一 : 原花青素(OPC)知识解析讲解(一)
原花青素（OPC）知识解析讲解（一）
1956年，英国的哈曼博士（Denham Harmam M.D.，Ph.D）提出了著名的《自由基衰老理论》。(www.61k.com）理论中，哈曼博士详细介绍了人类衰老和生病的原因：人体内氧化过程会释放一种活泼的有害物质--自由基，它带有一个不成对电子，在体内肆意掠夺其它分子的电子，破坏了细胞、DNA、RNA和蛋白质的结构，使体内细胞、组织、脏器的功能降低、而且不能被再修复，人体免疫系统功能下降，导致各种疾病的发生、甚至死亡。
自由基理论在国际上享有盛誉。细菌、病毒通过侵入感染人体而导致疾病，自由基是通过对各种细胞的氧化损伤导致人体器官和组织功能下降，进而引起疾病与衰老。医学界和抗衰老领域称自由基是“百病之源”，人类衰、老、亡的“元凶”。因此从根源上寻找清除人体自由基的物质--抗氧化剂，是目前医学界和抗衰老研究领域的研究的重要问题，也是人类长命百岁愿望实现的关键。
随着人们对自由基认识的不断深入，具有清除自由基功能的抗氧化产品越来越受到人们的重视，各种各样的抗氧化产品相继问世，如维生素C、维生素E、β-胡萝卜素、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、以及微量元素产品如硒、锗等。经过多年的市场检验、比较以及科学家们的反复论证，从安全性、质量稳定性、抗氧化活性能力、资源、食品要求等因素综合分析，结论是原花青素(OPC)是最值得推广应用的产品。
在欧美等发达国家，以原花青素(OPC)为主要原料的化妆品、膳食补充剂已经被广泛应用多年，人们每天补充或者使用原花青素 (OPC)产品已经形成一种良好的生活习惯，就如同每天补充维生素一样。与注重疾病预防为主的西方健康观念相比较，其实从古代我国就有‘是故圣人不治已病治未病，不治已乱治未乱，此之谓也’的名言。注意加强日常身体锻炼和养护，提前预防衰老以及各种慢性病变的发生，对于降低疾病造成的身心痛苦、家庭负担、提高生活质量有着重要的现实意义。
原花青素（原花青素(OPC):Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins，）属于植物多酚类物质，是一种强力抗氧化剂，能够清除我们身体内部的氧自由基。原花青素(OPC)只存在于自然界部分植物中，而且
原花青素 原花青素(OPC)知识解析讲解(一)
含量非常低（≤5%），所以人们在日常饮食中摄取不到足量的原花青素(OPC)。(www.61k.com]早期的原花青素(OPC)原料大部分来源于松树皮，后来发现从葡萄籽中提取的原花青素(OPC)纯度更高、质量更好、功效更强，因而成为国际市场上生产原花青素(OPC)的最主要原料。
原花青素简史
1534-1535年的冬天，有一队法国人正在现加拿大魁北克地区的圣劳伦斯河中航行探险，由于时值寒冬，河水结冰，船队被困，船员们依靠船上储藏的十粮维生，吃不到任何新鲜蔬菜。这样没过多久，船员们就发觉他们的身体莫名其妙地变得虚弱了，其中有些人甚至表现出了可怕的病症：关节疼痛，皮肤出现巨大红褐色斑点，牙龈肿胀溃烂，牙齿松动脱落。不久，一些体质较弱的人就在绝望中死去了，恐惧笼罩着整个船队。当时尚没有人知道这就是被后人称为的坏血病。也没有人知道只要人体摄入的维生素C量不足就会导致这种病。事实上，16世纪的远洋探险队员们有许多人中因患坏血病而客死他乡。然而这些法国人是幸运的，他们遇到一个印地安土著人并从此人处获得治疗这种病的方法，那就是将当地一种松树的树皮和松针捣碎熬汤，然后将汤喝下，剩余的残渣涂敷在患病的关节等处。法国人终于幸免于难；心有余悸的探险队长将这段可怕的经历详细地记录在他的探险日志里。船长的本意是要告诉他国内的同胞探险美洲的艰辛，然而他万没想到，他的日志启发了许多后来的科学家。维生素C的发现与此有关，而最为重要的是到了本世纪40年代，法国科学家马斯魁勒博士受之启发，发现了抗氧化剂-原花青素(OPC)的第一个可用于商业生产的资源-松树皮。
本世纪20年代，匈牙利伟大的科学家Albert Szent-Gyorgy博士发现了维生素C，并因此而获得诺贝尔奖，被世人尊称为维生素C之父。由于维生素C可针对性地治疗坏血病，因而开始时维生素C被形象地称为抗坏血酸。不久，加拿大的科学家成功地在实验室里合成出了维生素C，Albert Szent-Gyorgy博士的维生素C是从植物中提取而得的，相对于合成的维生素来说，从植物中提取的维生素C被人们戏称为“粗品”维生素C，因为提取维生素C的纯度不高，而合成的维生素C则是100％的纯度。人们想当然地推论：合成维生素C对坏血病的治疗作用应强于所谓的“粗品”维生素C。然
