一 : 全新版大学英语5(第二版)课文翻译

Prison Studies

1 Many who today hear me somewhere in person, or on television, or those who read something I’ve said, will think I went to school far beyond the eighth grade. This impression is due entirely to my prison studies.

狱 中 学 习

今天，许多在什么地方直接听我讲话的人，或在电视上听我讲话的人，或读过我写的东西的人，都会以为我上学远不止只读到8年级。这一印象完全归之于我在监狱里的学习。

2 It had really begun back in the Charlestown Prison, when Bimbi first made me feel envy of his stock of knowledge. Bimbi had always taken charge of any

conversation he was in, and I had tried to emulate him. But every book I picked up had few sentences which didn’t contain anywhere from one to nearly all of the words that might as well have been in Chinese[2 … the words that might as well have been in Chinese: … it would have made no difference if the English words had been in Chinese, because I didn’t have the slightest knowledge of either.]2. When I just skipped those words, of course, I really ended up with little idea of what the book said. So I had come to the Norfolk Prison Colony still going through only

book-reading motions. Pretty soon, I would have quit even these motions, unless I had received the motivation that I did.

其实这事要从查尔斯顿监狱说起，一开始宾比就让我对他的知识渊博羡慕不已。宾比总是主宰谈话话题，我总想效仿他。可是，我随便打开一本书，几乎没有一个句子不是少则一两个字，多则差不多所有的字都不认识。我只好跳过这些字，结果自然是对书上说的几乎一无所知了。因此，我被解送到诺福克拘留所时，读书还只是为了摆摆样子而已。要不是我真的获得了学习动力，我恐怕没多久就会连读书的样子也懒得去摆了。

3 I saw that the best thing I could do was get hold of a dictionary—to study, to learn some words. I was lucky enough to reason also that I should try to improve my penmanship. It was sad. I couldn’t even write in a straight line. It was both ideas together that moved me to request a dictionary along with some tablets and pencils from the Norfolk Prison Colony school.

我认识到，最要紧的是得到一本字典好认字学字。幸好我还认识到得好好练习写字。说来悲伤，我写字都不能写得齐整成行。这两个想法促使我向诺福克拘留所学校要了字典，还有本子和笔。

4 I spent two days just riffling uncertainly through the dictionary’s pages. I’d never realized so many words existed! I didn’t know which words I needed to learn. Finally, just to start some kind of action, I began copying.

整整两天，我把字典一页页翻了个遍，不知该怎么学。我压根儿没想过会有那么多字。我不知道自己需要学哪些字。最后，总得有所行动吧，我便开始抄写。

5 In my slow, painstaking, ragged handwriting, I copied into my tablet

everything printed on that first page, down to the punctuation marks.

我写字又慢又费劲，而且歪歪斜斜，但我在本子上抄写下了第一页上包括标点在内的所有印刷符号。

6 I believe it took me a day. Then, aloud, I read back, to myself, everything I’d written on the tablet. Over and over, aloud, to myself, I read my own handwriting.

记得我抄写了一天。然后,我把本子上抄写下的所有字大声朗读给自己听。一遍又一遍，我大声朗读自己抄写的字。

7 I woke up the next morning, thinking about those words—immensely proud to realize that not only had I written so much at one time, but I’d written words that I never knew were in the world. Moreover, with a little effort, I also could remember what many of these words meant. I reviewed the words whose meanings I didn’t remember. Funny thing, from the dictionary first page right now, that “aardvark” springs to my mind. The dictionary had a picture of it, a long-tailed, long-eared, burrowing African mammal, which lives off termites caught by sticking out its tongue as an anteater does for ants.

我第二天早上醒来，仍想着那些字—— 想到自己不仅一次写了那么多字，而且还写了以前根本不认识的字，不由得深感自豪。更何况，略加回想，我还能记住其中许多字的意思。没记住的字我都复习了一遍。有趣的是，此时此刻，那本字典第一页上“aardvark”这个字跃入了我的脑海。字典上有一幅画它的插图，那是一种长尾巴长耳朵会掘洞的非洲哺乳动物，像食蚁兽捕食蚂蚁那样伸出舌头捕食白蚁。

8 I was so fascinated that I went on—I copied the dictionary’s next page. And the same experience came when I studied that. With every succeeding page, I also learned of people and places and events from history. Actually the dictionary is like a miniature encyclopedia. Finally the dictionary’s A section had filled a whole tablet—and I went on into the B’s. That was the way I started copying what

eventually became the entire dictionary. It went a lot faster after so much practice helped me to pick up handwriting speed. Between what I wrote in my tablet, and writing letters, during the rest of my time in prison I would guess I wrote a million words.

我完全着迷了，于是继续抄—— 我又抄写了字典的第二页。我学这一页上的字时体验到了同样的感受。每学一页字，我还学到了一点有关人物、地方和历史事件的知识。字典实际上就像是一部小型百科全书。最后，字典上A那部分字的条目抄满了整整一个本子—— 接着我抄写B字部。我就是这样开始抄写的，最后抄完了整本字典。大量的抄写帮助我提高了书写速度，以后抄写起来就快了许多。从在本子上抄写，到后来在那段余下的服刑时间里写信，我估计自己在监狱里写了一百万字。

9 I suppose it was inevitable that as my word-base broadened, I could for the first time pick up a book and read and now begin to understand what the book was saying. Anyone who has read a great deal can imagine the new world that opened. Let me tell you something: from then until I left that prison, in every free moment I had, if I was not reading in the library, I was reading on my bunk. You couldn’t have gotten me out of books with a wedge. Between Mr. Muhammad’s teachings, my correspondence, my visitors—usually Ella and Reginald—and my reading of books, months passed without my even thinking about being imprisoned. In fact, up to then, I never had been so truly free in my life.

想来也是自然而然的，随着词汇的增加，我第一次能够拿起一本书读下去，开始明白书上说的是什么。任何阅读广泛的人都想象得出在我面前展现的崭新世界。我不妨告诉你：从那时起，直到我离开那座监狱，在任何可以自由支配的时间里，我不是在图书室里，就是在自己的铺位上看书。真的是手不释卷。我的日常活动就是听穆罕默德先生传道，写写信，会会客—— 来探视的一般都是埃拉和雷金纳德—— 加上读书，几个月一晃而过，我甚至没想过自己是在坐牢。事

实上，在这之前，我从来没觉得自己是如此自由。

10 The Norfolk Prison Colony’s library was in the school building. A variety of classes were taught there by instructors who came from such places as Harvard and Boston universities. The weekly debates between inmate teams were also held in the school building. You would be astonished to know how worked up convict

debaters and audiences would get over subjects like “Should Babies Be Fed Milk?” 诺福克拘留所的图书室在教学楼里。来自哈佛大学、波士顿大学等等院校的教员教授不同的课程。每周还在教学楼里举行囚犯间的辩论会。想必你听了会大吃一惊，那些囚犯辩手和听众会对诸如“该不该给婴儿喂牛奶”这类辩题争得面红耳赤。

11 Available on the prison library’s shelves were books on just about every general subject. Much of the big private collection that Parkhurst had willed to the prison[ Much of the big private collection that Parkhurst had willed to the prison: Many of the books that had been bought and kept by Parkhusrt and later given to the prison according to his will] was still in crates and boxes in the

library—thousands of old books. Some of them looked ancient: covers faded, old-time parchment-looking binding. Parkhurst, I’ve mentioned, seemed to have been principally interested in history and religion. He had the money and the special interest to have a lot of books that you wouldn’t have in general circulation. Any college library would have been lucky to get that collection.

拘留所图书室架子上书的种类几乎包罗万象。帕克赫斯特遗赠给拘留所的为数可观的私人藏书中的大多数仍在图书室的板箱及盒子里搁着—— 成千上万本旧书。有些看上去年代久远：封面褪了色，像是用旧式的羊皮纸装订的。我刚才说过，帕克赫斯特的兴趣似乎主要在历史和宗教方面。他有财力，有与众不同的兴趣，得以收藏了许多外面一般见不到的书。任何一家大学图书馆若能得到这批收藏，都不失为一桩幸事。

12 As you can imagine, especially in a prison where there was heavy emphasis on rehabilitation, an inmate was smiled upon if he demonstrated an unusually intense interest in books. There was a sizable number of well-read inmates,

especially the popular debaters. Some were said by many to be practically walking encyclopedias. They were almost celebrities. No university would ask any student to devour literature as I did when this new world opened to me, of being able to read and understand.

你可以想象，在一座着重强调改造罪犯的监狱里，一个囚犯要是表现出对书本不同寻常的强烈兴趣，自然会大受赞许。囚犯中有不少人读过许多书，尤其是那些最受欢迎的辩手。在不少人看来，有些简直称得上是活的百科全书。他们差不多就是名人。我能读书能读懂了，一个崭新的世界展现在我的面前；那时，我那么贪婪地阅读文学作品，没有一所大学能让其学生这么做。

13 I read more in my room than in the library itself. An inmate who was known to read a lot could check out more than the permitted maximum number of books. I preferred reading in the total isolation of my own room.

我在自己囚室里读书比在图书室里更快。爱读书的囚犯可以借走超出最大规定数量的图书。我更喜欢独自一人在自己囚室里读书。

14 When I had progressed to really serious reading, every night at about ten p.m. I would be outraged with the “lights out.” It always seemed to catch me right in the middle of something engrossing.

当我水平提高到能阅读真正的严肃读物之后，每天晚上10点左右听到喊“熄灯”，我就非常气恼。似乎每次都是在我读得最入神的时候喊“熄灯”。

15 Fortunately, right outside my door was a corridor light that cast a glow into my room. The glow was enough to read by, once my eyes adjusted to it. So when “lights out” came, I would sit on the floor where I could continue reading in that glow.

幸好我门外正好有个过道灯，囚室透进一点灯光。眼睛适应后，那光线看书还可凑和。于是喊过“熄灯”后，我就坐在地板上借着微光继续阅读。

16 At one-hour intervals the night guards paced past every room. Each time I heard the approaching footsteps, I jumped into bed and feigned sleep. And as soon as the guard passed, I got back out of bed onto the floor area of that light-glow, where I would read for another fifty-eight minutes—until the guard approached again. That went on until three or four every morning. Three or four hours of sleep a night was enough for me. Often in the years in the streets I had slept less than that….

夜班看守每隔一小时在各个囚室外巡查。每次听到脚步声走近，我就跳到床上装睡。等看守一走，我就下床，回到照到灯光的地板上，再读上58分钟——直到看守又来巡查。这样一直持续到每天凌晨三四点钟。我晚上睡3、4个小时就够了。在流浪街头的岁月里，我常常睡得还要少贩贩贩

17 I have often reflected upon the new vistas that reading opened to me. I knew right there in prison that reading had changed forever the course of my life. As I see it today, the ability to read awoke inside me some long dormant craving to be mentally alive. I certainly wasn’t seeking any degree, the way a college confers a status symbol upon its students. My homemade education gave me, with every additional book that I read, a little bit more sensitivity to the deafness, dumbness, and blindness that was afflicting the black race in America. Not long ago, an English writer telephoned me from London, asking questions. One was, “What’s your alma mater?” I told him, “Books.” You will never catch me with a free fifteen minutes in which I’m not studying something I feel might be able to help the black man. 我常常思忆阅读为我打开的新天地。还在狱中时，我就认识到阅读已经不可逆转地改变了自己的人生历程。今天想来，阅读唤醒了自己内心蛰伏已久的对精神生活的渴望。当然我不是想追求什么学位，像大学授予学生学位那样。我的自学经历使我每读一本书，就加深一点对美国黑人深受其苦的那种聋、哑、盲的认识。不久前，一位英国作家从伦敦打来电话问了一些问题。其中一个是：“你曾在哪所学校就读？”我回答说，“书本。”你不会看到我有一刻钟空闲着，而不去用来学习我觉得对黑人或许有所帮助的知识。

18 Every time I catch a plane, I have with me a book that I want to read—and that’s a lot of books these days. If I weren’t out here every day battling the white man, I could spend the rest of my life reading, just satisfying my curiosity—because you can hardly mention anything I’m not curious about. I don’t think anybody ever got more out of going to prison than I did. In fact, prison enabled me to study far more intensively than I would have if my life had gone differently and I had attended some college. I imagine that one of the biggest troubles with colleges is there are too many distractions, too much panty-raiding, fraternities, and boola-boola and all

of that. Where else but in prison could I have attacked my ignorance by being able to study intensely sometimes as much as fifteen hours a day?

每次坐飞机，我都随身携带一本要读的书—— 到今天已读了不少书。要不是我每天都出来跟白人做斗争，我会在余生把时间都花在读书上，仅仅是为了满足自己的好奇心—— 因为你几乎说不出有什么东西是我不感到好奇的。我想没有人像我那样在狱中获得如此多的裨益。事实上，监禁使我得以一心读书，如果我有着不同的人生历程，如果我上过大学，我未必能如此专心致志。我想，大学生活最大的弊端之一在于分心的事太多，“抢短衬裤”闹个没完，联谊会活动太频繁，种种胡闹，不一而足。除了监狱，还有什么地方我能有时一天专心攻读15小时之多，借以攻克

自己的无知？

Let's Go Veggie

!

1 If there was a single act that would improve your health, cut your risk of food-borne illnesses, and help preserve the environment and the welfare of millions of animals, would you do it?

咱们吃素吧!

如果有一件事，既能增进健康、减少患上食物引起的疾病的危险，又有助于保护环境、保护千万动物安全生存，你做不做？

2 The act I'm referring to is the choice you make every time you sit down to a meal.

我说的这件事就是每次坐下来就餐时挑选菜肴。

3 More than a million Canadians have already acted: They have chosen to not eat meat. And the pace of change has been dramatic.

一百多万加拿大人已经行动起来：他们决定不吃肉。变化速度之快令人惊叹。

4 Vegetarian food sales are showing unparalleled growth. Especially popular are meat-free burgers and hot dogs, and the plant-based cuisines of India, China, Mexico, Italy and Japan.

素食品的销售额大大增加，前所未有。尤受欢迎的是无肉汉堡包和热狗，以及以蔬为主的印度、中国、墨西哥、意大利和日本的菜肴。

5 Fuelling the shift toward vegetarianism have been the health

recommendations of medical research. Study after study has uncovered the same basic truth: Plant foods lower your risk of chronic disease; animal foods increase it. 推动人们转向素食的是医学研究提出的关于如何增进健康的建议。一项又一项的研究都揭示了同样的基本事实：果蔬降低患慢性病的危险；肉类食品则增加这种危险。

6 The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases."

美国饮食学协会指出，“科学资料表明，素食与降低多种慢性变性疾病的患病危险肯定有关系。”

7 This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "We've been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel."

去年秋天，在检验了4500个饮食与癌症的研究报告之后，世界癌症研究基金会直截了当地指出：“我们一向利用不合适的养料来维持人类生理引擎的运转。”

8 This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph.

据威尔夫大学营养科学教授布鲁斯·霍拉勃称，这一“不合适的养料”致使加拿大每年用于治疗变性疾病的费用高达4000亿（加）元。

9 Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish.

肉类食品存在严重的营养缺陷：它们不含纤维，含有过多的饱和脂肪和胆固醇，甚至可能含有微量的激素、类固醇和抗菌素。牛肉、猪肉、鸡肉或鱼肉都一样。

10 Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's

like playing Russian roulette with your health.

肉类食品也是越来越广为人知的大肠杆菌、弯曲菌以及其他致病细菌的孳生地。据加拿大食品检验机构称，十分之六的鸡染有沙门氏菌。吃肉无异于玩俄式轮盘赌，拿你的健康做赌资。

11 So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993. 既然如此，政府为什么不采取任何措施？很遗憾，政府屈服于强有力的院外活动集团的压力，如牛肉信息中心、加拿大禽蛋营销公司、加拿大乳牛场场主协会等。根据信息自由法案获得的有关文件记载，这些集团迫使加拿大最新食品指南在1993年公布前作出修改。

12 This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year. 这并不奇怪。即使建议动物蛋白质的摄入量减少一丁点儿都会给这些企业带来每年数十亿元的损失。

13 While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a

vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based

agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth.

健康和食品安全是选择素食生活方式令人信服的理由，但此外还有更为重大的因素要考虑。以饲养动物为基础的农业是世界上对环境破坏最严重的产业之一。

14 Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain.

想一想培育、饲养、建牲畜栏、运输、加工和包装加拿大每年宰杀的5亿头牲畜所需的巨大资源。其中的每一个环节都耗费水和能源。阿尔伯达农业署估计，生产肉耗费的能源比生产谷物多10－20倍。

15 Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly.

The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness.

用于直接为人们提供食物的土地还不到农业用地的四分之一。其余的都用来放牧和种饲料。森林、湿地和草原的生态系统遭受相当严重的破坏，以满足对土地的需求。土地的大量利用加剧了表土的流失，增加了会带来负面作用的化肥和杀虫剂的施用，增加了从筑有水坝的河流中引水灌溉的需求。如果人们能摒弃肉食，许多土地就能回复到未开垦状态。

16 The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates.

问题在于，动物在把植物转化为可食用的肉类这方面的效率很低。举例来说，美国政府估测，生产1公斤猪肉需要耗费8.4 公斤的谷物。

17 After putting so many resources into animals, what do we get out? Manure — at a rate of over 10,000 kilograms per second in Canada alone, according to the government. Environment Canada says cattle excrete 40 kilograms of manure for every kilogram of edible beef. A large egg factory can produce 50 to 100 tonnes of waste per week, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture estimates.

我们把这么多资源耗费在动物身上，又得到什么回报呢？粪肥—— 据官方资料，仅加拿大，就以每秒10,000多公斤的速度排出。加拿大环境部称，牛每产1公斤可食牛肉需排出40公斤粪便。安大略省农业部估测，一家大型禽蛋工厂每星期可产出50－100吨禽粪。

18 And where does it go? In the 1992 Ontario Groundwater Survey, 43 per cent of tested wells were contaminated with agricultural run-off containing fecal coliform bacteria and nitrates. Earlier this month, charges were laid against a large Alberta feedlot operator for dumping 30 million litres of cattle manure into the Bow River, "killing everything in its path," as a news story described it.

这些粪便都到哪儿去了？1992年安大略省地下水调查发现， 43%的被测试水井都受到含有粪便大肠杆菌和硝酸盐等农业生产排出的废物的污染。本月初，阿尔伯达一家大型围栏肥育地经营者被指控将3千万升牛粪排入博河，“沿途生灵悉数被毁”，一则新闻这么报道。

19 And then there is methane, a primary contributing gas in global warming and ozone layer depletion. Excluding natural sources, 27 per cent of Canada's and 20 per cent of the world's methane comes from livestock.

此外还有沼气，那是促使全球气候变暖和臭氧层减少的主要气体。不把天然沼气资源包括在内，加拿大27%的沼气、全世界20%的沼气都来自牲畜。

20 John Robbins, author of the Pulitzer prize-nominated book Diet for a New America (Group West), said it best when he stated: "Eating lower on the food chain is perhaps the most potent single act we can take to halt the destruction of our environment and preserve our natural resources."

获普利策提名奖的《新美洲饮食》一书作者约翰·罗宾斯说得好：“食用食物链较低部分的食物或许是我们可用以阻止环境破坏、保护自然资源的最最有效的行动。”

21 Our environment also includes the animals killed for their meat. It has

become an accepted fact that today's factory-farmed animals live short, miserable, unnatural lives.

我们的环境也包括为食其肉而被宰杀的动物。当今工厂化农场的牲畜寿命极短，过着悲惨的、不正常的生活，这已是公认的事实。

22 As part of my research at the University of Waterloo, I toured some of the country's largest "processing" plants. The experience has left me with recurring nightmares.

作为我在沃特卢大学研究工作的一部分，我参观过一些全国最大的“加工”厂。这个经历让我日后尽做噩梦。

23 I saw "stubborn" cows being beaten and squealing pigs chased around the killing floor with electric calipers.

我见到“固执”的牛被打、尖叫着的猪在屠宰室被人用电卡钳追逐。

24 I looked on in utter shock as a cow missed the stun gun and was hoisted fully conscious upside down by its hind leg and cut to pieces, thrashing until its last breath.

我万分震惊地目睹一头牛躲过了眩晕枪，结果被缚住后腿倒挂起来，惨遭活剐，一直挣扎到断气。

25 Noticing my shock, the foreman remarked: "Who cares? They're going to die anyway."

工头见我惊骇不已，便说：“管它呢！它们反正得死。”

26 Because it can cost hundreds of dollars per minute to stop the conveyor line, animal welfare comes second to profit. Over 150,000 animals are "processed" every hour of every working day in Canada, according to Agriculture Canada.

由于传送线停转一分钟就要损失好几百元，家畜的利益就变得不如利润重要。据加拿大农业署称，在加拿大，每个工作日，每小时有150,000多头家畜被“加工”。

27 The picture gets uglier still. En route to slaughter, farm animals may legally spend anywhere from 36 to 72 hours without food, water or rest. They're not even afforded the "luxury" of temperature controlled trucks in extreme summer heat or sub-zero cold.

情况变得甚至更可怕。家畜在宰杀前的运输途中，法律允许在36－72小时内不给进食、进水，不让休息。即使在炎夏或零度以下的严冬，它们连乘温控卡车的“奢侈”也不让享受。

28 Agriculture Canada has estimated that more than 3 million Canadian farm animals die slow and painful deaths en route to slaughter each year.

加拿大农业署估计，加拿大每年有3百多万头家畜在宰杀前的运输途中痛苦地慢慢死去。

29 I've also visited typical Canadian farms. Gone are the days when piglets snorted and roosters strutted their way about the barnyard. Most of today's

modernized farms have long, windowless sheds in which animals live like prisoners their entire lives. I have seen chickens crammed four to a cage, nursing pigs separated from their young by iron bars and veal calves confined to crates so

narrow they couldn't turn around. Few of these animals ever experience sunlight or fresh air — and most of their natural urges are denied.

本人还参观过一些典型的加拿大农场。猪崽喷着鼻息、公鸡在粮仓的空场上昂首行走的日子已经一去不复返。而今大多数的现代化农场都有一个个狭长的、没有窗户的牲畜棚，牲畜一生关在棚里，如囚犯一般。我见到过四只鸡挤在一个笼里，喂奶的母猪与猪崽被铁条隔开，肉用小牛关在狭窄得转不过身来的板条箱里。这些牲畜几乎都终年不见阳光，呼吸不到新鲜空气—— 它们天生的欲望大都得不到满足。

面对这种严峻的现实固然困难，置之不理更是难上加难。一日三次，你要做出不仅影响自身生活质量、更是事关整个有生命世界的决定。我们手里的餐刀餐叉拥有改变这个世界的力量。

31 Consider the words of Albert Einstein: "Nothing will benefit human health and increase the chances for survival of life on Earth as the Evolution to a vegetarian diet."

