成功可能性虽然大,但仍有可能不成功意思。比较下列句子:he managed to finish his work in time. 他设法及时完成了他的工作。he tried to finish his work in time. 他试图去及时完成他的工作。
manage后常接名词或不定式作宾语。如:without her i couldn't have managed all these things. 如果没有她,我不可能做成所有这些事。i don't see how i could possibly manage to do it. 我觉得我不太可能把这事做成。
try后常接名词不定式或动词不定式作宾语,它后接不定式时表示“努力做某事”,后接动名词时表示“试着做某事”。如:he tried to say something but he was too weak to say a word. 他努力地想说些什么,但是他太虚弱了,一个字也说不出。we shall try using another method. 我们应试着用另一种方法。
12、many more, much more
这两者可指“更多”。
many more后接一个名词一定是个复数可数名词。若不接名词,则more本身就被看作是一个复数名词,表示复数概念。如:some students are against the plan, but many more support it. 一些同学反对这项计划,但是有更多人支持它。we have many more left. 我们还剩下很多。
much more后接一个名词,这个名词一定是个不可数名词。若不接名词,则more本身就被看作是一个不可数名词。如:the farmers have produced much more rice. 这些农夫收了更多的稻谷。she has much more to do. 她还有很多事要去做。
many more不可能修饰形容词和副词,而much more和far more, even more, still more 等一样,可以修饰形容词和副词,表示“更加”。如:this tv set is much more expensive. 这台电视机要贵得多。he worked much more carefully on the new design. 在这项新的设计上,他工作努力得多了。
13、many, the many, many a, a good many
many单独使用,用作形容词和代词,分别在句中作主语(谓语动词用复数),宾语,定语(后接复数可数名词),但不能用作表语。例如:many of us have joined the party. 我们中许多人已入了党。the policy of the cities growing their own vegetables has many advantages. 城市种菜,自给自足的政策有许多优点。i have a few, but not many. 我有一些,但不多。
the many起名词的作用,在句中作主语和宾语。作主语时,谓语动词要用复数,其意为“多数人或物”。例如:in the capitalist society the many are oppressed by the few. 在资本主义社会里,多数人受少数人压迫。sometimes the few can defeat the many. 有时侯少数能胜多数。
many a用作定语,虽然它作“许多,很多”解,但其后所修饰的名词和与之有关的动词必须用单数形式。例如:many a man comes or goes. 一个又一个的人来了又走了。i have received many a letter in the past few days. 最近几天我接到许多来信。
a good many亦可解作a great many,它们均为many 的强化语,它与many的用法相同,即可用作形容词和代词,所修饰的名词和谓语动词均分别用复数形式。例如:a good many new books were published by the foreign language press last month. 上个月外文出版社出版了许多新书。we have a great many things to do at present. 我们目前有许许多多事要做。
14、more than, more...than
more than连用,通常起副词的作用。若后接数词(=over),常译成“...以上,超过”;后接形容词,副词或动词,相当于very或much,常译为“难以”;后接名词,常译成“不止是,不仅仅”等。例如:he is more than twenty years old. 他20多岁了。she was dressed more than simply. 她穿得岂止朴素,简直近似于破烂。the beauty of the place is more than i can describe. 那个地方的美令我难以形容。
more...than中的more后也可接形容词,副词,动词或名词。修饰名词时,more作形容词解;修饰其他的词时,作副词解。than 是从属连词,常引出省略的比较状语从句,整个结构一般译为“比...更;与其说...倒不如说“等。例如:more people like to drink boiled water than tea. 喜欢喝开水的人比喜欢喝茶的人多。it is more blue than green. 与其说是绿的,不如说是蓝的。it is more common for peter to talk too slowly than too quickly. 彼得说起话来往往不是太快,而是太慢。
15、meet, meet with
meet 和meet with都可表示“预见,会见”,两者通常可换用。yesterday afternoon i met (with) shirley at the cinema. 昨天我在电影院碰见雪莱。the chairman met (with) the king of holland for half an hour. 主席与荷兰国王的会见持续了半个小时。