原花青素 原花青素(OPC)知识解析讲解(一)
而实验的结果却正好相反，合成的维生素C几乎没有抗坏血病的功效。(www.61k.com）这一结果使Albert Szent-Gyorgy博士坚信提取的维生素C中另外还含有一种物质，该物质与维生素C协同对抗坏血病。Albert Szent-Gyorgy博士研究的结果是一种叫做黄酮的化学物质，由于这种物质可以降低血管的渗透性(Permeability)，依据维生素C的命名原则，Albert Szent-Gyorgy博士将其命名为维生素P。遗憾的是由于当时的分离技术，Albert Szent-Gyorgy博士并没有真正地分离出“维生素C伴随剂”，而自然界黄酮种类很多，其他人用另一种黄酮则重复不出Albert Szent-Gyorgy博士的实验结果，并且因为未分离出“真正的维生素P”。因此也无法确定人体缺乏它时是否“真的不能维持正常的生理机能”而这是判定一种物质是否真正属于维生素的标准。这样，“维生素C之父”的“二公子”维生素P未得到世人的认可。1950年，美国FDA判定维生素P是一个错误的概念，宣布取消，这样，维生素P终于被“判了死刑”。然而这一切并没有否定“维生素C伴随剂”的存在。最终完成这一研究课题的是法国科学家马斯魁勒博士。
二战后的法国，物资极度匾乏。为了解决牲口的饲料问题，法国农业部决定将落花生下脚料利用起来，这其中包括花生皮和花生仁的包衣。但法国农民抱怨说他们的牲畜并不喜欢吃这种饲料。农业部的官员们想知道“法国的牲畜们为什么如此挑食，是否是因为花生皮或仁的包衣中含有什么有毒物质？”农业部将这一研究课题委托给法国科学院，科学院将这一课题委托给法国波尔多大学研究生院，最后这一任务落在了一位才华横溢的年轻人身上,他就是当时正在波尔多大学研究生院做博士论文的年仅25岁的马斯魁勒，他出色地完成了任务。他首先证明这种饲料没有任何毒性，然后推断说，牲畜们之所以不喜欢吃是因为在花生仁的包衣中含有一种此前还从未被人分离鉴定过的物质：黄酮类化合物原青花素(英文缩写原花青素(OPC))，这种物质的味道非常苦涩。至此，应该说法国农业部的疑问已经被完全澄清了。然而马斯魁勒并没有就此终止研究，因为他在实验中发现一个有趣的现象：当把花生的包衣中提取出来的原花青素(OPC)喂养实验动物时，动物的血管强度在短时间内就可以提高一倍，血管的渗透性明显降低；用患水肿的老鼠做实验，水肿症状可得到明显改善。他把这一实验
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原花青素 原花青素(OPC)知识解析讲解(一)
结果报告给他的导师--研究生院的院长。[www.61k.com)院长对此也很感兴趣，因为当时院长夫人正怀有身孕，像许多孕妇一样，正经受着水肿的煎熬，腿肿得几乎无法走路。“既然马斯魁勒证明是无毒的，”院长想，“我何不在夫人身上试试呢？”结果，院长夫人成为第一个原花青素(OPC)的受益者，没用多少天，她的肿胀的腿就完全恢复了，这证明原花青素(OPC)是效果显著的血管增强剂。从此开始，马斯魁勒将其毕生投入对原花青素(OPC)的研究开发上了。
随后，马斯魁勒又陆续证明原花青素(OPC)是广泛存在于植物界的一种属于多酚的物质。具有极强的抗氧化性，一般只存在于果实的皮及植物的木质部，其作用主要是保护植物中易氧化的成分，如花生仁中的油脂，但由于一般含量都很低，虽然已证明了它可用于调节血管机能，但无法用于大规模的商业生产而失去实际意义。
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二 : 初三英语unit11 Sad movies make me cry课文知识点讲解
unit 11 sad movies make me cry
课文重难点详解
section a
1. i’d rather go to blue ocean because i like to listen to quiet music while i’m eating.