让我们想一想阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的话吧：“没有什么比转向素食更有益于人类健康，更能增加世间万物的生存机会。”

32 Bon appetite.

祝君胃口好。

Where’s the Beef?

Alan Herscovici

1 With summer comes that most wonderful of North American traditions, the backyard barbecue. The succulent aroma of fresh grilled steak, sausages, chicken and fish draws family, friends and neighbours together for a communal feast. Inevitably, in these politically correct times the conversation may drift to the question of whether we really ought to be eating meat at all.

牛肉在哪里？

阿伦泛兆瓤宋??

随夏日而来的是北美传统习俗中最美妙的一件事，后院烤肉餐。刚下烤架的牛排、香肠、鸡肉、鱼肉鲜美无比，引来了亲朋好友、左邻右舍，大家一起欢宴。不用说，在如今这个讲求政治正确的时代，聊着聊着就可能聊到我们究竟该不该吃肉的问题。

2 The following guide should help see you through until the burgers are done. 以下的指南想必会帮助你捱过等待汉堡牛排烤熟的那段时间。

3 Appealing to self-interest, a common opening line for proselytizing

vegetarians is to claim that “eating meat is bad for us.” They have trouble explaining, however, why human health and longevity have improved steadily as animal

products became more readily available throughout this century. In fact, meat is an excellent source of 12 essential nutrients, including protein, iron, zinc and B vitamins.

出于人们往往考虑自身利益这一点，那些劝人茹素的素食者通常一开口就声称“肉食有害健康”。然而，他们难以解释，为什么本世纪动物源性食品日益普及，人们的健康水平和寿命却持续上升。事实上，肉类富含12种人体必需的营养成分，其中包括蛋白质、铁、锌和各种维生素B。

4 It is true that excessive fats can be harmful, but today’s meats are lean. Based on equal-size servings, tofu has more fat than a sirloin steak and only half the protein. (Tofu also makes a mess of the grill.)

不错，过多的脂肪有害健康，但如今的肉都是瘦肉。以同样大小的一份计，豆腐比一块后腿部牛排的脂肪含量多，而蛋白质含量仅是其一半。(何况豆腐会把烤架弄得一团糟。

)

5 With the exception of certain religious sects, people have rarely been

vegetarian by choice. Most often, vegetarianism is the unfortunate result of poverty. Yet the veggie crowd also claims that “humans are not natural meat-eaters.” Our teeth are not as sharp and our intestinal tracts not as short as those of cats and other pure carnivores. But we are not equipped to be herbivores, either. Like other omnivores (such as bears or racoons), our digestive equipment allows us to tackle a wide range of foods.

除了某些宗教派别，很少有人自愿吃素。素食主义往往是贫穷的不幸产物。然而，那伙吃素的还说什么“人类并非天生的肉食者”。相比那些猫科动物及其他纯食肉动物，我们的牙齿不够锋利，我们的肠道又过长。但人类也并非理想的食草动物。如同其他杂食动物(如熊和浣熊)一样，我们的消化系统可以应付多种多样的食物。

6 If we were not designed to eat meat, why do we produce large quantities of the enzymes required to break down such foods? Why is vitamin B12 (found only in animal products) essential to human life? If we were not natural meat-eaters, or at least bug and grub eaters, our species would have died out long ago. If we did not develop as hunters, why are our eyes in the front to our heads like those of other predators (tigers, wolves or owls)? Why does the mere smell of a sizzling steak set my saliva glands watering?

如果我们生来不吃肉，那人体何以会产生大量分解肉食所必需的消化酶？为什么维生素B12(仅含于动物源性食品中)为人体不可或缺？如果人类并非天生的肉食者—— 至少要会吃昆虫—— 那人类这一物种早就灭绝了。如果人类不曾进化为猎食其他物种的动物，那为什么如其他食肉动物(如虎、狼或猫头鹰)一样，我们的眼睛长在头的前部？为什么一块烤得咝咝作响的牛排的香味就会让我的唾液分泌腺流出口水？

7 Shifting their ground, animal activists now charge that livestock threatens the environment. But much of the world’s arable land is best suited to be used as

pasture. It is too hilly, fragile, dry or cold for cultivation. Cattle convert grass into nutrients that can be digested by humans. Those who promote organic agriculture understand that livestock completes the nutrient cycle by returning organic matter to the soil with manure.

动物保护主义者换了个进攻方向，指责牲畜威胁环境。然而，世界上许多可耕地用作牧场最适合。那些土地起伏不平，土质贫瘠，不是太干就是气候太冷，不宜耕种。牲畜把牧草转化为人类能够消化的食物。那些提倡有机农业的人深知，牲畜通过粪肥把有机物质返回土壤，以此完成食物循环的过程。

8 Other anti-meat myths can also be dismissed. For example: · Whatever you may think about fast food hamburgers, eating them does not encourage the destruction of Amazon rainforests. Because of disease-control measures, no unprocessed South American beef products at all may be imported into

Canada. · Livestock do not use up grains that could otherwise feed starving people in Third World countries. The main diet of cattle is grass and hay. Pigs, chickens and other farm animals are generally fed corn and barley, while people eat mainly wheat and rice. Animals also consume pest-and weather-damaged grains, crop residues (corn stalks and leaves) and by-products from food processing, such as unusable

grains (or parts of grains) left over from producing breakfast cereals and other human foods. Raising livestock in Canada does not prevent us from shipping

emergency supplies to people in need. Hunger today, however, is usually the result of political, economic and distribution problems, not a lack of production

capacity. · The production of methane gas by livestock is not a major contributor to global warming. Methane gas is only one of many possible “greenhouse” gases. It is produced by all sorts of decomposition of organic matter, including normal digestion (even by vegetarians). Main sources of greenhouse gases include wetlands, forest fires, landfills, rice paddies, the extraction of gas, oil and coal—and even

termites. · Meat does not contain harmful pesticide, antibiotic or other residues. This is assured by stringent Agriculture Canada and Health Canada regulations and inspection. Concerns about dangerous bacteria are easily addressed by cooking your meat well. (Fruit and raw vegetables, in fact, present a more difficult problem.) 其他反对肉食的奇谈怪论也都不值一驳。如： l 无论你对快餐食品汉堡包好恶如何，食用汉堡包并不会加快对亚马孙雨林的破坏。由于采取了各种控制疾病的措施，未经加工的南美牛肉制品根本不能进入加拿大。 l 牲畜并不曾消耗掉原本可用于赈济第三世界饥民的粮食。牲畜的主要饲料是青草和干草。猪、鸡和其他家畜通常用玉米和大麦饲养，而人食用的主要是小麦和稻米。动物还吃遭受虫灾和灾害气候的粮食、庄稼的残留物(如玉米的梗和叶)，还有食品加工的副产品，如加工早餐谷类食品和其他人类食品的剩下的不能用的粮食(或部分粮食)。在加拿大，饲养牲畜毫不妨碍我们将紧急救援物资运送给急需的人。事实上，当今的粮荒往往是政治、经济、分配不公造成的结果，而非生产力不足所致。 l 牲畜产生的沼气并非全球气候变暖的祸首。沼气只是许多潜在的“温室”气体中的一种。沼气由各种有机物在分解过程中生成，其中包括正常的(甚至包括素食者的)消化过程产生的部分。温室气体的主要来源包括湿地、森林火灾、垃圾埋填地、水稻田以及气体、石油和煤炭的开采，甚至包括白蚁。 l 食用肉并不含有于健康有害的杀虫剂、抗菌素或其他残留物。这由加拿大农业部和加拿大卫生部严格的规定和检查制度所确保。至于对危险的细菌的担心，只需将肉煮熟煮透即可轻易解决。(事实上，水果和生食蔬菜带来的问题更不易解决。

)

9 One study that is not often cited by animal activists is a recent report by the Centre for Energy and the Environment at the University of Exeter in England. David Coley and his associates analyzed how much fuel energy is used to produce and process different foods. Burning fuel releases carbon into the atmosphere, the major suspected cause of global warming.

动物保护主义者很少引用一项研究，那就是英格兰埃克塞特大学能源与环境中心最近的一份报告。戴维房评?捌浜献髡叻治隽松??爰庸げ煌?称匪?姆训娜剂夏茉础H忌杖加徒?寂湃氪笃?悖?四巳?蚱?虮渑?闹饕?尚住

?

10 To the dismay of the politically correct set, meat scores far better than

vegetables on this environmental-impact scale. It requires eight megajoules of fuel energy to produce enough beef or burgers to provide one megajoule of food energy. The fuel energy costs of chicken and lamb are seven megajoules and six megajoules respectively. Typical salad vegetables, however, require as much as 45 megajoules of fuel energy for each energy unit of food intake provided.

令那些讲求政治正确的人感到沮丧的是，在对环境的影响方面，肉要比蔬菜得分高得多。提供1兆焦耳食物能量的牛肉或汉堡牛排需耗费8兆焦耳的燃料能源。鸡肉和羊肉的耗能分别为7和6兆焦耳。而常见的色拉蔬菜却需要耗费多达45兆焦耳的燃料能源才能提供一个能量

单位的食物摄入。

11 “Meat does well because it is not highly processed, provides a lot of calories and is often produced locally.” Coley reported in New Scientist last December. “肉耗能少，因为肉加工程度不高，能提供大量的卡路里，而且常常是本地加工生产。”科利在去年12月的《新科学家》上著文说。

12 It would require more ink than is available to us here to respond to all the claims animal activists have made about the supposed evils of modern livestock husbandry methods, what they misleadingly label “factory farming.” For example, they criticize the caging of laying hens, while ignoring the fact that such systems improve hygiene, preventing disease and reducing the need for antibiotics.

我们在此无法花费过多的笔墨逐一反驳动物保护主义者指控现代家畜饲养方法，即他们误导性地称作的“工厂化养殖”的种种莫须有的危害。例如，他们抨击蛋禽的笼养化，却忽视了这样的事实，即此类系统能改善卫生，预防疾病，减少对抗生素的需求。

13 Detailed responses to animal-welfare concerns are provided in Food for Thought: Facts about Food and Farming, published by the Ontario Farm Animal Council.

安大略禽畜饲养会社发表的《应有的思考：食物与饲养业的基本情况》对有关动物生存状况的关注作了详细解答。

14 For debate around the barbecue, suffice it to say that animals cannot be productive unless they receive excellent nutrition and care. Farmers who do not provide good care for their animals will not remain in business for long.

至于围绕烤肉餐的争论，只需这样说就够了：动物得不到精良的食物和精心的照料就不长肉。饲养场主不精心饲养禽畜则无法长期经营。

15 Once fallacious claims about health, environment and animal welfare are stripped away, the heart of the animal-rights argument is exposed. What right, they ask, do we have to use animals at all?

一旦有关健康、环境以及动物生存状况的谬论被揭穿，有关动物权益的争论的核心便一清二楚了。他们质问道：我们究竟有什么权利去吃禽畜？

16 The central fallacy of this argument is that it ignores basic principles of biology and ecology. Every plant and animal species naturally produces far more offspring than their environment can support to maturity. This “surplus” provides food for other species. Aboriginal people called this “the cycle of life.” We now usually call it “the food chain.” We are part of this cycle, like every other living organism on the planet. The domestication of livestock has been a very successful survival strategy, not only for humans, but also for the other species involved. 这一论点的主要谬误在于忽视了生物学与生态学的基本原理。各类动植物物种自然而然地繁衍出大量后代，远远超出环境允许其长到成熟的数量。“过剩部分”则为其他物种提供了食物。土著人称其为“生命的循环”。我们现在通常名之曰“食物链”。如同地球上其他各种有机生命体一样，我们人类是这一循环的一个组成部分。驯养动物向来就是一种极为成功的生存策略，对人类如此，对有关的其他物种也如此。

17 The squeamishness some people now feel about eating animals does not represent a more evolved sensitivity to nature. It is a symptom of how cut off some people have become from nature.

如今有些人对吃肉觉得反感，这并不反映出他们对自然变得更加敏感。这表明了他们离开自然已经何等之远。

18 Thanks to modern agriculture, many city people now take our abundant food supply for granted. We forget that all our food must still be wrested from the land. Even our vegetables must be protected from other creatures. Even a carrot clings to the soil with all its strength. Like other animals, we kill to eat. But because we are human, we can also give thanks and treat the animals that feed us with respect. 多亏了现代农业，如今许多城镇居民对充足的食品供应习以为常，认为理当如此。我们已经忘却，凡人所食仍得靠土地出产。即便人类所食的蔬菜也必须加以守护，以防其他动物侵犯。即便生长中的胡萝卜也竭尽全力紧贴大地。一如其他动物，我们为吃肉而宰杀禽畜。然而，我们有幸为人，因而还能为此感恩，还能慎重地对待给我们提供肉食的动物。

19 I think those burgers should be ready about now…

我看那些汉堡牛排这会儿该烤熟了……

The Truth About Lying

Judith Viorst

1. I've been wanting to write on a subject that intrigues and challenges me: the subject of lying. I've found it very difficult to do. Everyone I've talked to has a quite intense and personal but often rather intolerant point of view about what we can — and can never never — tell lies about. I've finally reached the conclusion that I can't present any ultimate conclusions, for too many people would promptly disagree. Instead, I'd like to present a series of moral puzzles, all concerned with lying. I'll tell you what I think about them. Do you agree?

关于说谎的真相

朱迪斯·维奥斯特

我一直想写一个令我深感兴趣的话题：关于说谎的问题。我觉得这个题目很难写。所有我交谈过的人都对什么事情可以说谎—— 什么事情绝对不可以说谎—— 持有强烈的、常常不容别人分说的个人意见。最后我得出结论，我不能下任何定论，因为这样做就会有太多的人立即反对。我想我还是提出若干都与说谎有关的道义上的难题吧。我将向读者阐明我对这些难题的个人看法。你们觉得对吗？

Social Lies

2. Most of the people I've talked with say that they find social lying acceptable and necessary. They think it's the civilized way for folks to behave. Without these little white lies, they say, our relationships would be short and brutish and nasty. It's arrogant, they say, to insist on being so incorruptible and so brave that you cause other people unnecessary embarrassment or pain by compulsively assailing them with your honesty. I basically agree. What about you?

社交性谎言

和我交谈过的大多数人都说，他们认为旨在促进社会交际的谎言是可以接受的，也是必要的。他们认为这是一种文明的行为。他们说，要不是这类无关紧要的谎言，人与人之间的关系就

会变得粗野不快，无法持久。他们说，如果你要做到十二分正直、十二分无畏，不由自主地用你的诚实使他人陷入不必要的窘境或痛苦之中，这只能说你是傲慢自大。对此，我基本赞同。你呢？

3. Will you say to people, when it simply isn't true, "I like your new hairdo," "You're looking much better," "it's so nice to see you," "I had a wonderful time"? 你会不会跟人说：“我喜欢你的新发型，”“你气色好多了，”“见到你真高兴，”“我玩得很尽兴，”而实际上根本不是这么回事儿？

4. Will you praise hideous presents and homely kids?

你会不会对令人憎厌的礼物，或相貌平平的孩子称赞有加？

5. Will you decline invitations with "We're busy that night — so sorry we can't come," when the truth is you'd rather stay home than dine with the So-and-sos? 你婉辞邀请时会不会说“那天晚上我们正好没空—— 真对不起，我们不能来，”而实际上你是宁肯呆在家里也不想跟某某夫妇一起进餐？

6. And even though, as I do, you may prefer the polite evasion

of "You really cooked up a storm "instead of "The soup" — which tastes like warmed-over coffee — "is wonderful," will you, if you must, proclaim it wonderful?

虽然像我那样，你也想用 “太丰盛了”这种委婉的托辞，而不是盛赞“那汤味道好极了”(其实味同重新热过的咖啡)，但如果你必须赞美那汤，你会说它鲜美吗

?

7. There's one man I know who absolutely refuses to tell social lies. "I can't play that game," he says; "I'm simply not made that way." And his answer to the

argument that saying nice things to someone doesn't cost anything is, "Yes, it does — it destroys your credibility." Now, he won't, unsolicited, offer his views on the painting you just bought, but you don't ask his frank opinion unless you want frank, and his silence at those moments when the rest of us liars are muttering, "Isn't it lovely?" is, for the most part, eloquent enough. My friend does not indulge in what he calls "flattery, false praise and mellifluous comments." When others tell fibs he will not go along. He says that social lying is lying, that little white lies are still lies. And he feels that telling lies is morally wrong. What about you?

我认识一个人，他完全拒绝说这类社交性谎言。“我不会那一套，”他说，“我生来就不会那一套。”讲到对人家说几句好听的话并不失去什么，他的回答是：“不对，当然有损失—— 那会损害你的诚信度。”因此你不问他，他不会对你刚买来的画发表意见，但除非你想听老实话，否则你也不会去问他的真实想法。当我们这些说谎者轻声称赞着“多美啊”的时候，他的沉默往往是极能说明问题的。我的这位朋友从来不讲他所说的“奉承话、虚假的赞美话和动听话”。别人说些无伤大雅的谎言，他则不。他说社交性谎言还是谎言，无关紧要的小小谎言还是谎言。他认为说谎不合道德。你呢？

Peace-Keeping Lies

8. Many people tell peace-keeping lies: lies designed to avoid irritation or argument, lies designed to shelter the liar from possible blame or pain; lies (or so it is rationalized) designed to keep trouble at bay without hurting anyone.

息事宁人的谎言

不少人为了息事宁人而说谎：那种意在避免生气或争吵的谎言，意在使说谎者免受可能的责备或烦恼的谎言；意在(或据认为理应)不伤害他人而又能帮助避免麻烦的谎言。

9. I tell these lies at times, and yet I always feel they're wrong. I understand why we tell them, but still they feel wrong. And whenever I lie so that someone won't disapprove of me or think less of me or holler at me, I feel I'm a bit of a coward, I feel I'm dodging responsibility, I feel...guilty. What about you?

我有时也说这种谎，不过我总觉得不该说。我知道为什么要说这种谎，但说这种谎终究不对。每当我为了不让别人讨厌自己、看轻自己、或冲着自己嚷嚷而说谎时，我总觉得自己有点像个懦夫，觉得自己是在逃避责任，觉得……愧疚。你呢？

10. Do you, when you're late for a date because you overslept, say that you're late because you got caught in a traffic jam?

你由于睡过头赴约会迟到了，会不会说是因为碰上堵车才晚到的？

11. Do you, when you forget to call a friend, say that you called several times but the line was busy?

你忘了给朋友打电话，会不会谎称打过好几次，可电话老占线？

12. Do you, when you didn't remember that it was your father's birthday, say that his present must be delayed in the mail?

你忘了父亲的生日，会不会说寄给他的礼物准是给耽搁了？

13. And when you're planning a weekend in New York City and you're not in the mood to visit your mother, who lives there, do you conceal — with a lie, if you must — the fact that you'll be in New York? Or do you have the courage — or is it the cruelty? — to say, "I'll be in New York, but sorry — I don't plan on seeing you"? 你打算去纽约市度周末，但又不想去看望住在那里的母亲，你会——必要的话用谎言——隐瞒你将到纽约的事实，还是会勇敢地——或者说狠心地——说：“我要来纽约，可是抱歉，我不打算来看望你”？

14. (Dave and his wife Elaine have two quite different points of view on this very subject. He calls her a coward. She says she's being wise. He says she must assert her right to visit New York sometimes and not see her mother. To which she always patiently replies: "Why should we have useless fights? My mother's too old to change. We get along much better when I lie to her.")

(戴夫和妻子伊莱恩正是在这个问题上有两种颇不相同的观点。他称她为懦夫。她说自己处理这事是明智的。他说她应该维护自己有的时候去纽约但不去看望母亲的权利。对此她总是耐心地回答说：“我们何必无谓地争吵呢？我母亲年纪大了，不会改了。我对她说个谎，我们相处得就更好。”)

15. Finally, do you keep the peace by telling your husband lies on the subject of money? Do you reduce what you really paid for your shoes? And in general do you find yourself ready, willing and able to lie to him when you make absurd mistakes or lose or break things?

最后一点，你会不会在钱的问题上对丈夫说谎，以求太平？你会不会少报买鞋子的钱？你出了什么荒唐的错误或丢失了物品打碎了器皿时是不是常常想对他撒谎，而且会对他撒谎？

16. "I used to have a romantic idea that part of intimacy was confessing every dumb thing that you did to your husband. But after a couple of years of that," says Laura, "have I changed my mind!"

“过去我往往不切实际地以为亲密关系的一个组成部分就是把自己做的每件蠢事都如实告诉丈夫。可这么过了几年之后，”劳拉说，“我就改了主意!”

17. And having changed her mind, she finds herself telling peacekeeping lies. And yes, I tell them too. What about you?

改主意后，她在不知不觉中说谎话求太平了。没错，我也说这种谎。你呢？

Protective Lies

18. Protective lies are lies folks tell — often quite serious lies — because

they're convinced that the truth would be too damaging. They lie because they feel there are certain human values that supersede the wrong of having lied. They lie, not for personal gain, but because they believe it's for the good of the person they're lying to. They lie to those they love, to those who trust them most of all, on the grounds that breaking this trust is justified.

保护性谎言

保护性谎言就是因为人们认为事实真相危害性太大而说的谎言，这类谎言通常事关重大。他们说谎，因为他们认为，人的某些价值观念压倒了说谎这一错误行为本身。他们说谎不是为个人私利，而是因为他们相信，那是为他们对之说谎的人好。他们对自己所爱的人撒谎，对最信任自己的人撒谎，就是因为他们认为这样做是有正当理由的。

19. They may lie to their children on money or marital matters.

他们会在金钱或婚姻问题上对子女说谎。

20. They may lie to the dying about the state of their health.

他们会对垂死者隐瞒真实病情。

21. They may lie to their closest friend because the truth about her talents or son or psyche would be — or so they insist — utterly devastating.

他们会对密友说谎，因为关于其才能、其爱子或其精神状态的实话会——不妨说他们坚持这么认为——使其身心受到极大伤害。

22. I sometimes tell such lies, but I'm aware that it's quite presumptuous to

claim I know what's best for others to know. That's called

lies, just where they'll land, exactly where they'll roll.

有时我也说这种谎，可我明白，声称自己懂得什么事他人应该知道，这未免太自以为是了。这无异于充当上帝。这无异于操纵和控制他人。而我们一旦开始玩起谎言戏法，就再也无法知道谎言何时会收场，究竟会滑向何方。

23. And furthermore, we may find ourselves lying in order to back up the lies that are backing up the lie we initially told.

而且，我们会不知不觉地为了圆先前说的谎言而说谎。

24. And furthermore — let's be honest — if conditions were reversed, we certainly wouldn't want anyone lying to us.

而且——我们不妨直说——如果情形倒过来，我们当然不愿意别人对自己说谎。

25. Yet, having said all that, I still believe that there are times when protective lies must nonetheless be told. What about you?