meet还可作"迎接,应付,聚会,满足"等解释,它含有主动意义,即主语有意识地去完成某个动作,如: meet a friend (迎接朋友), meet the debts (偿还债务),meet the danger (对付危险)。例如:i went to the airport to meet my uncle. 我去机场接我的叔叔。the whole school meet to hear the report. 整个学校的人聚在一起听报告。every effort is made to meet the demands of the people. 所做的努力都是为了满足人民的需求。
meet with作“碰到,受到,遭受”解,它含有被动意义,强调主语承受meet的动作所带来的后果,如meet with bad weather (碰到坏天气),meet with difficulty(碰到困难),meet with the refusal (遭到拒绝)。例如:he met with a lot of problems in this experiment. 他做这项试验遇到许多问题。the play met with a good reception. 这部电视剧受到了好评。
16、much too, too much
much too 后接原级形容词与副词,意思是“实在太...”,其中的much是副词,用来修饰另一个副词too。如:it is much too cold here. 这儿实在太冷了。you sleep much too late. 你睡得实在太晚了。
too much后可接不可数名词,意思是“过多的... ”,其中的too是副词,修饰形容词much。 too much后也可不接名词,意思是“过多的东西,过多的事情”,其中的much是代词。如:he has got too much money. 他已得到太多的钱。you are asking too much. 你问得太多了。
be too much表示“过分,太难,对付不了,过于厉害”。如:she is afraid that the long trip will be too much for me. 她担心我受不了长途旅行的劳累。i tried to beat him, but he was too much for me. 我试图打败他,但我对付不了他。
17、maybe, may be
maybe是副词,意为“可能,也许”,可用perhaps代替,不过美国人习惯上用perhaps, 不怎么爱用maybe。例如:maybe he has reached there. 大概他已经到了那儿。maybe you are right and maybe you are wrong. 你也许对,也许错。
may be中的may为情态动词,有过去式might的变化,表示类似maybe的意思,be为助动词或连系动词,有时后面可跟一个名词从句。例如:it may be raining in beijing. 现在北京可能在下雨。it may be that he never got there. 或许他根本就没有到过那里。
18、most, a most, the most, mostly
无限定词搭配的most可用作形容词和名词。前者通常修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词time,表示“大多数的,大部分的”的意思;后者常接of引起的介词短语或定语从句,表示“大多数人(东西,时间)”的意思。此外,most还可作副词,用来修饰副词,形容词或动词,表示“最,十分,非常,很”的意思。例如:most students like english. 大多数学生喜欢英语。i was in shanghai most of the time. 我大部分时间在上海。the present world situation is most favourable for the people. 当前世界形势对人民非常有利。
a most中的most等同于very(很,非常),修饰形容词,再跟单数名词。例如:the statue is made of marble of a most lovely colour. 这雕像是用一种颜色很好看的大理石雕成的。guilin is a most beautiful city. 桂林是座非常美丽的城市。
the most主要有三种用法:1.其中的most为形容词many或much的最高级,表示“最多的;最高程度的”的意思;2.为两个音节以上的形容词或副词最高级的构成形式,表示“最”的意思,most前的定冠词有时可以省去;3.有时用作名词。例如:he takes the most interest in the model cars. 他对模型汽车最感兴趣。he is one of the most famous writers in china. 他是中国最著名的作家之一。this is the most i can do. 这是我力所能及的。
mostly是一个副词,只用作状语。一般放在所修饰的词或短语之前,主要表示“主要地;多半;大部分地”的意思。例如:she is mostly out on sundays. 星期天她多半不在家。she uses her car mostly for going to the shops. 她用车多半是去商店买东西。
19、must have done, should have done
must have done表示“想必已经,一定是”,指对过去的事物或者状态一种逻辑推断或确有把握的推测。由于must not是“禁止”的意思,不表示推测,因此must have done仅限用于肯定式,它的否定式是can not have done 或 could not have done。在疑问句中同样也是如此,不用must提问。如:you must have misunderstood me because i didn't say anything like that. 你一定是误会我了,因为我没有说过那样的话。"the lecturer was a tall thin man." "then it can't have been dr zhu because he is short and fat. it must have been dr zhang." “那个作报告的人又高又瘦。” “那么,他不可能是朱博士,因为他又矮又胖。他一定是张博士。”