不过，话虽如此，我还是觉得有时保护性谎言还非说不可。你呢？

Trust-Keeping Lies playing God . That's called manipulation and control. And we never can be sure, once we start to juggle

26. Another group of lies are trust-keeping lies, lies that involve triangulation, with A (that's you) telling lies to B on behalf of C (whose trust you'd promised to keep). Most people concede that once you've agreed not to betray a friend's confidence, you can't betray it, even if you must lie. But I've talked with people who don't want you telling them anything that they might be called on to lie about.

信守承诺的谎言

另一类谎言是信守承诺的谎言，涉及三方的谎言，即A（你）为了C（你答应为其信守承诺者）而对B说谎。大多数人承认，一旦你答应不背叛朋友的信任，你就不能背叛，哪怕你必须说谎。但我与之交谈过的人中也有人不想听那些他们也许得为之说谎的事。

27. "I don't tell lies for myself," says Fran, "and I don't want to have to tell them for other people." Which means, she agrees, that if her best friend is having an affair, she absolutely doesn't want to know about it.

“我不为自己说谎，”弗兰说，“我也不愿为别人说谎。”她承认，这就意味着如果她最好的朋友有风流韵事的话，她绝对不想知道。

28. "Are you saying," her best friend asks, "that you'd betray me?"

“你是说，”她最好的朋友问，“你会出卖我？”

29. Fran is very pained but very adamant. "I wouldn't want to betray you, so…don't tell me anything about it."

弗兰心里很为难，但态度十分坚决。“我不想出卖你，所以……别跟我说这事。”

30. Fran's best friend is shocked. What about you?

弗兰最好的朋友深感震惊。你呢？

31. Do you believe you can have close friends if you're not prepared to receive their deepest secrets?

你是不是认为，如果你不愿意了解朋友最深的隐密，你仍会有好朋友？

32. Do you believe you must always lie for your friends?

你是不是认为你必须一直为朋友说谎？

33. Do you believe, if your friend tells a secret that turns out to be quite immoral or illegal, that once you've promised to keep it, you must keep it?

你是不是认为，如果朋友透露的一个秘密是违反道德或法律的，而一旦你答应保密，你就得真的保密？

34. And what if your friend were your boss — if you were perhaps one of the President's men —

would you betray or lie for him over, say,

这个问题上，你是背叛他还是为他说谎？

35. As you can see, these issues get terribly sticky.

可以想见这些问题非常棘手。

36. It's my belief that once we've promised to keep a trust, we must tell lies to keep it. I also believe that we can't tell Watergate lies. And if these two statements strike you as quite contradictory, you're right — they're quite contradictory. But for now they're the best I can do. What about you?

我以为，一旦我们答应信守承诺，我们就是说谎也得信守承诺。同时我也认为，在水门事件这类事情上我们不能说谎。如果你觉得这两点自相矛盾，那你就对了—— 这两者的确自相矛Watergate? 如果你的朋友正好是你的上司—— 如果你恰好就是总统班底的人—— 比如说在水门事件

盾。但目前我只能如此。你呢？

37. There are those who have no talent for lying.

有些人不擅说谎。

38. "Over the years, I tried to lie," a friend of mine explained, "but I always got found out and I always got punished. I guess I gave myself away because I feel guilty about any kind of lying. It looks as if I'm stuck with telling the truth."

“许多年来，我一直试图说谎，”一位朋友解释说，“可我总是露馅，总是为此受罚。我想人家看出我说谎是因为我一说谎就觉得内疚。看来我只能说真话了。”

39. For those of us, however, who are good at telling lies, for those of us who lie and don't get caught, the question of whether or not to lie can be a hard and serious moral problem. I liked the remark of a friend of mine who said, "I'm willing to lie. But just as a last resort — the truth's always better."

可是，对我们这种擅于说谎的人来说，对我们这种说谎又不露馅的人来说，说谎还是不说谎会成为一个严肃的道德难题。我颇为赞同一位朋友的话，他说，“我愿意说谎。但只把这作为最后一手—— 真话总比谎话好。”

40. "Because," he explained, "though others may completely accept the lie I'm telling, I don't."

“因为，”他解释说，“哪怕别人对我的谎话完全信以为真，我自己可无法相信。”

41. I tend to feel that way too.

本人也有同感。

42. What about you?

你呢？

White Lies

Sissela Bok

1 White lies are at the other end of the spectrum of deception from lies in a serious crisis. They are the most common and the most trivial forms that duplicity can take. The fact that they are so common provides their protective coloring. And their very triviality, when compared to more threatening lies, makes it seem

unnecessary or even absurd to condemn them. Some consider all well-intentioned lies, however momentous, to be white; in this book, I shall adhere to the narrower usage: a white lie, in this sense, is a falsehood not meant to injure anyone, and of little moral import. I want to ask whether there are such lies; and if there are, whether their cumulative consequences are still without harm; and, finally,

whether many lies are not defended as “white” which are in fact harmful in their own right.

无伤大雅的小谎

西塞拉·博克

无伤大雅的小谎处于欺骗这个范畴的另一端，与重大时刻撒谎大不一样。它们是最常见的、最轻微的欺骗行为。这类小谎经常听到，这一事实本身就使之披上一层保护色。相比那些更具危害性的谎言，小谎的无关紧要使得对其进行谴责都显得没有必要甚至荒唐。有人把所有用心良善的谎言，无论多么事关重大，都看作是无伤大雅的小谎。在本书中，笔者取的是较为狭窄的意义：在这一意义上，无伤大雅的小谎指的是无意伤害他人的、没有道德含义的谎言。我想问, 是否真有这类谎言；如果有的话，其日积月累的最终结果是否果然不具有伤害性；最后，许多实际上原本就具有伤害性的谎言是否没有被说成“无伤大雅”。

2 Many small subterfuges may not even be intended to mislead. They are only “white lies” in the most marginal sense. Take, for example, the many social

exchanges: “How nice to see you!” or “Cordially yours.” These and a thousand other polite expressions are so much taken for granted that if someone decided, in the name of total honesty, not to employ them, he might well give the impression of an indifference he did not possess. The justification for continuing to use such accepted formulations is that they deceive no one, except possibly those unfamiliar with the language.

许多无关紧要的遁词也许根本就无意误导他人。它们不过勉强算是无伤大雅的小谎。如许多客套话：“见到你真高兴!”或信末写的“你至诚的”。这些和许许多多其他礼貌用语并无不妥，理当使用。要是有人为了要绝对诚实决定不用的话，他很可能给人一种为人冷漠的印象，而实际上此人并非如此。一直使用这些公众认可的套语的理由是它们骗不了人，那些并不通晓这一语言的人或许是例外。

3 A social practice more clearly deceptive is that of giving a false excuse so as not to hurt the feelings of someone making an invitation or request: to say one “can’t” do what in reality one may not want to do. Once again, the false excuse may prevent unwarranted inferences of greater hostility to the undertaking than one may well feel. Merely to say that one can’t do something, moreover, is not deceptive in the sense that an elaborately concocted story can be.

一种显然更具有欺骗性质的社会惯例是假造一个理由，以便不伤害邀请人或请求者的感情：对自己其实不欲为的事推托说“不能为”。同样的，这一假造的理由或许会防止他人莫须有地推断自己对所说之事抵触多多。再者，仅仅说一句自己不能做某事，不像煞费苦心编造的一通谎话那样带有欺骗性。

4 Still other white lies are told in an effort to flatter, to throw a cheerful

interpretation on depressing circumstances, or to show gratitude for unwanted gifts. In the eyes of many, such white lies do no harm, provide needed support and cheer, and help dispel gloom and boredom. They preserve the equilibrium and often the humaneness of social relationships, and are usually accepted as excusable so long as they do not become excessive. Many argue, moreover, that such deception is so helpful and at times so necessary that it must be tolerated as an exception to a general policy against lying. Thus Bacon observed: Doth any man doubt, that if there were taken out of men’s minds vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would, and the like, but it would leave the minds of a number of men poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves?

还有一些无伤大雅的小谎旨在讨好他人、对令人沮丧的境况做出使人高兴的解释，或者对别人赠送的无用礼物表示感谢。在许多人看来，这类无伤大雅的小谎没有害处，给人以必要的支

持和安慰，有助于驱除忧郁和厌烦。它们保障人际关系的平衡，而且常常帮助人们在交往中保住人情味。只要不过分，这类谎话一般被看作是可以原谅的。更有甚者，许多人认为，这类欺骗行为裨益良多，有时还必不可少，故应作为反对撒谎这一总原则的例外加以容忍。培根曾这样说： 如果把自视过高的看法、奢望、不实的评价、一厢情愿的想法等等都从人们的脑海里赶走，那会使一些人感到空虚、悲哀、不舒服、讨厌自己，对此有人怀疑过吗？

5 Another kind of lie may actually be advocated as bringing a more substantial benefit, or avoiding a real harm, while seeming quite innocuous to those who tell the lies. Such are the placebos given for innumerable common ailments, and the pervasive use of inflated grades and recommendations for employment and promotion.

另一种谎言，实际上人们也许认为，既能带来更为实在的好处，或能避免真正的伤害，而对那些撒谎者又看似无害。比如对无数常见疾病开的并无药效的安慰剂，以及为了求职或提升而普遍拔高的成绩和多有溢美之词的推荐信。

6 A large number of lies without such redeeming features are nevertheless often regarded as so trivial that they should be grouped with white lies. They are the lies told on the spur of the moment, for want of reflection, or to get out of a scrape, or even simply to pass the time. Such are the lies told to boast or exaggerate, or on the contrary to deprecate and understate; the many lies told or repeated in gossip; Rousseau’s lies[1 Rousseaus’ lies: Rousseau /ru:s/ 卢梭 （Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778），法国启蒙思想家、哲学家、 教育家和文学家. In Reveries of the Solitary Stroller, Jean Jacques Rousseau says: “Never have I lied in my own interest; but often I have lied through shame in order to draw myself from embarrassment in indifferent matters…when, having to sustain discussion, the slowness of my ideas and the dryness of my conversation forced me to have recourse to fictions in order to say something.”]1 told simply “in order to say something”; the embroidering on facts that seem too tedious in their own right; and the substitution of a quick lie for the lengthy explanations one might otherwise have to provide for something not worth spending time on.

然而，许多谎言并不像上述那样尚有好处可言，但人们常常认为它们无关紧要，所以应归为无伤大雅的谎言一类。那都是些脱口而出、不假思索的谎言，或是为了摆脱窘境、甚或仅仅是为了打发时间而说的谎言。这类谎言有的出于溢美夸大，有的则相反，出于有意贬低或缩小事态；许多来自流言蜚语；而卢梭式的谎言仅仅是“为有话可说”；有的则是对本身太乏味的事实添油加醋；还有的则是因为与其为了不足道的事情费过多口舌还不如找个简短的托词了事。

7 Utilitarians often cite white lies as the kind of deception where their theory shows the benefits of common sense and clear thinking. A white lie, they hold, is trivial; it is either completely harmless, or so marginally harmful that the cost of detecting and evaluating the harm is much greater than the minute harm itself. In addition, the white lie can often actually be beneficial, thus further tipping the scales of utility. In a world with so many difficult problems, utilitarians might ask: Why take the time to weigh the minute pros and cons in telling someone that his tie is attractive when it is an abomination, or of saying to a guest that a broken vase was worthless? Why bother even to define such insignificant distortions or make mountains out of molehills by seeking to justify them?

功利主义者常称，说无伤大雅的小谎说明你思维清晰、明白事理，他们的理论表明，这样的欺骗有好处。他们认为，无伤大雅的小谎无关紧要；这种谎言没有丝毫害处，即使有也是微乎其微，若去探究、估计它的害处，其代价比微小的害处本身要大得多。再者，无伤大雅的小谎其实常常会有助益，这就使它的实用性显得更加突出。尘世间本已烦恼多多，功利主义者或许会问：在恭维一个人领带很漂亮其实很难看时，或宽慰客人说那个打破的花瓶并不值钱时，又何苦去耗费时间衡量这样做的微不足道的得失？何苦为了试图证明说无伤大雅的小谎是合理的就费心去解释这类无关紧要的失实，去使并不重要的事显得那么重要？

8 Triviality surely does set limits to when moral inquiry is reasonable. But when we look more closely at practices such as placebo-giving, it becomes clear that all lies defended as “white” cannot be so easily dismissed. In the first place, the

harmlessness of lies is notoriously disputable. What the liar perceives as harmless or even beneficial may not be so in the eyes of the deceived. Second, the failure to look at an entire practice rather than at their own isolated case often blinds liars to cumulative harm and expanding deceptive activities. Those who begin with white lies can come to resort to more frequent and more serious ones. Where some tell a few white lies, others may tell more. Because lines are so hard to draw, the

indiscriminate use of such lies can lead to other deceptive practices. The aggregate harm from a large number of marginally harmful instances may, therefore, be

highly undesirable in the end—for liars, those deceived, and honesty and trust more generally.

事物的琐碎性质的确限制了什么时候作道德质询是理智的。但如果我们仔细观察说安慰话这样的行为，很显然，不是所有被辩解为无伤大雅的小谎都能轻易开脱的。首先，众所周知，谎言的无害性大可商榷。说谎者认为无害甚或有益的在被欺骗者看来未必如此。第二，对某种行为不看整体效果，只看孤立的个案常常使说谎者对日积月累的伤害、日渐加剧的欺骗行为视而不见。那些起初撒些无伤大雅的小谎的人渐渐地可能会经常说谎，谎言越发出格。只要有人撒几个无伤大雅的小谎，其他人就可能说更多这类谎。由于界限如此难以划分，随意撒这类谎能导致其他的欺骗行为。最终，大量微小伤害合在一起形成的总的伤害会招致相当大的麻烦——对说谎者、被欺骗者是如此，更笼统地说，对诚实、信任也是如此。

9 In the post-Watergate period, no one need regard a concern with the

combined and long-term effects of deception as far-fetched. But even apart from political life, with its peculiar and engrossing temptations, lies tend to spread. Disagreeable facts come to be sugar-coated, and sad news softened or denied altogether. Many lie to children and to those who are ill about matters no longer peripheral but quite central, such as birth, adoption, divorce, and death. Deceptive propaganda and misleading advertising abound. All these lies are often dismissed on the same grounds of harmlessness and triviality used for white lies in general. 在水门事件之后的年代里，谁也不会对欺骗行为造成的多方面的、长远的影响表示忧虑看作很离奇。可是即使不把政治生活考虑在内，由于说谎具有独特的诱惑力，谎言也呈现蔓延之势。令人不快的事实被裹上了糖衣，使人伤心的消息被粉饰，或干脆被掩盖。许多人对孩子撒谎，对那些有疑难问题的人撒谎，且涉及的问题已并非无关紧要，而是关系到出生、收养孩子、离婚等大事。骗人的宣传以及误导的广告比比皆是。所有这些谎言，如同普通无伤大雅的小谎一样，往往以无害和不值一提为理由而听之任之了。

10 It is worth taking a close look at practices where lies believed trivial are

common. Triviality in an isolated lie can then be more clearly seen to differ markedly from the costs of an entire practice—both to individuals and to communities. 被认为无关紧要的谎言时常能够听到，这种说谎行为值得仔细研究一下。一经研究，我们就可以更加清楚地看到，在一个孤立的谎话中看到的极轻微伤害，与整个欺骗行为付出的代

价之间有着明显的差异——对个人和对社会都如此。

Unforgettable Miss Bessie

Carl T. Rowan

1 She was only about five feet tall and probably never weighed more than 110 pounds, but Miss Bessie was a towering presence in the classroom. She was the only woman tough enough to make me read Beowulf and think for a few foolish days that I liked it. From 1938 to 1942, when I attended Bernard High School in McMinnville, Tenn., she taught me English, history, civics—and a lot more than I realized.

难忘恩师贝西小姐

卡尔·T·罗旺

她身高不过5英尺上下，体重可能从来不超过110磅，但贝西小姐在教室里形象极其高大。她是个厉害女人，只有她能逼得我去读《贝奥武甫》，而且有那么几天，我还真傻乎乎地觉得自己挺喜欢这首史诗。从1938年到1942年，我在田纳西州麦克敏维尔的伯纳德高中上学，她教我英语、历史、公民学，还有许多当时我未能领悟的东西。

2 I shall never forget the day she scolded me into reading Beowulf.

我永远忘不了她训斥着要我读《贝奥武甫》的那一天。

3 "But Miss Bessie," I complained, "I ain't much interested in it."

"可是，贝西小姐，"我抱怨说，"我对它不怎么感兴趣。

"

4 Her large brown eyes became daggerish slits. "Boy," she said, "how dare you say 'ain't' to me! I've taught you better than that."

她那双褐色的眼睛眯成一条缝，射出的目光犀利如刀。"小伙子，"她说，"你竟敢对我说'ain't'!我教过你该怎么说。

"

5 "Miss Bessie," I pleaded, "I'm trying to make first-string end on the football team. And if I go around saying 'it isn't' and 'they aren't,' the guys are gonna laugh me off the squad."

"贝西小姐，"我恳求道，"我正在努力争取当上橄榄球队的正式边锋。要是我老是说'it isn't'和'they aren't'，那帮人会嘲笑我，把我撵出球队的。

"

6 "Boy," she responded, "you'll play football because you have guts. But do you know what really takes guts? Refusing to lower your standards to those of the crowd. It takes guts to say you've got to live and be somebody fifty years after all the football games are over."

"小伙子，"她回答说，"你打橄榄球是因为你有勇气。可你是不是知道什么事情真正需要勇气？那就是决不把你的做人标准降低到和那帮子人一样。你要鼓起勇气对他们说，橄榄球比赛全部结束后你还想出人头地生活50年呢。"

7 I started saying "it isn't" and "they aren't," and I still made first-string

end—and class valedictorian—without losing my buddies' respect.

我开始说"it isn't"和"they aren't"了，而且照样当上了正式边锋—— 还成为班级里致告别辞的毕业生代表—— 却一点也没有失去伙伴们的尊重。

8 During her remarkable 44-year career, Mrs. Bessie Taylor Gwynn taught hundreds of economically deprived black youngsters—including my mother, my brother, my sisters and me. I remember her now with gratitude and

affection—especially in this era when Americans are so wrought-up about a "rising tide of mediocrity" in public education and the problems of finding competent, caring teachers. Miss Bessie was an example of an informed, dedicated teacher, a blessing to children and an asset to the nation.

在她44年不平凡的教学生涯中，贝西·泰勒·格温太太教过许多穷困的黑人孩子——其中有我的母亲、兄弟、姐妹，还有我本人。今天，我怀着热爱和感激之情记住她——尤其在今天这个时代，在国人对公共教育"日益平庸化"，对称职的、有爱心的教师难觅等问题深感不安之时，我更是忘不了她。贝西小姐有见识、有奉献精神，堪称教师楷模，有她这样的老师是孩子们的福分，对国家来说她是宝贵的人才。

9 Born in 1895, in poverty, she grew up in Athens, Ala., where there was no public school for blacks. She attended Trinity School, a private institution for blacks run by the American Missionary Association, and in 1911 graduated from the

Normal School (a "super" high school) at Fisk University in Nashville. Mrs. Gwynn, the essence of pride and privacy, never talked about her years in Athens; only in the months before her death did she reveal that she had never attended Fisk University itself because she could not afford the four-year course.

她于1895年出生在贫苦人家，在亚拉巴马的阿森斯长大。当时那里没有黑人公立学校。她上的是三一学堂，一所美国传教士协会为黑人开设的私立学校。1911年她毕业于纳什维尔的菲斯克大学附属师范学校(一所"极棒的"高级中学)。格温太太是个自尊心很强、很想维护隐私的人，从来不提她在阿森斯读过的岁月。直到她去世前几个月，她才透露说，她从来没上过菲克斯大学本部，因为她付不起4年的学费。

10 At Normal School she learned a lot about Shakespeare, but most of all about the profound importance of education—especially, for a people trying to move up from slavery. "What you put in your head, boy," she once said, "can never be pulled out by the Ku Klux Klan, the Congress or anybody."

在师范学校求学时，她学到许多关于莎士比亚的知识，但更重要的是她认识了教育的极端重要性—— 对一个正试图摆脱奴隶地位的民族尤为重要。"你装进脑袋的东西，小伙子，"她说过，"三K党夺不走，国会夺不走，谁都夺不走。

"

11 Miss Bessie's bearing of dignity told anyone who met her that she was

"educated" in the best sense of the word. There was never a discipline problem in her classes. We didn't dare to mess with a woman who knew about the Battle of Hastings, Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights—and who could also play the piano. 见过贝西小姐的人都从她端庄的举止中看出她是绝对"有学识的"。她任课的班上从来没有纪律问题。我们不敢跟一个知道黑斯廷斯战役、英国大宪章、权利法案——又能弹钢琴的女教师捣乱。

12 This frail-looking woman could make sense of Shakespeare, Milton, Voltaire, and bring to life Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. DuBois. Believing that it was

important to know who the officials were that spent taxpayers' money and made public policy, she made us memorize the names of everyone on the Supreme Court and in the President's Cabinet. It could be embarrassing to be unprepared when Miss Bessie said, "Get up and tell the class who Frances Perkins is and what you think about her."

这位看似弱不禁风的女子能读懂莎士比亚、弥尔顿、伏尔泰的作品，能把布克尔·T·华盛顿和W·E·B·杜波伊斯说得栩栩如生。她深信了解花纳税人的钱并制定维护公共利益政策的官员是非常重要的，因此她要我们记住最高法院全体法官以及总统内阁全体成员的名字。要是贝西小姐说："站起来，告诉大家弗朗西丝·珀金斯是谁，你觉得她怎么样"，而你却毫无准备，那真够窘的。

13 Miss Bessie knew that my family, like so many others during the Depression, couldn't afford to subscribe to a newspaper. She knew we didn't even own a radio. Still, she prodded me to "look out for your future and find some way to keep up with what's going on in the world." So I became a delivery boy for the Chattanooga Times. I rarely made a dollar a week, but I got to read a newspaper every day.

贝西小姐知道，跟大萧条时期许多人家一样，我家订不起报纸。她知道我家连收音机也没有。但她还是敦促我"要为自己的未来着想，设法了解天下大事。"于是我成了查塔努加《时报》的送报员。我一星期挣不满1美金，但我每天都能读到报纸。

14 Miss Bessie noticed things that had nothing to do with schoolwork, but were vital to a youngster's development. Once a few classmates made fun of my frayed, hand-me-down overcoat, calling me "Strings." As I was leaving school, Miss Bessie patted me on the back of that old overcoat and said, "Carl, never fret about what you don't have. Just make the most of what you do have—a brain."

贝西小姐十分关注某些虽与功课无关，但对孩子的成长却至关重要的事。一次几个同学拿我那件穿烂了的旧大衣开玩笑，叫我"破烂"。放学回家时，贝西小姐拍拍我穿着那件旧大衣的背部说："卡尔，千万别为你没有的东西而烦恼。要充分利用你拥有的东西—— 脑子。

"

15 Among the things that I did not have was electricity in the little frame house[ frame house: a house constructed from a wooden skeleton, typically

covered with timber boards 木板屋] that my father had built for $400 with his World War I bonus. But because of her inspiration, I spent many hours squinting beside a kerosene lamp reading Shakespeare and Thoreau, Samuel Pepys and William Cullen Bryant.

我没有的东西包括我家小木板屋没有电，那屋是父亲从他一战退伍军人补助金里拿出400美元盖的。但由于她的鼓励，我花了大量时间在煤油灯下眯着眼阅读莎士比亚、梭罗、塞缪尔·佩皮斯和威廉·科伦·布赖恩特的作品。

16 No one in my family had ever graduated from high school, so there was no tradition of commitment to learning for me to lean on. Like millions of youngsters in today's ghettos and barrios, I needed the push and stimulation of a teacher who truly cared. Miss Bessie gave plenty of both, as she immersed me in a wonderful world of similes, metaphors and even onomatopoeia. She led me to believe that I could write sonnets as well as Shakespeare, or iambic-pentameter verse to put Alexander Pope to shame.

我家从来没有过高中毕业生，因此没有用功读书的先例供我学习。如同今天贫民窟里和西裔聚居区里千百万的孩子一样，我需要一个真正关心人的老师的督促和激励。贝西小姐既随时督

促我，又经常激励我，她让我沉浸在一个由明喻、暗喻，甚至拟声词构成的奇妙世界里。她使我相信，我能写出不比莎士比亚逊色的十四行诗，能写出让亚历山大·蒲柏感到羞愧的抑扬格五音步诗。

17 In those days the McMinnville school system was rigidly "Jim Crow," and poor black children had to struggle to put anything in their heads. Our high school was only slightly larger than the once-typical little red schoolhouse, and its library was outrageously inadequate—so small, I like to say, that if two students were in it and one wanted to turn a page, the other one had to step outside.

在那个时代，麦克敏维尔所有的学校对黑人实行严格的种族歧视，穷苦的黑人小孩要想学到一点东西得发奋努力。我们的高中只比南方曾经特有的那种红色小校舍稍大一点，它的图书馆差透了——它是如此之小，我可以说，要是有两个学生在里面看书，一个学生想翻一下书页，另一个学生就得让开。

18 Negroes, as we were called then, were not allowed in the town library, except to mop floors or dust tables. But through one of those secret Old South[3 Old South: the South before the Civil War]3 arrangements between whites of conscience and blacks of stature, Miss Bessie kept getting books smuggled out of the white library. That is how she introduced me to the Bront?s, Byron, Coleridge, Keats and

Tennyson. "If you don't read, you can't write, and if you can't write, you might as well stop dreaming," Miss Bessie once told me.

那时候，我们这些黑人(当时人们称我们"Negro")是不准进市图书馆的，除非是去拖地板或擦桌子。但是，贝西小姐利用南北战争前有良知的白人和有影响的黑人之间所达成的某种秘密安排，设法不断地将书从白人图书馆偷运过来。她用这个办法使我读到勃朗特三姐妹、拜伦、科勒律治、济慈和丁尼生的作品。"你要是不读书，你就不会写，要是你不会写，那你就不要再有什么梦想了，"贝西小姐曾经这样告诫我。

19 So I read whatever Miss Bessie told me to, and tried to remember the things she insisted that I store away. Forty-five years later, I can still recite her "truths to live by," such as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's lines from "The Ladder of St. Augustine": The heights by great men reached and kept Were not attained by sudden flight. But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upward in the night.

所以，贝西小姐要我读什么，我就读什么，并努力记住她要我一定要记住的东西。到现在45年了，我仍背得出她推崇的"立身至理名言"，譬如亨利·沃兹华斯·朗费罗写的《圣奥古斯丁的梯子》中的诗句： 伟人们登上高山之顶， 并非一蹴而就。 而是当同伴们酣睡时， 他们仍不辞辛劳摸黑向上攀爬。

20 Years later, her inspiration, prodding, anger, cajoling and almost osmotic infusion of learning finally led to that lovely day when Miss Bessie dropped me a note saying, "I'm so proud to read your column in the Nashville Tennessean."

许多年之后，她的激励和敦促、她的发怒、她的劝诱，她那差不多是潜移默化式的知识传授，终于化作一个美好的日子，那天贝西小姐给我写了封短信："我在纳什维尔出版的《田纳西人》上读到你的专栏文章，我深感骄傲。

"

21 Miss Bessie was a spry 80 when I went back to McMinnville and visited her in a senior citizens' apartment building. Pointing out proudly that her building was racially integrated, she reached for two glasses and a pint of bourbon. I was

momentarily shocked, because it would have been scandalous in the 1930s and '40s

for word to get out that a teacher drank, and nobody had ever raised a rumor that Miss Bessie did.

我回到麦克敏维尔前往一个老年公寓看望她的时候，她已八十高龄了，但仍精神矍铄。她自豪地告诉我，这个公寓里黑人白人都有，说着她取出两个杯子和一品脱波旁威士忌酒。我顿时感到震惊，因为在二十世纪三、四十年代，要是有传言说当老师的喝酒，那就会成为丑闻，那时候也从来没有谁说过贝西小姐会喝酒。

22 I felt a new sense of equality as she lifted her glass to mine. Then she revealed a softness and compassion that I had never known as a student.

她和我碰杯，我不由产生一种从未有过的平等感。当时她流露出的温柔和怜爱是我当学生时从未感受过的。

23 "I've never forgotten that examination day," she said, "when Buster Martin held up seven fingers, obviously asking you for help with question number seven, 'Name a common carrier,' I can still picture you looking at your exam paper and humming a few bars of 'Chattanooga Choo Choo.' I was so tickled, I couldn't punish either of you."

"我一直记得那天考试，"她说，"巴斯特·马丁伸出七根手指，显然是问你怎么回答第七题，'说出一种常见的运输工具'，我现在还能想象，当时你看着自己的试卷，哼了《查塔努加车--车》中的几节?艺娓?豪至耍?懔┪夷母龆济环ǚ

!!?

24 Miss Bessie was telling me, with bourbon-laced grace, that I never fooled her for a moment.

贝西小姐是借着威士忌的酒力在告诉我，我什么事都没能蒙过她。

25 When Miss Bessie died in 1980, at age 85, hundreds of her former students mourned. They knew the measure of a great teacher: love and motivation. Her wisdom and influence had rippled out across generations.

1980年，贝西小姐以85岁高龄辞世时，她教过的许多学生前来哀悼。他们知道衡量一位杰出教师的标准：爱与动力。她的智慧和影响惠及几代人。

26 Some of her students who might normally have been doomed to poverty went on to become doctors, dentists and college professors. Many, guided by Miss Bessie's example, became public-school teachers.

她的一些学生，原本也许注定要一生贫困，但后来成长为医生、牙医、大学教授。贝西小姐的不少学生受她榜样的影响，都成为公立学校教师。

27 "The memory of Miss Bessie and how she conducted her classroom did more for me than anything I learned in college," recalls Gladys Wood of Knoxville, Tenn., a highly respected English teacher who spent 43 years in the state's school system. "So many times, when I faced a difficult classroom problem, I asked myself, How would Miss Bessie deal with this? And I'd remember that she would handle it with laughter and love."

"对贝西小姐以及她的课堂教学方式的回忆，比我在大学里所学到的任何东西都更有帮助，"在公立学校系统任教43年、备受尊敬的英语教师，来自田纳西州诺克斯维尔的格拉迪斯·伍德回忆道。"多少次，当我在课堂上遇到难题时，我就自问，贝西小姐对这事会怎么处理？我总记起她总是用笑声，用爱来解决问题。

"

28 No child can get all the necessary support at home, and millions of poor children get no support at all. This is what makes a wise, educated, warm-hearted

teacher like Miss Bessie so vital to the minds, hearts and souls of this country's children.

孩子不可能从家里得到所有必要的帮助，千百万穷孩子根本得不到帮助。正因为如此，像贝西小姐那样有智慧、有知识、有热情的教师对我国儿童智力、心灵的发展有着重大的意义。 Why Marriages Fail

Anne Roiphe

1 These days so many marriages end in divorce that our most sacred vows no longer ring with truth. “Happily ever after” and “Till death do us part” are

expressions that seem on the way to becoming obsolete. Why has it become so hard for couples to stay together? What goes wrong? What has happened to us that close to one-half of all marriages are destined for the divorce courts? How could we have created a society in which 42 percent of out children will grow up in single-parent homes? Even though each broken marriage is unique, we can still find the common perils, the common causes for marital despair. Each marriage has crisis points and each marriage tests endurance, the capacity for both

intimacy and change. Outside pressures such as job loss, illness, infertility, trouble with a child, care of aging parents and all the other plagues of life hit marriage the way hurricanes blast our shores. Some marriages survive these storms and others don’t. Marriages fail, however, not simply because of the outside weather but because the inner climate becomes too hot or too cold, too turbulent or too stupefying.

婚姻何以失败

安妮·罗艾菲

如今，以离婚告终的婚姻如此之多，我们最神圣的誓约听上去都不再真实了。“婚后永远幸福”和“直到死神将我们分开”这类话语似乎快过时了。夫妻长相守何以变得如此困难？哪儿出了问题？我们到底怎么了，竟然有差不多半数的婚姻注定要为离婚走进法庭？有42%的儿童将在单亲家庭中长大，我们怎么把社会弄成这样了呢？虽然破裂的婚姻各有其独特的情况，但我们还是能找到致使婚姻无法维持下去的共同因素、共同原因。凡婚姻都有其危机时刻，都要经受对持久力的考验，经受对既能亲密相处又善应对变化这种能力的考验。外部压力，如失业、疾病、不育、抚育孩子、赡养年迈的父母，以及生活中其他种种烦恼，都会如飓风横扫海岸那样对婚姻带来打击。有些婚姻经受住了这些风暴，有些则不然。但婚姻失败并不是简单地由外部天气造成的，而是由于内部气候变得过热或过冷，变得过于狂暴或过于麻木造成的。

2 When we look at how we choose our partners and what expectations exist at the tender beginnings of romance, some of the reasons for disaster become quite clear. We all select with unconscious accuracy a mate who will recreate with us the emotional patterns of our first homes. Dr. Carl A. Whitaker, a marital therapist and emeritus professor of psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin, explains, “From early childhood on, each of us carried models for marriage, femininity, masculinity,

motherhood, fatherhood and all the other family roles.” Each of us falls in love with a mate who has qualities of our parents, who will help us rediscover both the

psychological happiness and miseries of our past lives. We may think we have found a man unlike Dad, but then he turns to drink or drugs, or loses his job over and over again or sits silently in front of the TV just the way Dad did. A man may choose a woman who doesn’t like kids just like his mother or who gambles away the family savings just like his mother. Or he may choose a slender wife who seems unlike his obese mother but then turns out to have other addictions that destroy their mutual happiness.

如果我们来看一下自己如何挑选配偶，看一下在爱情最初的甜蜜阶段有着怎样的期待，婚姻触礁的一些原因便显而易见了。无意中我们都精确地选中了能和我们一起重建我们第一个家庭的情感模式的伴侣。婚姻心理治疗专家、威斯康星大学精神病学荣誉教授卡尔·A·威塔科尔解释说：“从幼年起，我们每一个人心里就对婚姻、女子气质、男子气质、为人母、为人父，以及其他各种家庭角色有了自己的样板。”我们每一个人都爱上具有自己父母气质的伴侣，能帮助我们在心理上重温以往生活中的欢乐与苦难的伴侣。我们或许会以为自己找的男人与爸爸不同，可是到头来，就像爸爸那样，他酗酒，或者吸毒，或者一次又一次失业，或者就像爸爸那样一言不发地坐在电视机前。男人或许会选择一个像自己母亲一样不喜欢孩子的女人，一个像自己母亲一样把家里的钱全都赌光的女人。或者他会选择一个苗条的妻子，与体态臃肿的母亲看上去似乎不一样，可结果发现那女子有其他的嗜好，这就毁了双方的幸福。

3 A man and a woman bring to their marriage bed a blended concoction of conscious and unconscious memories of their parents’ lives together. The human way is to compulsively repeat and recreate the patterns of the past. Sigmund Freud so well described the unhappy design that many of us get trapped in: the unmet needs of childhood, the angry feelings left over from frustrations of long ago, the limits of trust and the recurrence of old fears. Once an individual senses this entrapment, there may follow a yearning to escape, and the result could be a broken, splintered marriage.

男女双方都把意识到的和未意识到的对父母共同生活的混杂记忆带上婚床。人类总会不由自主地去重复并再现过去的生活模式。西格蒙德·弗洛伊德入木三分地描述了我们许多人所陷入的自设的不幸罗网：童年时期未能满足的欲望，多年前的挫折留下的愤怒情绪，信任受到限制以及旧日恐惧的重现。一个人一旦意识到自己陷入这样的困境，就可能渴望逃脱，其结果可能是婚姻破裂、分崩离析。

4 Of course people can overcome the habits and attitudes that developed in childhood. We all have hidden strengths and amazing capacities for growth and creative change. Change, however, requires work—observing your part in a rotten pattern, bringing difficulties out into the open—and work runs counter to the basic myth of marriage: “When I wed this person all my problems will be over. I will have achieved success and I will become the center of life for this other person and this person will be my center, and we will mean everything to each other forever.” This myth, which every marriage relies on, is soon exposed. The coming of children, the pulls and tugs of their demands on affection and time, place a considerable strain on that basic myth of meaning everything to each other, or merging together and solving all of life’s problems.

当然，人们能够改变童年时期养成的习惯和形成的看法。我们都有潜在的活力，都有令人惊叹的能力使自己得以成长和创造性地变化。然而，变化需要有所行动——观察自己在糟糕的模式中的作用，公开遇到的难处——而行动却有悖于关于婚姻的神话：“我与此人结了婚，我所有的烦恼就会烟消云散。到了那时我算是获得成功了，我将成为此人生活的中心，此人也将成为我生活的中心，我们将永远视对方为自己生活的全部。”这一维系所有婚姻的神话不久就被打破。孩子降生了，需要有人爱、需要有人花时间照料，这些拖累在相当程度上打击了那个说什么视对方为自己生活之全部，或者说什么夫妇融为一体解决生活中所有问题的神话。

5 Concern and tension about money take each partner away from the other. Obligations to demanding parents or still-depended-upon parents create further strain. Couples today must also deal with all the cultural changes brought on in recent years by the women’s movement and the sexual revolution. The altering of roles and the shifting of responsibilities have been extremely trying[ trying: difficult or annoying; hard to deal with] for many marriages.

对金钱的关心以及由金钱造成的紧张关系使夫妻产生隔阂。对苛求的父母或仍需赡养的父母应尽的责任进一步加剧了紧张关系。如今，夫妻双方还必须应对近几年来妇女解放运动和性革命所带来的各种文化变革。角色的改变、责任的变更对相当一部分婚姻都是极其严峻的考验。

6 These and other realities of life erode the visions of marital bliss the way sandstorms eat at rock and the ocean nibbles away at the dunes. Those euphoric, grand feelings that accompany romantic love are really self-delusions, self-hypnotic dreams that enable us to forge a relationship. Real life, failure at work,

disappointments, exhaustion, bad smells, bad colds and hard times all puncture the dream and leave us stranded with our mate, with our childhood patterns pushing us this way and that, with our unfulfilled expectations.

就像沙尘暴侵蚀岩石、海浪蚕食沙丘，这一切以及生活中其他现实问题逐渐毁灭对幸福婚姻的幻想。那些伴随着浪漫爱情而来的欣喜若狂的美妙感觉实际上都是自我欺骗、自我催眠的梦幻，而这种自欺、这种梦幻使我们得以去缔结良缘。现实生活、工作中的失败、失望、劳累、体臭、重感冒以及艰难时世都会打破幻想，使我们与配偶间的关系陷入困境，使我们面对以这种或那种方式左右我们的儿时行为方式时毫无办法，使我们面对无法实现的种种期望时一筹莫展。

7 The struggle to survive in marriage requires adaptability, flexibility, genuine love and kindness and an imagination strong enough to feel what the other is feeling. Many marriages fall apart because either partner cannot imagine what the other wants or cannot communicate what he or she needs or feels. Anger builds until it erupts into a volcanic burst that buries the marriage in ash.

维系婚姻的努力要求有适应能力、灵活性、真挚的爱和亲切和善，还要有足够强的想象力，去感受对方的感情。许多婚姻破裂是因为男女双方都不能想像对方需要什么，也不会表达自己的需要和感情。于是怒气越积越多，最后如火山一样爆发出来，其灰烬终将婚姻埋葬。

8 It is not hard to see, therefore, how essential communication is for a good marriage. A man and a woman must be able to tell each other how they feel and why they feel the way they do; otherwise they will impose on each other roles and actions that lead to further unhappiness. In some cases, the communication patterns of childhood—of not talking, of talking too much, of not listening, of distrust and anger, or withdrawal—spill into the marriage and prevent a healthy exchange of thoughts and feelings. The answer is to set up new patterns of communication and intimacy.

所以，不难看出，婚姻要美满，交流是多么重要。不管是丈夫还是妻子，必须能告诉对方他/她的感受，以及他/她为什么会有这种感受。不然的话，他们就会把导致进一步不幸的角色和行为强加给对方。有时候，儿时的交流模式——不讲话、讲得太多、不听对方讲话、不信任、生气、与对方相处时的冷漠等——会注入婚姻关系，阻止健康的思想和感情交流。解决的办法是建立新的交流和亲近模式。

9 At the same time, however, we must see each other as individuals. “To achieve a balance between separateness and closeness is one of the major

psychological tasks of all human beings at every stage of life,” says Dr. Stuart Bartle, a psychiatrist at the New York University Medical Center.

然而与此同时，我们必须把对方看作是独立的个人。“在亲与疏之间取得平衡是所有人在人生的每一个阶段都要遇到的主要心理任务之一，”纽约大学医学中心的精神病学家斯图尔特·巴特尔博士如是说。

10 If we sense from our mate a need for too much intimacy, we tend to push him or her away, fearing that we may lose our identities in the merging of marriage. One partner may suffocate the other partner in a childlike dependency.

如果我们意识到配偶要求过多的亲密，我们往往会将他/她推开，担心自己会在融为一体的婚姻中失去自身独立性。夫妻一方孩子般地依赖对方会使对方感到透不过气来。

11 A good marriage means growing as a couple but also growing as individuals. This isn’t easy. Richard gives up his interest in carpentry because his wife, Helen, is jealous of the time he spends away from her. Karen quits her choir group because her husband dislikes the friends she makes there. Each pair clings to each other and are angry with each other as life closes in on them. This kind of marital balance is easily thrown as one or the other pulls away and divorce follows.

理想的婚姻意味着不但夫妻情感与日俱增，而且各自要作为独立的个人同时发展。这不是件容易事。理查德放弃了对木工活的兴趣，因为妻子海伦对他撇下自己心生嫉妒。凯伦不去歌唱队了，因为她丈夫不喜欢她在歌唱队里的那些朋友。每对夫妻都朝朝暮暮守在一起，当他们感受到生活的压力时，彼此就生对方的气。当夫妻中任何一个不打算继续厮守时，这种婚姻平衡就很容易被打破，紧接着便是离婚。

12 Sometimes people pretend that a new partner will solve the old problems. Most often extramarital sex destroys a marriage because it allows an artificial split between the good and the bad—the good is projected on the new partner and the bad is dumped on the head of the old. Dishonesty, hiding and cheating create walls between men and women. Infidelity is just a symptom of trouble. It is a symbolic complaint, a weapon of revenge, as well as an unraveler of closeness. Infidelity is often that proverbial last straw that sinks the camel to the ground.

有时人们自以为找个新伴侣就能解决老问题。婚外性关系常常破坏婚姻，因为它使好与坏人为地分裂开来—— 好的记在新人名下，坏的倒在旧人头上。不诚实、隐瞒、欺骗等行为在夫妻之间筑起屏障。不忠乃婚姻出现问题的症状。不忠象征抗议，是复仇的武器，也是拆散亲密关系的工具。不忠行为常常成为谚语中所说的把骆驼压垮的那最后一根稻草。

13 All right—marriage has always been difficult. Why then are we seeing so many divorces at this time? Yes, our modern social fabric is thin, and yes, the permissiveness of society has created unrealistic expectations and thrown the

family into chaos. But divorce is so common because people today are unwilling to

exercise the self-discipline that marriage requires. They expect easy joy, like the entertainment on TV, the thrill of a good party.

确实—— 婚姻从来就很难处理。那为什么偏偏如今会发生如此之多的离婚呢？没错，我们现代的社会结构相当薄弱；没错，社会的宽容放任使人们产生了不切实际的期望，使家庭陷入混乱。但离婚如此普遍是因为今天的人们不愿意运用婚姻所需的自我约束力。他们希望不花力气就能过上悠闲愉快的日子，就像看电视节目那么快乐，就像参加精彩的晚会那么兴奋。

14 Marriage takes some kind of sacrifice, not dreadful self-sacrifice of the soul, but some level of compromise. Some of one’s fantasies, some of one’s legitimate desires have to be given up for the value of the marriage itself. “While all marital partners feel shackled at times it is they who really choose to make the marital ties into confining chains or supporting bonds,” says Dr. Whitaker. Marriage requires sexual, financial and emotional discipline. A man and a woman cannot follow every impulse, cannot allow themselves to stop growing or changing.

婚姻需要某种牺牲，不是那种可怕的刻骨铭心的自我牺牲，而是某种程度上的妥协。为了婚姻，一个人不得不放弃某些幻想、某些合理的欲望。“每对夫妻都会有时感到婚姻的束缚，但恰恰正是他们自己决定把男婚女嫁变成束缚人的羁绊或相互扶持的纽带的，”威塔科尔博士说。婚姻需要夫妻双方在性、经济、情感等方面自律。夫妻都不能一味凭冲动行事，不能听任自己停滞不前或不思改变。

15 Divorce is not an evil act. Sometimes it provides salvation for people who have grown hopelessly apart or were frozen in patterns of pain or mutual

unhappiness. Divorce can be, despite its initial devastation, like the first cut of the surgeon’s knife, a step toward new health and a good life. On the other hand, if the partners can stay past the breaking up of the romantic myths into the development of real love and intimacy, they have achieved a work as amazing as the greatest cathedrals of the world. Marriages that do not fail but improve, that persist despite imperfections, are not only rare these days but offer a wondrous shelter in which the face of our mutual humanity can safely show itself.