should have done表示根据事物的一般规律所做出的一般性的推断或推测,它的语气没有must have done强,把握也没有它大。如:they should have finished the work by now. 他们现在应该完成工作了。she should have arrived in cairo by this time. 她现在应该到达开罗了。should have done还可以表示过去应该做或值得做的事情而没有做,常带有后悔,埋怨,不满,责备或惊奇等情绪。它的否定形式表示过去做了不该做的事情。must have done则没有这样的意思。如:you should have gone to see your grandpa last week. 你上星期应该去看望爷爷的。this wall shouldn't have been painted yellow. 这堵墙不应该漆成黄色。
20、mr. smith's, the mr. smith, the smiths
mr. smith's表示“史密斯先生的家”,即mr. smith's house。名词所有格后表示某人的家以及商店,教堂等名词,在习惯上可以省去。如:shall we meet at mr. smith's tomorrow? 要不我们明天在史密斯先生家中见面好吗?don't worry! you can leave the children at mrs. jone's. 别担心!你可以将孩子们留在琼斯太太家。
the mr. smith表示“那一位史密斯先生”,称呼前加定冠词用于需要区分具有同一姓氏的人的场合。如:"we have two mr. smiths. which one do you want?" "i want the mr. smith who works in the bank.""我们这儿有两个史密斯先生。你想找哪一位?" “我想找在银行工作的那一位史密斯先生。”
the smiths表示“史密斯一家人”,复数姓氏加定冠词表示其夫妇俩,或夫妇俩加其子女。如:the smiths are all early risers. 史密斯一家都起得很早。the smiths could not pay for the advanced education that their son needed. 史密斯夫妇不能支付其子所需的高等教育的费用。
四 : 2008高考必背英语词汇讲座 K
1、keep doing, keep on doing
这两个词组均用来表示“不断做”的意思,但在涵义上有所不同。
keep doing和keep on doing都可表示“不断(老是)做某事”的意思,强调动作连续不断,每隔一会儿发生,这时两者可以换用。不同的是keep doing中的doing是动名词,作宾语。例如:john always kept (on) asking questions.约翰总是问个不停。news of successes keeps (on) pouring in.捷报频传。
keep doing还可表示连续不断的动作或持续的状态。keep on doing则没有这种用法。例如:we kept working in the fields in spite of the rain. 尽管下雨,我们还是坚持在地里干活。why do the dogs keep barking?这些狗为什么不停地叫?
2、keep sb. from doing sth., keep sth. from sb.
keep sb. from doing sth.相当于prevent (or: stop) sb. from doing sth., 意为"阻止某人做某事"。
keep sth. from sb.则表示“将某事瞒着某人”的意思。例如:what kept you from joining me? 什么事情使你不能和我在一起?we must keep them from getting to know our plans.我们必须防止他们知道我们的计划。it seems that she keeps something from us.她好像有什么事瞒着我们似的。why did you keep the truth from me? 你为什么向我隐瞒真相?
3、kind, sort, type
这一组词都表示“种类”,常可互换使用。
kind系普通用语,其含义较模糊,它所指的种类可用任何标准区分,但着重以事物的自然属性和内在性质为标准来区分。kind常和type换用,但在表示动植物的种类,族及牌类游戏时,不能用type代替。如:there are different kinds of animals in shanghai wild animal park. 在上海野生动物园有许多不同的动物。computers can actually do many kinds of work. 事实上,电脑能做许多不同的工作。
sort也为普通用语,比kind更口语化,其概念同kind一样很不严密,两者常可互换,但sort常掺杂说话人的主观色彩,带有轻蔑与贬低的含义。如:we talked of all sorts of subjects.我们谈了各种话题。these sorts of people are ready to eat anywhere.这种人总是走到哪里吃到哪里。
4、know, recognize
know为“认识,熟悉,知道”,表示认识或熟悉某人,某事,某地。它可作及物或不及物动词,后接名词,代词及从句作宾语,另可接含形容词及不定式的复合结构。如:who knows, perhaps he doesn't care about me at all.谁知道呢,也许他根本不在乎我。have you known oliver long? i knew him as long ago as the year 1984. 你很久以前就认识奥利福了吗?我在一九八四年的时候就认识他了。i didn't know you were coming today.我不知道你会来。i've never known you so cheerful.我从来不知道你这么开朗。i know her to be a fool.我知道她是个傻瓜。