离婚并非邪恶的行动。有时离婚能解救那些已经没有希望重归于好的夫妻，解救那些深深陷入凄楚痛苦之中的夫妻。如同外科医生动的第一刀，离婚最初固然带有破坏性，但那可能就是走向健康走向美好生活的必要一步。从另一方面来说，如果夫妻双方能共同度过那些爱情神话破灭的危机，进而培养真正的爱情与发展亲密关系，他们就完成了一项与世界上最宏伟的大教堂一样神奇的伟业。没有破裂而是改善了的婚姻，不尽完美却长久维持着的婚姻，如今不仅弥足珍贵，而且构筑成一个绝妙的庇护所，在其间夫妻双方可以安全地展示共同的人性。

Going for Broke

Matea Gold and David Ferrell

1 Rex Coile's life is a narrow box, so dark and confining he wonders how he got trapped inside, whether he'll ever get out.

孤注一掷

马泰娅·戈尔德 戴维·费雷尔

雷克斯·科勒好像生活在一个狭窄的箱子里，伸手不见五指，空间又狭小，他不知道自己是怎么陷进去的，也不知道自己还能不能走出来。

2 He never goes to the movies, never sees concerts, never lies on a sunny beach, never travels on vacation, never spends Christmas with his family. Instead, Rex shares floor space in cheap motels

with other compulsive gamblers, comforting himself with delusional dreams of jackpots that will magically wipe away three decades of wreckage. He has lost his marriage, his home, his Cadillac, his clothes, his diamond ring. Not least of all, in the card clubs of Southern California, he has lost his pride.

他从不看电影，从不听音乐会，从不躺在沙滩上晒太阳，从不在假日去旅游，从不和家人一起过圣诞节。相反，雷克斯在廉价汽车旅馆和别的嗜赌成癖的赌徒一起住，幻想着赢大钱，好魔术般地把30年的晦气厄运一扫而光。他失去了婚姻，失去了家，失去了卡迪拉克牌轿车，失去了衣物和钻戒。尤其是，在南加州的纸牌俱乐部，他还失去了自尊心。

3 Rex no longer feels sorry for himself, not after a 29-year losing streak that has left him scrounging for table scraps to feed his habit. Still, he agonizes over what he has become at 54 and what he might have been.

雷克斯不再为自己哀叹，他都输了29年了，输到了在赌桌上偷零钱以满足自己嗜好的地步。尽管如此，他还是对自己54岁时的境况深感痛苦，对自己未能成就可能会成就的事业而深感痛苦。

4 Articulate, intellectual, he talks about existential philosophy, the writings of Camus and Sartre. He was once aneditor at Random House. His mind is so jam packed with tidbits about movies, television, baseball and history that card room regulars call him " Rex Trivia," a name he cherishes for the remnant of self-respect it gives him. "There's a lot of Rexes around these card rooms," he says in a whisper of resignation and sadness.

他能说会道，善于思考，喜谈存在主义哲学，谈加缪和萨特的作品。他曾是兰登出版社的编辑。他脑子里装满有关电影、电视、棒球和历史的趣闻，因此那些纸牌室的常客都叫他“趣闻大王雷克斯”，他珍惜这个带给自己些许自尊的名字。“这些纸牌室里有不少雷克斯，”他无奈而又悲伤地低声说道。

5 And their numbers are soaring as gambling explodes across America, from the mega-resorts of Las Vegas to the gaming parlors of Indian reservations, from the riverboats along the Mississippi to the corner mini-marts selling lottery tickets. With nearly every state in the union now sanctioning some form of legalized gambling to raise revenues, evidence is mounting that society is paying a steep price, one that some researchers say must be confronted, if not reversed.

美国各地赌博盛行，从拉斯维加斯的特大型度假胜地，到印第安人居留地的小赌场，从密西西比河上的内河船，到街角处出售彩票的便利店，赌博随处可见，因此赌徒人数正在剧增。由于全国几乎每个州都批准某种合法化的赌博形式以增加税收，越来越多的事实表明，整个社会正在付出巨大的代价，不少研究者指出，对此现象如果不能彻底改变，那就必须严肃面对。

6 Never before have bettors blown so much money — a whopping $50.9 billion last year — five times the amount lost in 1980. That's more than the public spent on movies, theme parks, recorded music and sporting events combined. A substantial share of those gambling losses — an estimated 30% to 40% — pours from the pockets and purses of chronic losers hooked on the adrenaline rush of risking their money, intoxicated by the fast action of gambling's incandescent world.

赌徒以前从来不曾花费如此多的赌金—— 去年的赌输金额高达509亿美元，是1980年赌输金额的5倍，高出公众在电影、主题公园、唱片音乐以及运动项目等方面的消费总额。输掉的赌金中有相当一部分—— 约占30%－40%—— 是从那些常输的赌徒的钱包里掏出来的，赌博带来的兴奋令他们入迷，瞬息万变的赌博世界令他们如痴如醉。

7 Studies place the total number of compulsive gamblers at about 4.4 million, about equal to the

nation's ranks of hard-core drug addicts. Another 11 million, known as problem gamblers, teeter on the verge. Since 1990, the number of Gamblers Anonymous groups nationwide has doubled from about 600 to more than 1,200.

据研究，嗜赌成瘾者的总数约有440万，与美国毒瘾大的瘾君子的人数大致相同。另有1100万所谓有问题的赌徒，已濒临深渊摇摇欲坠。自1990年以来，全国戒赌组织的总数翻了一番，从600个上升到1200多个。

8 Compulsive gambling has been linked to child abuse, domestic violence, embezzlement, bogus insurance claims, bankruptcies, welfare fraud and a host of other social and criminal ills. The advent of Internet gambling could lure new legions into wagering beyond their means.

嗜赌成瘾总是与虐待儿童、家庭暴力、盗用钱款、伪造保险索赔、破产、福利救济欺骗，以及其他许多社会问题与犯罪行为联系在一起。网上赌博的出现会诱使更多的人无节制地狂赌。

9 Every once in a while, a case is so egregious it makes headlines: A 10-day-old baby girl in South Carolina dies after being left for nearly seven hours in a hot car while her mother plays video poker. A suburban Chicago woman is so desperate for a bankroll to gamble that she allegedly suffocates her 7-week-old daughter 11 days after obtaining a $200,000 life-insurance policy on the baby.

每过一段时间，总有一则令人震惊的案子成为头条社会新闻：南卡罗来纳州一名出生10天的女婴被放在闷热的汽车里几乎达7个小时后死去，其间女婴的母亲在电脑上打扑克。芝加哥郊区一名妇女急于觅得赌资，据说，她在为她出生仅7周的女婴购买了20万美元的人寿保险后11天将其窒息致死。

10 Science has begun to uncover clues to compulsive gambling — genetic predispositions that involve chemical receptors in the brain, the same pleasure pathways implicated in drug and alcohol addiction. But no amount of knowledge, no amount of enlightenment, makes the illness any less confounding, any less destructive. What the gamblers cannot understand about themselves is also well beyond the comprehension of family members, who struggle for normality in a world of deceit and madness.

科学研究开始揭示形成嗜赌成癖恶习的线索—— 与大脑中的化学感受器有关的，即与嗜毒、嗜酒同一个快感途径有关的遗传特性。但无论对这一顽症有多少了解有多少认识，人们对它的困惑一点也没有减少，它的破坏性也一点也没有减少。赌徒不明白自己的地方也正是家人所难以理解的地方，他们在一个充满欺骗与疯狂的世界中苦苦追求正常生活。

11 Money starts vanishing: $500 here, $200 there, $800 a couple of weeks later. Where is it? The answers come back vague, nonsensical. It's in the desk at work. A friend borrowed it. It got spent on family dinners, car repairs, loans to in-laws. Exasperated spouses play the sleuth, combing through pockets, wallets, purses, searching the car. Sometimes the incriminating evidence turns up — a racing form, lottery scratchers, a map to an Indian casino. Once the secret is uncovered, spouses usually fight the problem alone, bleeding inside, because the stories are too humiliating to share.

钱突然就不知去向：这里用了500美元，那儿花了200美元，两三个星期之后又少了800美元。钱哪去了？回答很含糊，不知所云。在单位的办公桌抽屉里。朋友借去了。家人聚餐花了，修车用了，借给姻亲了。怒不可遏的配偶充当起侦探，把衣袋、皮夹子、钱包翻了个遍，还搜了汽车。有时犯罪证据会暴露—— 赛马小报、刮刮乐、去一家印第安赌场的地图。秘密一旦被揭穿，配偶通常都单独面对问题，独自承受心头巨痛，因为这种事太丢人，没法跟别人说。

12 "Anybody who is living with a compulsive gambler is totally overwhelmed," says Tom Tucker, president of the California Council on Problem Gambling. "They're steeped in anger, resentment, depression, confusion. None of their personal efforts will ever stop a person from their addiction. And they don't really see any hope because compulsive gambling in general is such an under-recognized illness."

“与嗜赌成瘾者一起生活的人都会陷入绝望，”加利福尼亚问题赌博委员会主任汤姆·塔克说。“他们沉浸在愤怒、怨恨、沮丧、困惑之中。他们怎么苦心规劝也无法使浪子回头。他们真的看不到丝毫希望，因为人们通常并不真正懂得嗜赌成瘾的严重性。”

13 One Los Angeles woman, whose husband's gambling was tearing at her sanity, says she slept with her fists so tightly clenched that her nails sliced into her palms. She had fantasies of death — first her own, thinking he'd feel sorry for her and stop gambling. Later, she harbored thoughts of turning her rage on her husband. She imagined getting a gun, hiding in the closet and blasting him out of her life.

一个洛杉矶妇女，由于丈夫嗜赌成瘾，自己几乎神经崩溃。她说自己晚上睡觉时双手紧紧握成拳头，指甲把手掌都掐破了。她常常想到死—— 起初是想自己去死，觉得他会为自己伤心，会戒赌。后来，她又想到把怒气转到丈夫身上。她设想自己弄到一支枪，藏在壁橱里，一枪把他从自己的生活中扫出去。

14 "The hurt was so bad I think I would have pulled the trigger," she says. "There were times the pain was so much I thought being in jail, or being in the electric chair, would be less than this." “那种伤害太痛苦了，我想自己真的会扣动扳机，”她说。“有时真的痛苦不堪，觉得哪怕坐牢、上电椅，也不至于那么痛苦。”

15 With drug or alcohol abusers, there is the hope of sobering up, an accomplishment in itself, no matter what problems may have accompanied their addictions. Compulsive gamblers often see no way to purge their urges when suffocating debts suggest only one answer: a hot streak (suicide?). David Phillips, a UC San Diego sociology professor, studied death records from 1982 to 1988 — before legalized gambling exploded across America — and found that people in Vegas, Atlantic City and other gambling meccas showed significantly higher suicide rates than people in non-gambling cities.

吸毒者或酗酒者尚有清醒起来的希望，不管他们的毒瘾、酒瘾造成了什么麻烦，会清醒起来本身就是一项成就。嗜赌成癖的赌徒高筑的债台意味着只有一条出路：赢大奖(或自杀？)。这时，他们往往无法戒除赌瘾。加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥分校社会学教授戴维·菲利普斯研究了1982－1988年间—— 合法赌博在美国蔓延之前—— 的死亡档案，发现拉斯维加斯、大西洋城和其他赌城的居民的自杀率明显高于没有赌场的城市的居民。

16 Rex Trivia is not about to kill himself, but like most compulsive gamblers, he occasionally thinks about it. Looking at him, it's hard to imagine he once had a promising future as a smart young New York book editor. His pale eyes are expressionless, his hair yellowish and brittle. In his fifties, his health is failing: emphysema, three lung collapses, a bad aorta, rotting teeth.

趣闻大王雷克斯尚未打算自杀，但和众多嗜赌成瘾的赌徒一样，偶尔他会闪过这个念头。望着他，难以相信他曾经是一位前途无量、年轻聪颖的纽约书籍编辑。他那灰色的双眸呆滞无神，淡黄的头发显得枯萎。才50多岁，健康状况已经每况愈下：肺气肿、3次肺萎陷、主动脉有问题，牙齿也损坏了。

17 His plunge has been so dizzying that at one point he agreed to aid another desperate gambler in a run of bank robberies — nine in all, throughout Los Angeles and Orange counties. When the FBI busted him in 1980, he had $50,000 in cash in a dresser drawer and $100,000 in traveler's

checks in his refrigerator's vegetable crisper. Rex, who ended up doing a short stint in prison, hasn't seen that kind of money since.

他一直狂赌，结果走投无路，竟然答应协助另一个因绝望而不顾一切的赌徒实施银行抢劫—— 在洛杉矶和桔县共抢了9家银行。1980年联邦调查局逮捕他时，他五斗橱抽屉里有50,000美元现金，还有100,000美元的旅行支票藏在冰箱的蔬菜保鲜格内。结果雷克斯在监狱服了一段时间刑，从此再也没见到过那么多的钱了。

18 At 11 P. M. on a Tuesday night, with a bankroll of $55 — all he has — he is at a poker table in Gardena. With quick, nervous hands he stacks and unstacks his $1 chips. The stack dwindles. Down $30, he talks about leaving, getting some sleep. Midnight comes and goes. Rex starts winning. Three aces. Four threes. Chips pile up — $60, $70. "A shame to go when the cards are falling my way." He checks the time: "I'll go at 2. Win, lose or draw."

一个星期二晚上11点，他揣着55美元——这是他的全部家产—— 坐在了加德纳的一张牌桌前。他两手紧张地把那些1美元的筹码迅速地堆起又弄散。筹码渐渐少了。到剩下30美元时，他说要走了，去睡一会儿。午夜稍纵即逝。雷克斯开始赢了。三张A牌，四张3点。筹码多起来了—— 60美元，70美元。“我牌运那么好，怎么能走。”他看了看时间：“到2点就走，不管是输是赢还是平。”

19 Fate, kismet, luck — the cards keep falling. At 2 A. M., Rex is up $97. He stands, leaves his chips on the table and goes out for a smoke. In the darkness at the edge of the parking lot, he loiters with other regulars, debating with himself whether to grab a bus and quit.

命运，天命加牌运—— 一 路顺势。到了凌晨2点，雷克斯赢了97美元。他站起身，把筹码留在桌上，出去抽烟。他在停车场边上黑暗的地方与别的常客闲站着，心里盘算着要不要坐公共汽车回去算了。

20 "I should go back in there and cash in and get out of here," he says. "That's what I should do."

“我该进去把筹码兑换成现金就离开这儿，”他说。“我该这么做。”

21 A long pause. Crushing out his cigarette, Rex turns and heads back inside. He has made his decision.

一阵长长的沉默。雷克斯摁灭烟蒂，转身走了进去。他作出了决定。

22 "A few more hands."

“再玩几副。”

1. addiction

n. 痴；入迷；嗜好

e.g. I have an addiction to mystery stories

5. go for broke

(infml) risk everything in one determined attempt at sth. 孤注一掷

e.g. The cyclist went for broke at the end of the race

7. compulsive

a. (of people) forced to do sth. by an obsession 强迫性的，上了瘾的

e.g. Compulsive gambling is on the increase.

gamble away 赌下去

The men have been gambling away all night.那些人赌了整整一夜。

赌博输掉钱

He has gambled away half his fortune.

他赌博输掉了他一半的财产。

8. gambler

n. person who gambles 赌博者

e.g. A compulsive gambler is someone who cannot stop risking and usually losing their money in the hope of winning a lot more money.

9.wager

D.J.[?we?d??]

K.K.[?wed??]

n.赌注,用钱打赌

venture a small wager

下了一小笔赌注

A wager is a fool’s argument.

傻瓜一争论就打赌。

vt. & vi. 在(某物)上赌钱,打赌

I am ready to wager a package of cigarettes that he will come.

我敢打赌一盒香烟,他一定来。

vt.保证,担保

hazardous

[?h?z?d?s]

adj.危险的,冒险的,凭运气的

a hazardous invest-ment

一项冒险的投资

handbookinger n.

赌马

15. run up

let (debts, bills, etc.) accumulate 积欠（帐款或债务）

e.g. He ran up a lot of debts while he was unemployed.

Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas

Part One Paras 1-4

The authors give a brief account of the life experience of a hard-core gambler named Rex Coile. Part Two Paras 5-15

Answer: The authors expound the problem of gambling addiction, its causes and its attendant steep social price.

Part Three Paras 16-22

Answer: Through further discussion of the example of Rex, the authors reinforce the essay's thesis that the life of compulsive gamblers is a narrow box. Once trapped inside, they will never get out.

二 : 新视野大学英语读写教程第一册课后翻译题答案10

Unit1：

1. 对于网络课程，学生不仅可以选择何时何地学习，在回答问题之前他们还可以有时间思考答案。

Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but also take time to think through answers before making a reply.

2．网上学习的想法使她非常兴奋，而他认为网上学习毫无意义和用处。

She is excited by the idea of online learning while be considers it meaningless and useless.

3.与以英语为母语的人交谈是非常有益的体验，从中我们能学到许多东西。

Communicating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot.

4.如今，越来越多的人可以利用互联网查找他们需要的信息。

Today, more and more people have access to the Internet though which they look for the information they need.

5.他要她放弃工作在家照顾孩子，但是她觉得这个要求太过分了。

He wants her to give up working and stay at home to look after the children. She feels, however, that this is too much for her.

6.既然我们已经学完这门课程，就应该多做些复习。

Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.

7. I’ll never forget the teacher who showed me that learning a foreign language could be fun and rewarding. Were it not for him, I would not be able to speak English as well as I do now.

我永远都不会忘记那位老师，是他告诉我学外语是有趣的、有价值的。如果没有他，我的英语说得不会像现在这样好。

8. No other language lets you experience the cultures of the world like English. With a strong knowledge of the English language, you can have wonderful cultural adventures.

没有任何其他语言能像英语那样让你感受到多姿多彩的世界文化。有了过硬的英语知识，你就可以体验奇妙的文化之旅。

9. Instead of only writing compositions about the subjects that your teacher has given you, do something enjoyable, like writing emails to a friend.

写作不仅仅要写老师布置的话题，而且要写自己感兴趣的东西，例如，给朋友写电子邮件。

10. Distance learning courses are courses in which the instructor communicates with students using computer technology.

远程教学课程是指授课者与学生通过计算机通信技术进行交流的课程。

11. English is not only the most useful language in the world, but it is also one of the easiest language to learn and to use.

英语不但是世界上最有用的语言，也是世界上最易学、易用的语言之一。

12. Distance learning courses give students greater freedom of time management, but these classes require more self-discipline than other classes.

远程教学课程在时间安排上给予学生更多的自由，但与其他课程相比，这些课程要求学生有更强的自律能力。

Unit2:

1.当她就要关掉音乐时，她父亲冲到她的房间，朝着她喊道：“难道你就不能把音乐关小一点？”

As she was about to turn off the music, her father burst into her room and shouted at her,” Can’t you turn down the music a little bit?”

2.酒吧的老板一直在看那个姑娘跳舞，一面却假装没有看。

The owner of the bar kept watching the girl dancing while pretending not to.

3.像往常一样，当他的父母不喜欢他的穿着时，便开始唠叨他。

As usual, when his parents don’t like what he wears, they start bugging him.

4.桑迪如此喜欢摇滚音乐以至不顾父亲的反对而将音量放大。

Rock music appealed Sandy so much that she turned it up, paying no attention to her father’s objection.

5.在会上，他们讨论了如何保持师生间的沟通渠道畅通。

At the meeting they discussed how to keep the lines of communication open between teachers and students.

6.一想到这些年幼的男孩和女孩被父母强迫沿街讨钱我就生气。

It makes me blood boil to think of these young boys and girls who are forced by their parents to beg for money along the streets.

7. I suppose teenagers walking around town with tattoos and piercings all over their bodies are expressing themselves.

我认为那些在镇上游手好闲、在身上又文身又穿洞的青少年是在表达他们的个性。

8. The Internet gives us a faster way to reach new and existing customers around the world and to keep the lines of communication widely open.

因特网提供了一种更快捷的方式，让我们与全球的新老客户取得联系，并保持沟通渠道畅通无阻。

9. The problem of communication between parents and their teenage children does not only lie in the “generation gap”, but also in the fact that neither side fully understands the ideas of the other side.

父母与自己十多岁的孩子的沟通问题不仅仅在于“代沟”，而且还在于双方都完全不理解对方的思想。

10. When there is this type of communication barrier between parents and children, the big issues teenagers face can become bigger.

当父母与子女有了这类沟通障碍时，青少年面临的问题可能更大。

11. It’s not unusual for teenagers to go through a phase when they feel ashamed of their parents, afraid that they might not live up to their friend’s standards.

青少年常常要经历这么一个阶段，在这个阶段，他们觉得父母会让他们没面子，害怕他们达不到自己朋友的标准。

12. For example, teenagers want to stay out till all hours of the night, but when it comes to getting up in the morning in time for classes, it’s a different story.

比如，青少年希望在外待到很晚，但是当第二天早上要起床上学时，那又是另外一回事了。

Unit3:

1.即使报酬并不优厚，我还是决定接受那个新职位。

I have decided to accept the new post, even though the job is not well paid.

2.这项工作在实际开始干之前，一直被认为是十分简单的。

The job has been taken to be very simple until (it is) actually started.

3.既然你计划移居加拿大，你就必须努力适应冬季的严寒天气。

Now that you are planning to move to Canada, you must try to adjust to cold weather in winter.

4.他承诺帮我们买下那幢房子，但有点勉强。

He promised to help us to buy the house, but with a little reluctance.

5.这是一次重要的会议，请务必不要迟到。

This is an important meeting please see to it that you are not late for it.

6．他是个有经验的商人，做国际贸易已有好几年了。

He is an experienced businessman who has engaged in foreign trade for quite a few years.

7. He made up his mind to talk to the girl about his plan, even though he knew she might very well refuse to listen.

他决心向那个女孩谈自己的计划，即使他知道她很可能拒绝听。

8. Once off that long High Street, he found himself in some very poor parts of the town. 一离开那条长长的正街，他就发现自己身处城里十分贫穷的区域。

9. When hearing the song, I couldn’t help crying and remembering those difficult days. 听到那首歌，我不禁悲从中来，想起了那些悲苦的日子。

10. Finding the right balance between work and play is necessary for a person who wants to lead a healthy life.

每个想过健康生活的人，都必须在工作和娱乐之间寻求适当的平衡。

11. My first boss was a really nasty person, who seemed to enjoy making life difficult for everyone. I didn’t work for him long before leaving.

我的第一位老板真让人讨厌，让每个人日子难过似乎是他的乐趣。我干了没多久就走人了。

12. Will you please see to it that this work is finished by the end of the week? The head office is considering sending you to London on important meeting.

你能确保在本周末之前完成这项工作吗？伦敦有重要公干，总公司正在考虑派你去。

Unit4:

1.她如此专心地读那本书，以至于有人进来她也没意识到。

She was so absorbed in reading the book that she was not conscious of someone coming in.

2.他第一次会议就迟到了将近一小时，给大家留下了一个很糟糕的印象。

He was late for almost an hour for the first meeting, leaving a bad impression on everybody.

3.不管是有意识还是无意识，我们往往会根据对方的眼神、面部表情、形体动作和态度对他们做出判断。

Consciously or unconsciously, we make up our minds about people though their eyes, faces, bodies, and attitudes.

4.周教授一生都致力于语言教学事业。

Professor Zhou was committed to the cause of language teaching all his life.

5.许多指导性的书籍都会建议：要想给人留下好印象，其诀窍在于始终如一地保持最佳的自我。

Many How-To books advise you that if you want to make a good impression, the trick is to be

consistently you, at your best.

6.媒体有时会传递含混不清的信息，但大多数人相信亲眼所见胜于耳闻。

The media sometimes sends mixed messages, but most people believe what they see over what they hear.

7. Professor Smith’s lecture on body language was so important that all of the students took it seriously.

史密斯教授关于形体语言的讲座非常重要，所有的学生都认真对待这次讲座。

8. Realizing it wasn’t her fault, the chairman smiled at her to lighten the atmosphere.

董事长意识到这不是她的过错，对她笑了笑来缓解气氛。

9. She was so angry that she threw my cup on the floor, breaking it into pieces.

她大怒，把我的杯子摔在地上，摔得粉碎。

10. By reading his body language, you can tell whether he is being truthful with you or if he is just giving you an excuse.

观察他的形体语言，你可以判断出他是在跟你说实话还是仅仅找个借口敷衍你。

11. No matter what people are saying to you, remember that sometimes “actions speak louder than words.”

不管人们对你说些什么，记住“观其行胜于闻其言”。

12. Body movements are unconscious forms of expressions and they can convey certain information to the audience.

肢体动作是表达感情的无意识形式，能向观众传递某种信息。

Unit5:

1．我希望我们的努力对预防艾滋病有所帮助。

I hope that the effort that we’ve made will be of some use to the battle against AIDS.

2．尽管地方性组织在同艾滋病作斗争方面做了很大努力，农村地区的艾滋病患者数量还是在增长。

Despite all the efforts form the local organizations in the battle against AIDS, the number of people in rural areas diagnosed with AIDS has been increasing,

3．请把电视关掉，因为噪音会使她分心，无法专心做作业。

Please turn off the TV, because the noise will distract her from her homework.

4．由于缺乏资金和必要设备，这家公司过了很长时间才实施提高产品质量的计划。

It was a long time before the company implemented the program to improve the quality of its goods because of lack of money and necessary equipment.

5．在报名参加这门课程前，你最好对它有所了解。

You’d better learn something about the course before signing up for it.

6.该政策对推动当地经济发展起着越来越重要的作用。

The policy is playing a more and more important role in promoting the development of local economy.

7. The patient’s immune system would reject the new heart as a foreign object.

病人的免疫系统会将新移植的心脏当成异物而排斥。

8. Some people say that many of us eat so badly that we suffer mental and physical damage because of both vitamin and mineral deficiency.

有人说我们许多人饮食太糟，缺乏维他命和矿物质，因而我们的身心都受到损害。

9. Biomedical research will enable many individuals infected with HIV to live longer, more comfortable lives.

生物医学研究将会使很多艾滋病病毒感染者延长寿命，生活少些痛苦。

10. The central government has published a five-year action plan meant to encourage all parts of society to join in AIDS prevention and control.

中央政府已经发布了一项五年行动计划，旨在鼓励社会各界都参与到艾滋病的防治中来。

11. Distance symptoms do not usually appear until six to ten years after a person is infected with HIV.

一个人感染了艾滋病毒，其症状一般要到6到10年后才会表现出来。

12. For years, the world stared at the spreading AIDS disaster and argued whether effective AIDS care could ever be practical in poor countries.

许多年来，人们眼睁睁看着艾滋病泛滥成灾，争论着有效的艾滋病防治措施在贫穷国家究竟是否适用。

Unit6:

1.爆炸后五分钟警察就到了车站，记者也到了。

The police got to the station five minutes after the explosion, and so did the reporters.

2.即使你不同意她的观点，她的话也是值得一听的。

Even if you disagree with her, she is worth listening to.

3.负责调查的官员只给新闻记者提供了一些事实真相。

The news reporters were given nothing but bare facts by the officials in charge of the investigation.

4.这个房子装修得很好，但窗帘的颜色与整体风格不太相配。

The room was well decorated, but the color of the curtain did not go well with the overall style.

5.每次去我丈夫出生的地方，我们总是一家家地拜访他的亲戚。

Whenever we go back to the place where my husband was born, we always make the rounds of his relatives.

6.与他的希望相反，他女朋友的父母不像他父母那样平易近人。

Contrary to his hope, his girlfriend’s parents are not as approachable as his parents.

7. I asked quite a few waiters, who said nothing but smiled at me, before the message registered that my English was not good enough.

我问过好几个服务员，可他们什么也没说，只朝着我笑，直到这时我才意识到我的英语不够好。

8. The university president was so angry at the dean that he went a step further and removed him from his post.

校长对那位院长非常生气，进而解除了他的院长职务。

9. If you ask the question in front of the kid’s friends, he may say “no” even if he wants to say “yes”.

如果你当着孩子的面问这个问题，即使他想说“是”也可能会说“不是”。

10. If you want to graduate with a degree, you should stay away either from online games or from part-time work.

新视野大学英语读写教程第一册课后翻译题答案10_新视野大学英语第一册答案

如果你想毕业时获得学位，你要么别玩网上游戏，要么别去打零工。

11. Although he hasn’t received a college education himself, he looks down on those who have no college degree.

虽然他未接受过大学教育，他却瞧不起那些没有大学学历的人。

12. He suggested quite a few ideas about the managing of the company, but none of them held water.

他曾就公司的管理问题提了好几个建议，但没有一个管用。

Unit7:

1.警察放大了失踪女孩的照片，这样他们能容易认出她。

The police had the photograph of the missing girl enlarged so that they could recognize her easily.

2.我喜欢乘公共汽车上班，而不是自己驾车。那天上午也不例外。

When I go to work, I prefer to take a bus rather than drive and that morning was no exception.

3.这位老人见到自己的孙女走进屋时站了起来，竟意想不到地移动了几步，就好像他能行走了似的。

When he saw his granddaughter coming into the house (Seeing his granddaughter coming into the house), the old man got to his feet and moved several steps unexpectedly as if he could walk by himself.

4.当时我们的注意力全集中在那幅画上，没有注意到四周有什么异样情况，所以也不能提供任何额外的细节。

At that time we focused our attention on that painting without noticing anything unusual around us, and we can’t offer any additional details.

5.这对夫妇把车停在停车场，然后朝电影院走去。

The couple pulled their car into the parking lot and then headed for the cinema.

6.无论这个问题多么令人讨厌，它都是我们必须正视的问题。

It’s a question we have to face no matter how unpleasant it is.

7. Experience told him that a woman’s natural instinct was to defend herself rather than hurt the attacker.

经验告诉他，妇女的天性是保护自己而不是去伤害攻击者。

8. The room is looking much better since she had the walls repainted.

自从她把墙重新粉刷了后，这房间好看多了。

9. Teenage crime was out of control in many parts of the country, and this city was no exception. 在这个国家的许多地方，青少年犯罪已经失去了控制，这个城市也不例外。

10. Weeks after the robbery, he was afraid to go outside, fearing that he would come face to face with the robber a second time.

抢劫案发生后的几周，他不敢出门，害怕自己再次与劫匪面对面遭遇。

11. The victim described to the policemen how a man, who suddenly emerged from the shrub, robbed her.

受害者向警察描述她是怎样突然遭到一个从灌木丛中出来的人抢劫的。

12. For many Americans today, weekend work has unfortunately become the rule rather than the exception.

. 如今，对许多美国人来说，周末工作已经不幸地成为了惯例，而不是例外。

Unit8:

1.这个城市有20所大学，其中有的是世界知名大学。

There are twenty universities in this city, some of which are world-famous.

2.他越想这件事，就越生气。

the more he thinks about it, the angrier he becomes.

3.她对那些无辜的受害者充满了同情。

She was filled with pity for the innocent victims.

4．他全身心忙于公务，根本没有时间考虑休假。

He was occupied with his business matters and didn’t have time to think about a holiday.

5.这个国家的经济在一定程度上依赖于原材料的进口。

The country’s economy depends to some degree on the import of raw materials.

6.经过委员们数次讨论，新的行动方案初见端倪。

After several discussions between the members of the committee, a new plan of action began to take shape.

7. The taxi company has taken on 50 new drivers, some of whom have just got their driving licenses.

出租汽车公司新雇了50个司机，其中有的人刚拿到驾驶证。

8. The less wit a man has, the less he knows that he wants it.

一个人越没有智慧，就越不知道自己缺的就是智慧。

9. There’s no need to take any action at all for the time being. Sleep on it, and tell me what you think in the morning.

暂时没有必要采取任何行动。过一晚再作决定，明天上午告诉我你的想法。

10. The economic situation has been worsening in the past few years; the number of needy Americans seeking emergency food and shelter increased by 7% last year.

近年来经济形势恶化，寻求紧急食品和住房援助的美国穷人数目去年增加了7%。

11. Our source informed us that there was a possibility of another attack the following week, possibly in the central area of the city.

我们的消息来源说，下星期有可能发生另一次袭击，也许就在城市中心地区。

12. In this medical system, payments to individual physicians are adjusted depending on their costs that month.

在这个医疗体系内，对各位医生支付的款项按照他们当月的医疗成本进行调整。

三 : 星宇之大学英语精读第三册课文翻译

Unit 1 A Brush with theLaw

一个青年发现，在大街上毫无明显目的地游逛会招致警方的责罚。 误会一个接一个发生，最终他只得出庭受审……

与警察的一场小冲突

我平生只有一次跟警方发生纠葛。被捕和出庭的整个过程在当时是一件非常不愉快的事，但现在倒成了一篇很好的故事。这次经历令人可恼之处在于围绕着我的被捕以及随后庭上审讯而出现的种种武断专横的情况。

事情发生在大约12年前，其时正是2月。几个月前我中学毕业了，但上大学要等到10月。当时我还在家中居住。

一天早晨，我来到里士满。这里是伦敦的一个郊区，离我住的地方不远。我在寻找一份临时工作，以便积些钱去旅游。由于天气晴朗，当时又无急事，我便慢悠悠看看橱窗，逛逛公园。有时干脆停下脚步，四处张望。现在看来，一定是这种明显的毫无目的的游逛，使我倒了霉。

事情发生在11点半钟光景。我在当地图书馆谋职未成，刚刚走出来，便看到一个人穿越马路，显然是要来跟我说话。我以为他要问我时间，不料他说他是警官，要逮捕我。起先我还以为这是在开玩笑，但又一个警察出现在我的面前，这次是位身着警服的，这一下使我确信无疑了。

“为什么要抓我?”我问道。

“到处游荡，企图作案，”他说。

“作什么案?”我又问。

“偷窃，”他说。

“偷什么?”我追问。

“牛奶瓶，”他板着面孔说道。

“噢，”我说。

事情原来是这样的，在这一地区多次发生小的扒窃案，特别是从门前台阶上偷走牛奶瓶。

接着，我犯了一个大错误。其时我年方19，留一头蓬乱的长发，自认为是60年代“青年反主流文化”的一员。所以我想装出一副冷漠的、对这一事件满不在乎的样子。于是我尽量用一种漫不经心的极其随便的腔调说，“你们跟踪我多久啦?”这样一来，在他们眼里，我就像是非常熟悉这一套的了，也使他们更加确信我是一个地地道道的坏蛋。

几分钟后，开来了一辆警车。

“坐到后面去，”他们说。“把手放到前排座位的靠背上，不准挪动。”

他们分别坐在我的两边。这可再也不是闹着玩的了。

在警察局，他们审讯了我好几个小时。我继续装成老于世故、对这种事习以为常。当他们问我在干什么时，我告诉他们在找工作。“啊，”我可以想象他们在想，“果然是个失业的家伙。”

最后，我被正式指控，并通知我下周一到里士满地方法庭受审。随后他们让我离开。

我想在法庭上作自我辩护，但父亲知道这事后，马上请了一位高明的律师。我们星期一出庭的时候，带了各种各样的证人，其中包括我中学的英语老师，做我人品的见证人。但结果法庭没有叫他作证。我的“审判”没有进行到那一步。开庭15分钟，法官就驳回了对我的指控。我无罪获释。可怜的警方败诉，我的律师甚至让法庭责成警方承担了诉讼费用。

这样，我的履历上没有留下犯罪的记录。但当时最令人震惊的，是那些显然导致宣布我无罪的证据。我讲话的口音“表明我教养良好”，到庭的有体面的中产阶级的双亲，有可靠的证人，还有，我显然请得起一名很好的律师。从对我指控的这种捕风捉影的做法来看，我肯定，如果我出身在另一种背景的家庭里，并且真的是失了业的话，我完全可能被判有罪。当我的律师要求赔偿诉讼费时，他公然把辩护的证据建立在我“学业优异”这一事实上。

与此同时，就在审判室外面，一位抓我的警察正在沮丧地向我母亲抱怨，说是又一个小伙子要跟警察作对了。他带着责备的口气对我说，“我们抓你的时候，你本可以稍微帮点忙的。”

他说这话什么意思?大概是说我本该显出愤愤不平的样子，并说，“喂，留神点，你知道你在跟谁说话?我是学业出众的高材生。你敢抓我!”那样一来，他们或许会向我道歉，说不定还会脱帽致意，让我走开呢。

Unit 2 FruitfulQuestions

詹姆斯· 索利斯克描述了他是如何因他的孩子们能用新方法看事物而认清创造性思维的本质的。

获益匪浅的问题 詹姆斯· 索利斯克

不久前的一个晚上在餐桌旁，我的三个孩子--年龄分别为9岁、6岁和4岁--暂时停止争抢食物，腾出时间教我认识什么是范式变换、什么是线性思考的局限以及如何重新看待相关的各种因素。

事情是这样的：当时我们在玩自己那套只动嘴的“哪个不是同一类？”的芝麻街游戏。本来玩这游戏时，孩子们要看三张画并挑出那张不属同一类的画。我说：“来吧，哪个不是同一类，桔子，西红柿，还是草莓？”

老大很快就说出了自以为非常得意的答案：“西红柿，因为其他两种是水果。”我承认这是正确答案，尽管有些纯粹主义者坚决认为西红柿是一种水果。对我们这些从小就被迫吃拌在色拉里的西红柿的人来说，西红柿永远是蔬菜。我正准备再出一道三种东西为一组的题目时，我4岁的孩子说：“正确答案是草莓，因为另外两种是圆的，草莓却不圆。”我怎么能驳斥这种论点呢？

接着，我6岁的孩子说：“不属同一类的是桔子，因为另外两种是红色的。”9岁的孩子不想让弟妹占上风，说道：“不是同一类的也可以是桔子，因为其他两种长在藤上。”

老二把这看作对他发出的挑战。“可以是草莓，因为只有草莓会放在冰淇淋上。”

毫无疑问，这里正发生着什么事儿。这事儿比争抢食物还乱，比西红柿是水果还是蔬菜重要得多。哥白尼把太阳视为宇宙中心，重新调整了地心说这一长达数世纪的范式，我的孩子们正做着哥白尼当年做的事。鲁宾·马修斯把他的布朗克斯冰淇淋改名为哈根达斯，在不改变产品的情况下提高了价格，我的孩子们正做着鲁宾·马修斯做过的事。爱德华·詹纳放弃了寻找治疗天花的特效药，从而发现了能预防这一疾病的疫苗，我的孩子们正做着爱德华·詹纳做过的事。

他不去研究得了天花的患者，而去研究接触天花却从未染上此病的人。他发现他们都患了一种类似天花但比较轻微的疾病：牛痘；牛痘使他们得以防止染上致命的天花。

他们在重新看待相关的各种因素。他们在重新认识他们的问题。他们在重新表述他们的问题。总之，据托马斯·库恩在他的《科学革命的结构》一书中所言，他们正做着历史上有过重大发现的科学家都曾做过的事：他们在改变旧的范式。

但假若我们的游戏是学校里做在作业本上的练习，那么没有把西红柿圈出来的孩子全都会被批为答错。凡是没有把问题解读为“哪个不是水果”的孩子都是错的。也许这种情形说明了为什么世界上最杰出的科学家和发明家中有那么多的人读书时是不及格的学生。其中最引人注目的是阿尔贝特·爱因斯坦，他也许是本世纪最有影响的范式改变者。

这样说，并不是想对学校评头品足。天知道，发一通议论太容易了。这样说，不过是想提醒大家信息的价值实在是有限的。我提出这一点，是因为我们的社会似乎发展到了这样一个阶段，人人都大声要求得到更多的技术，大声要求即刻享用不断增多的信息。

学生们必须联机。你们家必须用数码与环球信息网连通。企业必须能即时下载大量资料。但是，除非我们改变范式、重新看待相关的各种因素，否则，信息高速公路就不会给我们带来什么结果。

无论是现在还是最近，我们都不缺信息。试想我们拥有的信息比四百年前的哥白尼多了多少。但他作出了足以震撼地球的（权作双关语）惊人之举，完全改变了人们对宇宙的看法。他作出此举不是靠发现更多的信息，而是靠用不同的眼光来看大家都看到过的信息。爱德华·詹纳不是靠积累信息发明预防药物，而是靠重新表述问题。

当我们开始驶入信息高速公路时，我们所需要的不是更多的信息，而是看信息的新方法。我们应该像我的孩子所做的那样，去发现有一个以上的正确答案、有一个以上正确的问题、有一个以上看一堆信息的方法。我们应该记住：当你只有一把锤子时，你往往把每个问题都看作钉子。

Unit 3 Why I Teach

也许每位教师都一再问过自己：为什么选择教书作为自己的职业？教书得到的回报是否使老师的烦恼显得不值得多谈？回答这些问题并非易事。让我们看看本文的作者说了些什么。

我为什么当教师 彼得·G·贝德勒

你为什么要教书呢?当我告诉一位朋友我不想谋求行政职务时，他便向我提出这一问题。所有美国人受的教育是长大成人后应该追求金钱和权力，而我却偏偏不要明明是朝这个目标“迈进”的工作，他为之大惑不解。

当然，我之所以教书不是因为我觉得教书轻松。我做过各种各样的工作，籍以谋生：机修工、木工、作家，教书是其中最难的一行。对我来说，教书是个会令人熬红眼睛、手掌出汗、精神沮丧的职业。说熬红眼睛，这是因为我晚上无论备课备到多晚，总觉得备得还不充分。说手掌出汗，这是因为我跨进教室之前总是非常紧张，自认为学生一定会发觉原来我是个傻瓜蛋。说精神沮丧，这是因为我1小时后走出教室时，确信这堂课上得比平常还要平淡无味。

我之所以教书，也不是因为我认为自己能够解答问题，或者因为我有满腹学问，觉得非与别人分享不可。有时我感到很惊异，学生竟真的把我课上讲的东西做了笔记!

这样说来，我为什么还要教书呢?

我教书，是因为我喜爱校历的步调。6月、7月和8月提供了一个供思考、研究和创作的机会。

我教书，是因为教学是建立在“变”这一基础上的职业。教材还是原来的教材，但我自身却变了--更重要的是，我的学生变了。

我教书，是因为我喜欢有让自己犯错误的自由，有让自己吸取教训的自由，有激励自己和激励学生的自由。作为教师，我可以自行做主。如果我想要求一年级学生通过自行编写课本的办法来学习写作，谁能说我不可以那样做呢? 这样的课程也许会彻底失败，但我们都可以从失败的尝试中获得教益。

我教书，是因为我喜欢向学生提出必须绞尽脑汁才能回答的问题。我们这个世界有无穷无尽的正确答案来对付拙劣的问题。何况我在教学过程中有时也会想到一些出色的问题。

我教书，是因为我喜欢想方设法使自己和我的学生从象牙塔里走出来，步入现实世界。我曾经开过一门叫做“在工业技术社会里如何自力更生”的课程。我教的15位学生读了爱默生、梭洛和赫胥黎的作品，记了日记，还写了学期论文。

但除此而外，我们还办起一个公司，借钱买下一所破旧的房屋，通过对这一建筑物的整修翻新，我们就自力更生这一课题进行了一次实践活动。在期末我们把房子卖掉，还清贷款，缴了税，余下的收益分给了参加实践的学生。

所以说，教学使我的工作进程有了规律，使我的生活变得丰富多彩，教学向我提出了挑战，也给了我不断学习的机会。

不过，我要教书的最重要的几个原因还没有讲到呢。

其中一个原因与维基有关。维基是我的第一个博士生。她精力充沛，孜孜不倦地撰写她那篇论述14世纪一位不知名诗人的学位论文。她写过一些文章，寄给了学术刊物。这一切都由她独立完成，我偶尔从旁略加指点。我亲眼看到了她完成论文，看到了她得悉自己的文章被采用，亲眼目睹她找到了工作并获得了在哈佛大学当研究员的职位，著书论述她在做我学生时萌发的思想。

另一个原因与乔治有关。他开始学的是工程学，后来他深信自己爱人胜过爱物，所以改学英语。

还有珍妮。她中途辍学，但是她的同学把她拉了回来，因为他们想让她看到自力更生整修旧房子这一项目的结果。我亲眼看到她回来了。我亲耳听到她对我说，她后来对城市贫民产生了兴趣，继而成了捍卫公民权的律师。

还要提一提清洁女工杰基。她凭直觉了解的事情比我们多数人通过分析弄清的东西还要多。杰基已经决定读完中学，然后还要上大学。

这些在我眼前成长、变化的人，便是我要当教师的真正原因。当一名教师意味着是创造的见证人，他目睹人体开始呼吸，开始了生命。

“升职了”，不再教书了，也许会给我带来金钱和权力。可是我现在也有钱。我拿了薪金去做自己乐意做的事：读书、交谈、提问，比如问：“做个富翁有什么意思呢?”

我现在还有权呢。我有权启迪，有权激发才智，有权开出书目，有权指点迷津。还有其他什么权力更值得考虑呢?