recognize为“认出,认清,承认”,表示能认出原来认识或曾经见过的人,物及地方,以及承认某事物的客观存在。它只作及物动词,后接名词,代词及从句作宾语。如:you have grown so tall that i scarcely recognize you.你长成这么高,我几乎认不出你来了。did you recognize your uncle at once? 你是不是一下子就认出你的叔叔来了?presently i recognized that we were in the atlantic avenue. 现在我知道我们在亚特兰大大街。
5、keep up, keep up with
keep up既可是动副型短语动词,也可是动介型短语动词,主要表示“(斗志,价格等)不低落”,“维持,继续”等意。可以用于被动语态。例如:their spirit kept up well in spite of hardships.虽有困难,但他们并不气馁。prices still keep up.物价仍旧上涨。i hope the weather will keep up.我希望天气继续晴朗。they entered into a correspondence which was kept up for almost 10 years. 他们开始通信了,并且把这种通信联系保持了十年之久。
keep up with是一个动副介型短语动词,后须接名词做其宾语,表示“跟上,与...同步前进”的意思,即有强调并行不悖,不掉队的意味。只用于主动语态。例如:he walked so fast that i could hardly kept up with him.他走得那么快,我简直跟不上了。we must keep up with the times. 我们应该跟上时代。
6、knock down, knock out
这两个短语动词是动副型,knock既可作及物动词用,也可作不及物动词用。两个短语动词均在句中作谓语,只是意义不同。1. knock down主要表示下列几种意义:1.击倒,打倒 2.拍卖给 3.拆卸,拆散 4.(强迫)减价。例如:he was knocked down by a lorry.他被一辆卡车撞倒了。he knocked his opponent down.他将他的对手击倒。these old houses are to be knocked down.这些旧房子将被拆除。the painting was knocked down to smith for 5 dollars.那幅画以5美元的价钱卖给史密斯先生了。the machines will be knocked down before being shipped to the persian gulf. 这些机器在运往波斯湾之前将被拆卸。he asked '500 for his car, but i managed to knock him down 10 percent.他的汽车要500美元,但我设法使他减价百分之十。
knock out则主要表示下列几种意义:1.敲掉,敲空;2.在拳击中“击倒”对方,使其在规定时间内不能起立 3.比喻用法:“使……震惊,惊奇”。例如:he knocked the nail out.他把钉子敲了出来。he knocked his pipe out before refilling it.再装烟丝之前,他磕出了烟斗里的烟灰。joe knocked his opponent out in the first round of the contest. 乔在比赛的第一回合中就把对方击倒了。 for a moment he was completely knocked out by the news of his friend's death. 他被他朋友逝世的消息一下子惊得完全呆住。
7、know, know of
know作及物动词,表示“知道,懂得”的意思时,其后一般接表示事物的名词,从句,不定式复合结构。但它表示“认识,了解,熟悉”的意思时,其后多接表示人的名词或代词,也可接事物名词。例如:do you know their names? 你知道他们的名字吗?do you know what his name is? 你知道他叫什么名字吗?i never knew him to act without thinking.我从未发现他轻率行事过。i got to know him in the autumn of 1963. 我是在1963年秋天认识他的。
know of亦可解作know about,其后可接表示人或事物的名词,表示“知道(有),听说”的意思,指间接地获得的信息或情况,相当于hear of。例如:how did you come to know of this? 你怎么知道有这事的?i don't know him but i know of him. 我不认识他,但听说过他。
8、known to, known for, known as
这三个形容词短语在使用中均与联系动词be连用,只是在意义上有所不同。
known to表示“为...所熟知”或“闻名于”等意,值得注意的是,在由及物动词know的主动句变被动句时,就要用这种结构。例如:the use of gunpowder was known to the chinese before the europeans.中国人懂得应用火药是在欧洲人之前。luxun is known to the world. 鲁迅举世闻名。
known for和known as的意义和用法与famous for和famous as相同。如:hangzhou is known for the west lake.杭州以西湖而闻名。he is known as a painter. 他以作为一名画家而出名。
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