但教书还会带来金钱和权力以外的东西：那便是爱。不仅是爱学习、爱书本、爱思想，而且还有老师对出类拔萃的学生的爱。这样的学生走进了老师的生活，老师自己也开始成长了。“爱”这个字也许用得不恰当：用“魔力”可能更为贴切。

我教书，是因为在与开始成长的学生朝夕相处时，我有时感到自己也和他们一起开始成长了。

Unit 4 A Fan’s Notes

一位体育专栏作家以为他碰上了一个怪人。 结果他却发现了一个真正的赢家。

一位球迷的评论 比尔·普拉施基

这封电子邮件在某些方面与我收到的其他刻薄的信件相似。它痛斥我对洛杉矶道奇队的评论，并争辩说我把一切全都搞错了。然而，这个评论与其他的评论至少有两个方面不同。

与通常那些“你是个白痴”的评论不同的是，这一评论含有更多的细节。它包含了该队比赛表现的关键数据。写这篇评论的人对洛杉矶道奇队的了解绝不亚于我自认为对它的了解。

而且这一评论是署名的。作者的名字叫萨拉·莫里斯。

我被深深打动，于是给她回信。一点也没有想到这一封信引出了一段非同寻常的来往。

我可以问您一个问题吗？两年来，我一直经营着我的道奇队网站。你是怎么成为一个棒球评论专栏作家的？这可是我的梦。

这是萨拉的第二封电子邮件，它的到来一点也不意外。我每次对人微笑一下，人家就向我要一份工作。但是另一个事儿引起了我的注意。这就是信的最后一行字里的拼写错误，是关于“我的梦”那一部分。

也许萨拉就是一个打字很糟糕的人。但也许她真的是在寻找某个目标，但就是一字之差，还没有找着。

这就值得再回她一封信，于是我让她解释。

我今年30岁。……因为我身有残疾，花了5年的时间才读完大专拿到文凭。……在棒球赛季，我每个星期平均花55小时写球赛报道，写评论，做研究，听比赛或者看比赛。

萨拉称她的网站为“道奇地”。我搜索了一下，什么也没有找着。后来我重读她的电子邮件，发现在她的电子邮件最底下挂了一个地址：http://members.tripod.com / spunky /dodgers。

我点击该地址。网站并不花哨。但是她以一个作家的严肃态度对该队进行了详细报道。不过，我还是不禁要问，有人读吗？

从来没有人在我的来宾登记簿上签名。我一个月收到一封信。

所以，这里是一个身体残疾的妇女，她对道奇队的报道之广泛不亚于美国任何一个记者， 可她却在为一个几乎不为人知的网站写作，网站的名字很怪很难记，读者大概有两个人。

我想她那个梦所缺的远远不只是拼写里头少了一个字母r。

我建起了自己的网站希望能找到一份工作。不过运气不佳。因为我使用一根绑在头上的小棒打字，最高的打字速度是每分钟8个字，可这又有什么要紧的呢？我的脑子挺好使，我对工作非常专注。这才是人们成功的关键。

使用一根绑在头上的小棒打字？

我问她要用多少时间写她那通常为400字的文章。

三到四小时。

我做了一件我以前从来没有和互联网上的陌生人做过的事情。

我让萨拉·莫里斯给我打电话。

我说话有障碍，无法使用电话。

这就证明了我的怀疑。这显然是一个精心策划的骗局。这一位所谓女性作家很可能是一个45岁的男性管子工。

我决定结束与此人的通信。可就在那时我又收到一封电子邮件。

我的残疾是脑瘫。……它影响肌肉神经的控制。……当我的脑子告诉我的手去敲击字键时，我会挪动我的腿，碰击桌子，并在这一过程中同时碰击六个其他的字键。

当我的母亲解释我的残疾时，她告诉我说，如果我比别人努力三倍，我就可以成就我要做的任何事情。

她写道，她在帕萨迪拉长大的时候成了道奇队的球迷。她上布莱尔高级中学二年级的时候，一位校少年棒球队的教练叫她去做球队的统计员。她做了，用的是一个打字机和一根绑在头上的小棒。

她说由于她跟棒球结了缘，她才得以留在学校里，尽管她成绩不好，每天还有数小时的令她脖子酸痛的家庭作业。

棒球给了我努力的目标 ……我可以做别的孩子做不了的事情……我想为给了我这么多的棒球做一点事情。

不错，我就这么相信了她。有几分信吧。在像她所称的那种情况下，有谁能没有最好的设备和帮助而报道一个棒球队呢？我很好奇，所以我问她我能不能开车过去看她。她同意了，并详细告诉我路怎么走，其中提到乡下的泥路和没有名字的街道。

我开车向东驶去，穿过得克萨斯的荒凉地带。在一条蜿蜒曲折布满小动物大小的坑洼的泥路上，我看到了样子像旧工具棚的屋子。

但这不是一个工具棚，这是一所房子，一个被高高的杂草和废弃物包围的正在朽烂的小棚屋。

是不是这个地方呢？

一位身着旧T恤衫和裙子的妇女从棚屋里走了出来。

“我是萨拉的母亲，”洛伊·莫里斯一边说一边用她那粗糙的手握着我光滑的手。“她在等你呢。”

我从太阳光下走进去，打开一扇破烂的屏门，走进了阴暗的棚子，棚子里蜷缩在轮椅上的是一个87磅重的躯体。

她的四肢扭了一扭。她的头转了一转。我们无法拥抱，甚至也无法握手。她只能张大眼睛看我，向我微笑。

可她那微笑里充满了光芒！它穿透了由破烂的木地板、旧躺椅和结满蜘蛛网的窗户围起来的黑暗空间。

我不忍心看别的任何东西，所以我的眼睛只盯住她那微笑，它是那么清晰，那么自信， 它甚至令我的多数怀疑一扫而光。但我还是要问，这就是莎拉·莫里斯吗？

她开始在轮椅里摇晃，嘴里发出声音。我以为她在咳嗽。

可实际上，她是在说话。她的母亲为她翻译。“我要给你看点东西。”萨拉说。

洛伊把她推到搭在煤灰砖上的一张旧书桌前。桌子上放着一台计算机。计算机旁是一台电视机。她的母亲将一根小棒绑在她女儿的太阳穴上。

萨拉趴在计算机上，用绑在她头上的棍子调出道奇地网站上的一篇报道。她开始一啄一啄地在这篇报道上添字加句。

她抬起头看我并发出咯咯的笑声。我低头看她，心里充满了惊奇——还有羞愧。

这真的就是萨拉·莫里斯。这个伟大的萨拉·莫里斯。

几个月前我与萨拉·莫里斯联系的时候是想跟她干一仗。现在看着她在这个黑暗的房间里吃力地打着字写一篇或许根本没有人看的文章，我明白了这一仗是怎么一回事。

不过，这一仗不是跟萨拉打，而是跟自己打。这一仗和体育界在现今玩世不恭的年代里每天都在经历的一模一样。那就是要相信运动员仍然可以是英雄的搏斗。

在一个远离这种怀疑的地方，一个心智充满神奇的萨拉·莫里斯帮我找回了信任。

Unit 5 The Day MotherCried

从失败的一刻中，母亲和儿子收获了他们从成功中不曾收获到的。母亲永不放弃的精神给他此后的人生以很大的勇气。

妈哭的那天 杰拉尔德·默尔

在很久以前一个昏暗的冬天，我放学回家，心中充满了期待。我腋下夹着一期新的我最爱看的体育杂志，再者，家里没有别人打扰我。爸爸在上班，妹妹不在家。妈妈刚找到新工作，还得过一个小时才下班。我跳上台阶，冲进起居室，啪嗒一声打开电灯。

我被眼前的景象惊呆了。妈妈双手捂着脸，身子紧缩成一团，坐在长沙发的那一端哭泣着。我看见妈妈哭这还是第一次。

我小心翼翼地向她走去，轻轻拍她的肩膀。“妈妈，”我说，“怎么啦?”

妈妈深深吸了一口气，强作微笑。“没什么，真的。没有什么要紧的事。只是我这份新工作要丢了。我字打得不够快。”

“可你上班才三天，”我说。“你会熟练起来的。”我这是在重复她讲过上百次的一句话，每当我学习或做一件与自己关系重大的事情而遇到困难时，她总是这样跟我说的。

“不成，”妈妈黯然神伤地说。“过去我总是讲，只要我下决心，什么事都能干成。现在我仍然认为大多数的事我都能做。但打字这件事我干不了。”

我感到无能为力，而且十分尴尬。我虽然十六岁了，但仍然以为妈妈什么都能干。几年前，当我们卖掉农场，搬到城里住的时候，妈妈决定开办日托所。她过去没有受过这方面的训练，但这并不能阻碍她。她写信要求参加幼托函授课程，学习了六个月就正式获得从事这项工作的资格。不久她的日托所招生额满，而且还有不少小孩登记等着入托呢。我觉得凭妈妈的能力，办成这一切是理所当然的。

然而，无论是托儿所或是我父母后来购买的汽车旅馆都不能提供足够的收入供我妹妹和我上大学。两年后就该是我上大学的时候了。再过三年，妹妹也要上了。时间一天天过去，妈妈拼命想办法积蓄钱。很清楚，爸爸已尽了最大努力--除了一份全日工作之外，还耕种了八十英亩地。

我们卖了汽车旅馆没几个月，妈妈搬回来一台旧打字机。这架打字机有时会跳字，键盘也很松。那天吃晚饭时，我把这台机器说成是“废物一件”。

“我们只买得起这样旧的，”妈妈说。“学打字用是够可以的了。”从那天起，餐桌一收拾，盘子一洗，妈妈马上到她的缝纫间去练习。有几天，那缓慢的嗒、嗒、嗒的声音一直持续到午夜。

临近圣诞节的时候，我听说妈妈在电台找到一份工作。我一点也不惊奇，也不觉得有什么特别，但妈妈却欣喜万分。

星期一，妈妈第一天上班回来，我发觉妈妈的高兴劲儿已经烟消云散。妈妈绷着脸，看上去很疲劳，我没对她作任何表示。

星期二，爸爸做晚饭，收拾厨房。妈妈呆在缝纫间练习打字。“妈妈还好吗?”我问爸爸。

“妈妈打字碰到点困难，”他说，“她需要练习。我想，如果我们在家里多帮一点忙，她会很感激的。”

“我已经做得不少了，”我马上警觉起来，说道。

“我知道你做得不少，”爸爸心平气和地说。“说不定你还得再多干一点。你要记住，她现在工作主要是为了能供你上大学。”

老实说，上不上大学我并不在乎。我真希望妈妈一点也不要把这事放在心上。

星期三，当发现妈妈哭时我所感到的震惊和窘迫，完全表明了我对妈妈所承受的压力是多么的不理解。我坐在她的身旁，慢慢开始理解了。

“我想我们都不免有失败的时候，”妈妈平静地说。我可以感觉到她的痛苦，也感觉到她在极力抑制着由于我闯进来而被打断的强烈情感的发泄。突然，我心里一酸，伸开双臂，把妈妈搂在怀里。

妈妈再也控制不住了。她把脸贴着我的肩膀，抽泣着。我紧紧抱着她，没有说话。我明白我是在做我应该做的和我所能做的，这就够了。妈妈非常激动，我感到她的背在颤抖。就在那一时刻，我第一次明白妈妈也有弱点。她还是我的妈妈，但又不仅如此：她和我一样也是一个普通的人，会害怕，会受到伤害，会遭遇失败。我感觉到她的痛苦，就像我千百次在她怀里寻求安慰时，她感到我的痛苦一样。

一周过后，妈妈找到一个卖纺织品的工作，工资只有原先电台的一半。“这是一个我能胜任的工作，”她简单地说道。但在晚上，她继续在那台绿色的旧打字机上练习。那时，每当我在夜晚走过她的房门前，听着她那一刻不停的嗒、嗒的打字声时，我的感情与过去迥然不同了。我深知，在那个房间里进行着的绝不仅仅是一个妇女在学习打字。

两年后我上大学时，妈妈找到一份薪金比原来高但责任也比原来重的办公室工作。使我不得不相信的是，妈妈不可思议地从失败中学到的东西竟与我所学到的一样多。因为几年后，我大学毕业、自豪地受聘担任报纸记者时，她已在我们家乡的报社里当了六个月的记者了。

那台绿色旧打字机现在放在我的办公室里，至今没有修理过。它是一件纪念品。但它所勾起的我的回忆与妈妈的不尽相同。每当我写文章遇到困难想打退堂鼓时，或是自叹不走运时，我就往那台破旧的打字机里卷进一张纸，像妈妈当年一样，一个字一个字地吃力地打着。这时，我回忆起的不是妈妈的失败，而是她的勇气，她那一往无前的勇气。

这台打字机是我一生中得到的最好的纪念品。

Unit 6 A Day’s Wait

小男孩的病似乎并不太重。但他显然在为什么事忧心忡忡。究竟是什么事呢？

一天的等待 欧内斯特·海明威

他走进我们房间关窗户的时候，我们还未起床。我见他一副病容，全身哆嗦，脸色苍白，步履缓慢，好像一动就会引起疼痛。

“你怎么啦，宝贝?”

“我头痛。”

“你最好回床上去睡。”

“不，我没啥病。”

“你先去睡。我穿好衣服来看你。”

可是当我来到楼下时，他已穿好衣服，坐在火炉旁。这个9岁的男孩，看上去病得厉害，一副可怜的模样。我用手摸了摸他的额头，知道他发烧了。

“你到楼上去睡，”我说，“你病了。”

“我没有病，”他说。

医生来后，量了孩子的体温。

“多少度?”我问医生。

“102度。”

下楼后，医生留下用不同颜色胶囊包装的三种药丸，并嘱咐如何服用。一种药退烧，另一种润肠、通便，还有一种是去酸。他解释说，流感细菌只能在酸性环境中生存。他似乎对流感很内行，并说，如果发烧不超过一百零四度，就用不着担心。这是轻度流感，只要当心不引起肺炎，就无危险。

我回到房里，记下孩子的体温，并记下各种胶囊的服用时间。

“要不要让我读点书给你听?”

“好的，如果你想读的话，”孩子说。他的脸色十分苍白，眼窝下方有黑晕。他躺在床上一动不动，对周围发生的一切漠然置之。

我朗读霍华德·派尔的《海盗故事》，但我看得出他并不在听。

“你感觉怎么样，宝贝?”我问他。

“到目前为止，还是老样子，”他说。

我坐在床的脚端自个儿看书，等着到时间再给他服一粒药丸。按理，他本该睡着了。然而，当我抬头看时，他却双眼盯着床的脚端，神情异常。

“你为什么不睡一会儿呢? 到吃药时，我会叫醒你的。”

“我宁愿醒着。”

过了一会儿，他对我说：“你不必呆在这里陪我，爸爸，要是这事令你烦恼的话。”

“没有什么可烦恼的。”

“不，我是说，要是这事终将给你带来烦恼的话，你就不必呆在这里。”

我想，或许他有点儿神志不清了。十一点钟，照规定给他服药后，我便出去了一会儿。那是个晴朗而又寒冷的日子，地上覆盖着一层已结成冰的冻雨，就像那光秃秃的树木，那灌木丛，那砍下的树枝，以及所有的草坪和空地都用冰漆过似的。我带着我那条幼小的爱尔兰猎犬，沿着大路和一条冰冻的小溪散步。但在这玻璃般平滑的地面上站立和行走是很困难的。红毛狗一路上连跌带滑，我自己也摔倒了两次，都是挺重的。一次猎枪也摔丢了，在冰上滑出去老远。

高高的土堤上长着倒垂下来的灌木丛，我们从那下面撵起了一群鹌鹑。当它们快要从堤岸上消失时，我击落了两只。有几只鹌鹑停落在树上，但大部分飞散了，钻进了灌木丛。你得在这些被冰裹着的树丛上跳上好几下，才能把它们惊起。当你在这些既滑又有弹性的树丛上摇摇晃晃尚未立稳之际，它们却飞了出来，使你很难射中。我击落了两只，却让它们逃掉了五只。动身返回时，我感到很高兴，因为我在离家不远的地方发现了一群鹌鹑，而且还剩下许多，改日可再去搜寻猎取。

回到屋里，他们说孩子不让任何人进入他的房间。

“你们不能进来，”他说。“你们千万不要传染上我的病。”

我来到他身边，发现他仍像我离开时那样躺着。他面色苍白，但两颊上部烧得发红，眼睛依旧一动不动地盯着床的另一端。

我量了他的体温。

“多少?”

“大约一百，”我说。实际上是102度4分。

“原先是102度，”他说。

“谁说的?”

“医生。”

“你的体温没啥问题，”我说，“用不着担心。”

“我不担心，”他说，“但是我不能不想。”

“不要想，”我说。“放心好了。”

“我没有什么不放心的，”他说着，眼睛直盯着前方。显然，他有什么心事，但在尽力控制着自己。

“将这个用水吞下。”

“你看这有用吗?”

“当然有用。”

我坐下来，打开了《海盗故事》，开始读给他听，但我看得出来他不在听，于是我停了下来。

“你看我大概什么时候会死?”他问道。

“什么?”

“到我死大概还有多少时间?”

“你不会死。你怎么啦?”

“啊，不，我会死的。我听到他说102度。”

“人发烧发到102度是不会死的。你这是说傻话。”

“我知道会的。在法国上学的时候，同学告诉我说，烧发到44度就不能活了。我已经102度了。”

原来自上午9点起，整整一天他都在等死。

“你这可怜的宝贝，”我说，“哦，可怜的宝贝，这就像英里和公里。你不会死的。那种温度计不一样。用那种温度计量，37度是正常的体温。用这种温度计量，正常体温是98度。”

“你肯定?”

“绝对没错，”我说。“这跟英里和公里的区别一样。你知道，就好像我们车速开到七十英里该折合成多少公里一样。”

他那凝视着床的脚端的目光松弛了。他的紧张状态也终于缓和了。第二天，越发轻松了。为了一点无关紧要的小事，他会动辄哭起来。

Unit 7 The Shelter

收音机里传来敌方导弹飞近的公告时，几位邻居希望能躲进他们街上唯一的防空洞以保安全。防空洞能容纳所有这些人吗？防空洞的主人会让他们进来吗？故事是这样的……

防空洞 罗德·塞林

第一幕内容提要：某个夏夜，斯道克顿家在庆祝生日。来宾中有他的邻居：享德森一家、韦斯一家，还有哈洛一家。正当宴会进行时，收音机里出乎意料地传来了美国总统的公告，因怀疑敌方导弹飞近，宣布全国处于紧急状态。宴会就此结束，邻居们急匆匆赶回家去。

然而，过不多久他们又一个个回到了斯道克顿家。原因十分简单，那就是他们想活下去——想分享斯道克顿家的防空洞。这是他们街上唯一的防空洞。

第二幕 （节本） 斯道克顿家外面 亨德森 导弹随时都可能落下来。我知道，一点不假。快啦，说落就落…… 亨德森太太 （一把抓住他）咱们可怎么办啊?在上述和以下对白进行的过程中，一个小孩拿着的手提式收音机一直在广播下述通告： 播音员的声音 这是康纳雷民防广播电台，这是康纳雷民防广播电台。空袭预备警报仍未解除。公职人员、担负紧急战备任务的政府雇员以及民防系统的人员，请立即向你所在的单位报到。公职人员、担负紧急战备任务的政府雇员……

哈洛太太 杰雷，再去求求吧。 哈洛 你就别白费口舌了。他任何人都不让进去。他说他腾不出地方，生活用品也不够，他家的防空洞只能呆3个人。亨德森太太 那咱们怎么办啊?哈洛 也许咱们该挑选一个地下室去收拾收拾，作好准备。咱们把东西统统凑在一起。食品啦，水啦，一切应用物件统统凑拢来。哈洛太太 这不公平。(指着斯道克顿的住宅)他躲在防空洞里安安全全一点事也没有，可咱们的孩子只好等着挨炸…… 亨德森 咱们到他的地下室去，把防空洞的门撞开来。大伙说好吗? 众人齐声赞同。 亨德森向地下室入口处奔去，哈洛追上了他，说道：

哈洛 你等等，你等等。那儿怎么挤得进这么多人。这样做简直愚蠢。 韦斯 咱们何不抽签?谁家中签就让谁家进去?哈洛 何必多此一举呢?他不会让咱们进去的。 亨德森 咱们可以一起走下去跟他说，他把这条街上的人都得罪了。咱们可以去这样跟他说。 哈洛 那又有什么用?我三番五次对你们说过，即使咱们把门砸开，那个防空洞也容纳不下咱们这些人。咱们肯定会统统挤死，而且一点名堂也没有。亨德森太太 这儿的这些孩子，哪怕只有一个因此得救了——依我说，这就是堂堂正正的理由。又传来播音员的声音。

韦斯 杰雷，咱们这些人里数你跟他最熟悉。你是他最要好的朋友。你何不再下去一趟呢。同他说说吧。求求他。请他挑一户人家——通过抽签什么的—— 亨德森 一户人家，就是你家啰，韦斯，对吗?韦斯 （蓦地向他转过身去）那又怎么样?我有才三个月大的婴儿……亨德森太太 这有什么了不起的?难道你家小孩的性命比我们的孩子更贵重吗? 韦斯 （冲着她嚷道）我可从来没有说过这种话。要是你想争论谁应该比谁更值得活下去的话—— 亨德森 你干吗不把嘴闭上，韦斯?（勃发三丈无名火）外国佬来了，也就是这副样子。好斗，贪婪，哪像个真正的美国人，半拉子…… 韦斯 （脸色发白）你这个十足的白痴，好你个……

亨德森太太 他没有说错，韦斯!我敢断定你就是那种蹩脚透顶的货色。 韦斯突然穿过人群朝亨德森扑去，他们两个随即展开了一场短暂的格斗。哈洛气喘吁吁地奔过来，站到他们中间，把双方隔开。哈洛 你们再打啊，继续打嘛。咱们用不着等导弹飞过来。咱们自己都会火并嘛。 韦斯太太（恳求）马蒂，再到比尔的防空洞走一遭吧。求他—— 韦斯 我已经求过他了。毫无用处。 警报又响了，人们似乎靠得更近了，大家抬着头凝视夜空。看得见远方的探照灯光。

哈洛 探照灯。导弹一定更近了。 亨得森 （突然推开哈洛，向通向地下室的台阶走去）我这就下去叫他把那扇门打开来。你们这些人怎么想，我可不管啦。现在能做的只有这件事了。男子甲 他说得对。快啊，咱们去干。

防空洞里 格雷斯紧紧搂着保罗。斯道克顿靠近门站着，静听那伙人走近时从外面传来的喧闹声。嘭 嘭，敲防空洞门的声音震天响。

防空洞外 亨德森 比尔? 比尔·斯道克顿! 一大群想活命的你的邻居都在外面等着啦。现在你好开门了，让咱们一道来合计合计你这个洞里能进去多少人。要是你不肯开，那你尽管我行我素下去吧——可咱们就要打进来了。哈洛上场，挤过人群，走到防空洞门边。 哈洛 比尔，我是杰雷。外面这些人可不是在开玩笑啊。 斯道克顿的声音 我在里面也不是在开玩笑。我已经对你说过，杰雷。你们这是在浪费时间。你们在浪费宝贵时间，你们本可以用这些时间干些别的事情……比如你们可以想想逃生的办法。

男子甲 咱们干吗不去找根结结实实的粗木头来把门砸开? 亨德森 咱们不妨到贝内特大街去。菲尔·克兰家地下室里有几根大木头。我看见过。咱们去扛一根吧。我们只要叫克兰闭上嘴，别把这事张扬出去就行了。韦斯 咱们还是克制一点，先别争，好好想一想…… 亨德森 （转过身来，脸朝着韦斯）你要想就去想，不关别人什么事。你也罢，和你臭味相投的人也罢，别人才不管呢。我本以为这些话在上面已经讲清楚了。我认为，当务之急首先是得把你撵出去。亨德森话音刚落，他便冷不防拔出拳头朝韦斯脸上猛地挥去。韦斯猝不及防，被打倒在墙脚。他妻子尖叫着奔到他身边，手里仍抱着婴孩。有几个人想使劲拉住那位邻居，这时出现了一阵混乱。哈洛迅速走到了韦斯跟前，扶着他立起身来。警报再次拉响。

亨德森 （声音盖过警报和混乱中的喧闹声）快，咱们去找样东西把这扇门砸开。 大伙从地下室出来走向台阶。

防空洞里 斯道克顿慢慢地转过身来，脸朝着妻子。这伙人正在离去，但即便此刻，斯道克顿一家人耳边仍然回响着他们愤怒的尖叫声。格雷斯 （抬起头来）比尔，刚才那些人都是谁呀? 斯道克顿 （转过身去盯着门看）"那些人?"那些是咱们的邻居，格雷斯。咱们的朋友。是和咱们在一条街上生活了20年的人。（接着露出一种异样的固执的神态，同时换了一种口气）来，保罗。咱们拿东西来把门顶住。能拿来的统统拿来。

于是，他和孩子动手用家具、发电机、书本以及凡是可以搬动的东西堆起一道障碍。

防空洞外 那群人扛着一根约有15英尺长的又粗又大的木头沿街走来。他们的喊叫声与断断续续的警报声、康纳雷民防广播电台播音员的声音混成一片。播音员的声音 我们接到通知，再一次提醒全体居民保持镇静，不要上街。这是紧急通知。请不要上街。有关方面正在采取一切防护措施。但我们必须保证军用车辆和民防系统的重要车辆在大街上畅通无阻。所以再一次提醒各位不要上街。请各位不要上街!

那伙人刚聚集到斯道克顿家门前，便立刻扛着那根大木头向里冲，并沿着台阶往地下室走去。正当木头猛撞防空洞门时，警报拉得更响，更尖厉刺耳了。就在这时，我们看到韦斯和哈洛都加入到这伙人中，握住木头助上一臂之力。

防空洞里 当防空洞门因受到猛烈撞击而快要倒下时，斯道克顿和保罗用劲顶着。周围响着一片怒吼声，断断续续的警报声，妇女儿童的哭闹声。

防空洞内外 当防空洞门被砸开时，这片嘈杂声响到了震耳欲聋的地步。保罗和斯道克顿被推到防空洞的里面。正在这时，地下室的电灯亮了。警报声也响到了极点。接着突然消失，随之四周是长时间的一片死寂。然后，从一处角落里的手提收音机中传来了播音员的声音。

播音员的声音 这是康纳雷民防广播电台，这是康纳雷民防广播电台。本台有重要消息广播，请继续收听。本台有重要消息广播，请继续收听。（稍停）美国总统刚才宣布，原先没有辨别清楚的物体，现在已经查明肯定是卫星。再广播一遍。没有敌方导弹飞近。再广播一遍。没有敌方导弹飞近。该物体已查明是卫星。这些物体没有危害，我们没有危险。再广播一遍。我们没有危险。紧急状态已经正式解除。我们没有危险。再广播一遍。敌人没有侵袭。敌人没有侵袭。韦斯太太（含着泪，轻声哭泣）感谢上帝。哦，感谢上帝。 韦斯 （脸上青肿，结着血块。低声地）阿门。 亨德森 嗨，马蒂……马蒂……我刚才真有点精神失常。望你能理解。我只不过有点失常。我刚才说的那些话都不是当真的。（他舔舔嘴唇，声音发抖）咱们大家都……咱们都那么害怕……那么慌乱。（伸出双手，做了个手势）嗳，其实这也没有什么好奇怪的，对吗?我是说……嗯，你会理解的，刚才咱们为什么有点气急败坏……

人群中发出一阵低语声，有几个半心半意地点点头，但这时大家还没有从震惊中清醒过来。 哈洛 我想马蒂不会因这件事而记恨你的。（说完转向斯道克顿）我希望比尔不要为此——（指着他周围被毁坏的东西）而记恨咱们。咱们会赔偿损失的，比尔。咱们马上募捐。当斯道克顿穿过地下室经过他们身旁向台阶迈去时，所有的眼睛都盯着他。又是一阵沉寂。 韦斯 （声音颤抖，紧张不安）咱们不妨……明天晚上咱们不妨举行街坊聚会什么的。好好庆祝一番。我想这么个庆祝会倒是值得开的。韦斯环视四周，朝大伙笑笑，但他的微笑显得局促不安，一则因为心有余悸，二则因为他感到此刻有什么东西吸引住了大家。这东西使人沮丧，令人极度不安。斯道克顿向上走了一级台阶，随即止步，回过身来面对大家。他的脸上毫无表情。

哈洛 （佯装笑容，竭力想缓和空气）举行街坊聚会这个主意倒是不错。（朝四周的人看看）只要能帮助恢复正常，什么都成。斯道克顿 （看着一张张的脸，不慌不忙地摇摇头）正常?（稍停）我不懂。我不懂什么叫"正常"。原先我以为我懂，可我现在搞不清楚了。哈洛 我不是对你说过咱们会赔偿损失的……斯道克顿 （目不转睛地看着他）损失?（点点头）我不知道咱们是否清楚，那都是些什么损失? （又看看一张张的脸）也许最大的损失是终于了解到在正常状况下咱们是个什么样子。咱们原来是这种人。透过薄薄的一层就能看清。我是说咱们全都如此。都是些赤裸裸的畜牲，把性命看得那么重，为了能够活下去，可以把自己的邻居活活弄死。（他靠在楼梯边的墙上，突然感觉疲惫不堪。他一面转过身子离开他们，一面轻声说）今天晚上咱们没有挨炸弹……可是我怀疑即使没有炸弹，咱们是否就一定不会完蛋。他继续拾级而上。

Unit 8 Daydream aLittle

白日梦的名声一向不好，但现在科学研究已揭示，白日做梦也许真能增进心理健康和提高创造力，白日做梦甚至可帮助你实现你渴望达到的目标。

做点白日梦 尤金·罗德塞普

“又在白日做梦啦，巴勃? 你要是老这样消磨时间，你将一事无成! 难道你就不能找点有益的事做吗?”

许多年轻人都听到他们的父母讲过类似的话。直到最近，这种对白日做梦的敌视态度仍是人们最常见的态度。白日做梦被视为浪费时间，或被看成是逃避现实生活及其责任的一种不健康的倾向。但现在有人对此持一种新的见解。有些人认为，白日做梦或许是一件十分有益于健康的事情。

人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。人们曾一度以为夜间做梦干扰我们所需的休息。后来，研究人员设法打断睡眠者的梦。他们获悉不让睡眠者做梦，他们反而得不到有益的休息。这些人变得紧张不安，烦躁易怒。他们的注意力难以集中。他们会暂时在精神上受到损害。要恢复健康，就得让他们做梦。

如今研究人员正发现白日做梦对人的精神可能也有重要的影响。他们说，白日做梦是一种很好的休息方式。其好处还不止于此。一些心理学家已经进行过试验，并得出一些令人吃惊的结论。

琼·T·弗赖伯格博士得出结论说，白日做梦有助于智力的发展。她说，白日做梦还能使人更加专注，延长注意力集中的时间，并改善与别人相处的能力。在对上学的儿童进行的一项试验中，这位研究人员还发现白日做梦使孩子们更加注意细节。他们的精神更加愉快。他们相互间合作得更好。另一名研究人员报告说，白日做梦似乎能改善自我克制力与创造力。

但这些仅是一部分情况。有关白日做梦的最引人注目的事情，或许是它在按我们自己的意愿创造未来生活方面所起的有益作用。工业家亨利·J·凯泽相信，他的成功相当程度上应归功于积极利用白日做梦。他坚持说:“你尽可以想象自己的未来。”佛洛伦斯·南丁格尔曾梦想成为护士。年轻的托马斯·爱迪生也曾把自己想象成一位发明家。对这些著名的成功者来说，似乎他们的白日梦统统变成了现实。

哈里·埃默森·福斯迪克博士相信，我们想象自己成为什么样的人，结果往往就成为什么样的人。他劝告说:“在你的心目中树立起一个你自己的形象……，这样，你就会向这个形象靠拢。倘使你把自己惟妙惟肖地想象成一个失败者，单这一点就会使胜利化为泡影。你若把自己想象成一个胜利者，这将对你的成功起到不可估量的作用。如果你心目中没有一个确立的形象，你就会随波逐流……”

一些运动员的经历似乎证实了这种看法。例如，前撑杆跳冠军约翰·尤尔塞斯每次比赛前都使用白日做梦的技术。他想象自己赢得胜利。他逼真地想象自己在某一高度是怎样越过横竿的。他会把所有的细节一一地在脑海里审察一遍。他会想象到体育场和观众的情景。他甚至想象出草坪和泥土发出的气味。他说，这种想像力的运用在脑子里留下记忆痕。这些记忆痕将有助于他的临场发挥。

为什么脑子里的一个成功形象会有助于取得实际的成功?身为外科医生兼作家的马克斯韦尔·莫尔茨博士是这样解释的：“你的精神系统不能区别想象的经历和实际的经历。无论哪种情况，它都自动地对你给的信息作出反应……它对你信以为真或想象为实的情况做出恰当的反应。”

他相信，有目的的白日做梦在脑子里建立起新的“记忆”。这些积极的记忆可以改善一个人的自我形象。而自我形象对一个人的行动和成就有着重要的影响。

你会利用有意识的白日做梦来创造自己的前程吗?你不妨试一试。下面是那些相信白日做梦的创造性的人推荐的方法。选一个你能独自一人不受打扰的时间。闭上你的眼睛，让你的想像力更加自由地翱翔。许多人发现，如果假想自己坐在一个大的屏幕前，则可以获得最佳效果。他们可以将自己的理想的形象放映到这个屏幕上。

现在你就来尽可能生动地按你所希望的那样想象一下你自己吧。记住将你想达到的目标想象成似乎你已达到了。仔细琢磨一番这一图像的全部细节。每一个细节都要看得清楚、明晰。将这些细节深深地刻印在你的记忆里。这样生成的记忆痕，据信会影响你的日常生活。它们将帮助把你引向你要达到的目标。

当然，白日做梦绝不能代替艰苦的努力。如果你要在运动上有所成就，你还得进行大量的练习。你得努力提高技术。如果你要学业优异，你绝不能忽视学习。单是白日做梦不能使你功成名就，如愿以偿。但与较为通常的自我提高的方法结合起来，它就有可能起关键性的作用。是仅仅干得好一些，还是成为冠军，其差别往往在此一举。

假如研究人员所说是真，那么没有想入非非、白日做梦的生活就不可能是丰富多彩和富有成就的。因此研究人员建议每天留出几分钟用于白日做梦。这样做，可以改善你的身心健康。每天放上10分钟或15分钟的“假”，到想象的王国里去遨游一番，可以为你的生活增添许多兴奋和乐趣。说不定你真的会见到你的白日梦成为现实呢。

Unit 9 Song ofDefiance

他们用他们的唯一武器——歌喉——与纳粹对抗。

反抗之歌 弗格斯·博德威奇

当你行走在捷克共和国特雷津的雾气笼罩的铺着石子的街道上的时候，心里便会充满着这座村子的六十年前的景象，当时那里是一座塞满了绝望的奄奄一息的犹太人的纳粹集中营。然而，特雷津并非仅仅是个遭受苦难的地方，它还是个赢得胜利的场所。

特雷津曾经是处有点反常的展示橱窗。与奥斯威辛、特雷布林卡等灭绝人的集中营不同，纳粹将这座位于布拉格附近的村镇刻意打扮以欺骗世人。第二次世界大战期间的许多时间里，纳粹的宣传机器宣传犹太人在那里过着悠闲的生活，他们甚至利用被抓捕的犹太制片人杜撰情节拍摄了一部电影，展示“愉快的”犹太人在听讲座和在晒太阳。而现实却是迥然不同。这座原本只能容纳7千人的小镇如今却挤着5万8千个犹太人。几乎没有什么医疗设施，床上到处爬满虱子等害虫，厕所里污水外溢。曾在特雷津待过的15万人中，3万5千人死在那里，多数死于疾病和饥饿。

出于宣传目的，集中营方面也做过一些让步。党卫队只在城堡的外面设岗，营内日常活动由一个犹太人“长老委员会”监管。只要关押在里面的人的言行不引起纳粹的注意，该委员会装着视而不见。

于是，在弥漫着死亡的氛围中，作家勉强还能写，画家勉强还能画，作曲家勉强还能作曲。其中，有位名叫拉斐尔·沙克特的年约三十五、六的音乐指挥。他长得相貌堂堂，一头乌黑鬈发，显得很有魅力。在战前布拉格的浓浓的多元文化氛围中他刚崭露头角。纳粹逮捕他之前，他压根儿就没有想过他是犹太人。

他在集中营里关了经年累月，眼见越来越多的犹太人消失在东运的纳粹车辆中，沙克特对抓捕他的人的愤怒与日俱增。于是他想到了一个大胆的计划。

他用一句话向他的室友吐露了他的想法：“我们可以用歌声向纳粹表达我们无法向他们直接说的话。”

他们的武器便是威尔第的《安魂曲》。

沙克特想要说的话统统被掩饰在以上帝的愤懑和人类的解放为主题的《安魂曲》的拉丁词语中了。沙克特仅有的乐器只是从垃圾堆中找来的一架簧风琴，除此而外，他便只好靠人的嗓子了。为实施这一计划他全身心都投入了，他设法招募到150名歌手。

其中有一位是生着一对棕色眼睛的名叫马里安卡·梅的十多岁的少女。她每天得工作12小时，从擦窗户到为德军士兵制作烟荷包，什么都得干。然而晚上她常溜去参加合唱队，在那里，威尔第的音乐和沙克特的激情使她受到鼓舞。“没有拉斐尔·沙克特，我们不会活下来，”梅说。她是少数几位在战争中幸免于难的合唱队成员之一。“他用音乐拯救了我们。”

沙克特在簧风琴上强有力地奏出威尔第的崇高主题时，女高音和男声最高音歌手们， 男高音和男低音歌手们，强忍饥饿的折磨，均各就各位。他们只有唯一的一份乐谱，歌手们只得强行记住自已那部分的用拉丁文谱写的乐曲，而懂得拉丁文的，除沙克特外就很少有人了。

当他们排练被称之为“愤怒之日”的最主要的一章时，沙克特解释说，这意味着上帝将根据人们的所作所为来裁判所有的人——包括纳粹们，他们终将要为他们对犹太人犯下的罪行受到惩罚。“我们正在他们面前树立一面镜子，”他说，“他们逃脱不了末日的来临。”

尽管德国人在关押的人中安插了奸细，沙克特还是设法将合唱团排练的真正意图掩盖了起来。然而集中营的犹太長老们依然十分不安。“德国人会把合唱团的人统统放逐并绞死你们的，”他们在一次争论得异常激烈的会议上告诫沙克特说。

那天晚上，沙克特对合唱团的人说道：“我们在干的是一件危险的事情。如果哪位想走，请自便。”

没有一个人离开。

终于在1943年的秋天一切都准备就绪。在从前的一所健身房里，他们为关押在集中营的人们演出了第一场。有人找来一架缺了一条腿的旧钢琴，用一只板条箱支撑着。演出时，一位技师用一把钳子调音。

威尔第的音乐像电一般顷刻燃遍听众。许多人迄今仍记得那是他们一生中所遇到的最有震撼力的事件之一。《安魂曲》如同放在人们面前的佳肴，饥饿使得他们拚命地啃噬着。

在接下来的几个月中，《安魂曲》反复上演了数次，以便让更多的关在集中营的人们看到。

随后，沙克特接到集中营司令官的安排一场专场演出的命令。这场演出是为了欢迎国际红十字会的代表们的，他们被纳粹愚弄竟胡说什么犹太人在特雷津日子过得很舒适。来看的还有纳粹的高官们，其中一位是名叫阿道夫·艾希曼的党卫队的陆军中校。于是演出便成了无畏的犹太人与操纵灭绝犹太人计划者之间的一场面对面的对抗。

尽管作了最大努力，沙克特只能召集到60名合唱歌手。骨瘦如柴的他们聚集在小小的舞台上，艾希曼身着纳粹的全副戎装坐在前排。犹太人的目光直逼纳粹们，他们越唱越激昂：

愤怒之日到来之际必将这世界化为灰烬……审判来到之时颤栗吧……有仇必报。

演出结束，没有任何掌声。纳粹们默默地起身离座。艾希曼临走时，有人听到他得意地笑着说：“他们在给自己唱挽歌呢。”他永远也不会知道犹太人是在给他唱挽歌呢。

演出后不久，沙克特和合唱团的几乎全体团员便被装载进去奧斯威辛方问的车厢，没有人再看见过他。

马里安卡·梅是盟军到达特雷津后获得自由的人中的一个。“在那个集中营我什么都不相信，”梅说道，她眼神中呈现出的既有那弥漫着死亡的特雷津的街道也有如今所住的纽约州北部舒展的山丘。“那时我常对自己说，‘上帝在哪儿？如果上帝存在，那么他怎么会让这些孩子死去？’沙克特不是一个教徒，可是他通过音乐给予我们的不是上帝又是什么？”

Unit 10 The Fantastic Spurt inTechnology

阿尔文·托夫拉写道，今天技术的发展比历史上任何时候都快得多。技术的象征已不再是工厂的大烟囱抑或流水装配线了。在我们奔向未来之时，发展的速度将会更快。

工艺技术上不可思议的突飞猛进 A·托夫勒

对大多数人来说，“技术”这个词往往使人联想到浓烟滚滚的钢铁厂或是轰隆作响的机器。或许，技术的经典代表仍然是半个世纪之前亨利·福特首创的流水装配线。在电影《摩登时代》里，查理·卓别林则将流水装配线变成现代社会的象征。然而，这一象征并不完善，且易引起误解，因为技术从来就不仅仅是工厂和机器。中世纪发明的马轭导致了耕种方法的重大变革，它与几世纪后发明的贝西默鼓风炉一样是重大的技术进步。再者，除机器外，技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而这些技艺、方法的运用并不一定都要机器。技术包括促成化学反应的方法，包括养鱼、造林、剧院照明、选票统计以及历史教学的方法等等。

到了今天，旧的技术象征更会引起误解，因为当今最先进的工艺流程是在远离流水装配线和鼓风炉的地方进行的。实际上，在电子技术、太空技术以及大部分新兴工业中，安静和清洁的环境是其特色——有时甚至是必不可少的。而流水装配线——组织大批的人从事简单的重复性的劳动——已经过时。现在该是更换我们的技术象征的时候了——以便赶上技术本身越来越快的变化。

简要地回顾一下交通发展史，工艺技术的这种加速变化往往便可得到生动形象的说明。譬如，有人指出，在公元前6千年的时候，人类远距离交通的最快手段是骆驼运输队，平均每小时8英里。直到公元前大约1千6百年双轮马拉战车的发明，才将最高速度提高到每小时20英里。

双轮马拉战车是一项非常突出的发明，要超过它的最高速度实在困难。过了将近3千5百年，到了公元1784年，第一辆邮车在英国运行，其时速平均只有10英里。1825年问世的第一辆蒸汽机车，最高时速仅为13英里，而当时的大帆船仅以不到火车一半的速度在海上慢慢颠簸。大概直到19世纪80年代，人类借助一种更为先进的蒸汽机车，才达到每小时100英里的速度。达到这一记录，人类花了数百万年的时间。

然而，此后只用58年，就把这一速度提高到原先的4倍。到1938年，人们乘坐飞机旅行，时速超过400英里。后来，只用了20年瞬息功夫，这个速度就又翻了一番。到了20世纪60年代，火箭飞机的时速接近4千英里，而人们乘坐宇宙飞船则以1万8千英里的时速绕地球运行。

我们无论是考察旅行的距离，达到的高度，还是考察矿产的开采，这样一种加速的趋向都是显而易见的。这里，以及其它上千种的系统的统计资料里，都明白无误地呈现出这种模式。数千年过去了，然后，到了我们的时代，一切极限突然统统被打破，出现了不可思议的突飞猛进。

这一情况的出现，其原因在于技术自身的扶植作用。现有的技术使得更多的技术得以实现。只要我们稍许看一看革新的过程，就会一目了然。技术革新包含三个阶段，它们连在一起形成一个自我强化的循环。首先是一个创造性的可行的想法。其二是它的实际应用。第三，是它在社会上的推广。

当体现这一新思想的技术推广反过来帮助产生新的创造性思想的时候，这一过程就完成了，这个循环也就结束了。今天，有证据表明，这一循环的每一个步骤之间的时间已经缩短了。

因此，正如人们常常提到的，一个千真万确的情况是，从古到今的科学家中有90%的人活在今天的世界上，新的科学发现现在天天都有。这些新的思想现在比以往任何时候都得到更快的应用。这一循环过程的第一和第二阶段之间——即想法和应用之间——的时间已大大缩短。这一点是我们和我们祖先之间的一个引人注目的差别。这不是说我们比祖先更急于求成或较少懒惰，而是由于时间的推移，我们已经发明了各种社会手段来加速这一进程。

但是如果说，将新思想投入市场应用的时间缩短了的话，那么，它在全社会推广的时间也缩短了。举例说吧，在美国，电冰箱在1920年前就开始使用了，但是直到30多年之后，它的生产才达到高峰。然而到1950年的时候——只经过几年时间——电视已从实验室的一件新玩意儿发展成娱乐业的最大的组成部分了。所以这一循环过程的第二和第三阶段之间——即应用和推广之间——的间隔也同样缩短了，而推广的进程正以惊人的速度加快进行。

发明、应用、推广的加速反过来又更进一步加速了整个循环过程。因为新的机器、新的技术不仅是一种新的创造性思维的产物，而且是新的创造性思想的源泉。

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