【解析】’d rather 是would rather 的缩写形式，“宁愿；宁可；更喜欢”，后跟动词原形
【肯定句：would rather do sth. =prefer to do sth.
i would rather stay at home because it’s cold outside.
【XX四川达州】32. —walking more is good for our health.
—you’re right. so i’d rather ____ an hour’s walk to work than consider ______ a car.
a. take; driving b. take; drive c. take; to drive d. to take; driving
【否定句：would rather not do sth 宁愿不做某事
( ) he would rather _______ to jazz.
a. not listen b. not to listen c. not listening d. listen not
【疑问句：将would 提到句首
would you rather stay at home or play tennis with us?
would rather do sth than do sth （than 所连接的词语必须与前面的词语在词性和结构上保持一致
i would rather ________(watch) tv at home than________(go) out for a walk.
【XX湖北襄阳3】— driving less, walking more is good for our health.
— so i'd rather an hour's walk to work than consider a car.
a. take, drive b. take, to drive c. take, driving d. taking, driving
=would do sth rahte than do sth =prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
(表示在两者之间进行选择）
— what a heavy rain! — so it is. i prefer______ rather than _____ on such a rainy day.
a. to go out; stay at home b. to stay at home; go out
c. going out; stay at home d. staying at home ; go out
2. but that music makes me sleepy. 但是那种音乐会让我昏昏欲睡。( 1c )
【解析1】主语+make sb. +adj.意为“使某人感到……; 使……处于某种状态” 。
the color red makes me nervous. 红色会使我紧张。
【拓展1】：make （made，made)的用法
as for our next meeting, let’s make it the day after tomorrow.
【make 构成的短语】
make tea 泡茶 make faces 做鬼脸 make sure 查明，弄清
make kites 制作风筝
make the bed 整理床铺
make sentences 造句
make a noise 制作噪音
make mistakes 犯错
make money 赚钱
make progress 取得进步 make friends with… 与……交朋友
make a telephone 打电话 make fun of 取笑
make one’s at home
随便，不拘束
make a milk shake
制作一份奶昔
make a living谋生 make up 组成，编造
be made up of 由……组 make a plan 制定计划
make one’s plan
制定某人的计划
make a decision 做决定
make one’s mind 下定决心 make one’s bed 整理床铺 make tea 沏茶
【拓展2】make 构成的词组
(1) be made of +材料(看得出原材料) “被用……制成” ,
the table is made of wood.
( ) in the old days, dai people usually lived in the traditional buildings. this kind of buildings were
______bamboo and wood.
a. made in b .made of c. made out d. made from
(2) be made from+材料 (看不出原材料) “被用……制成” ,
(3) be made in +产地 “在某地制造……”
(4) be made up of … =consist of“被…… 构成”
【拓展3】make 构成的句型
(1) make sb/sth + 形容词 “让某人或某物…” make you happy
可用到的形容词有：happy，pleased，surprised，angry，annoyed，sad，upset，unhappy，worried，anxious excited，relaxed，stressed out，tense，calm，scared，comfortable，sick …
mr. liu usually makes his lesson interesting so that we all like to listen to him in class.
【XX鄂州】— i’m very tired these days because of the senior high school entrance examination（中考）.
—why not______music? it can make you ______.
a. listen to; relaxed b. to listen to; relaxed c. listen to; relax d. to listen to; to relax
28. overseas experience may help make our life ______. so why not try to study abroad?
a.usual b. useful c. successful d. traditional
(2) make sb./sth do sth “使某人/物做某事” make me laugh.
( ) colors can change our moods and make us ___ happy or sad, energetic or sleep.
a. to feel b. feeling c. felt d. feel
【XX江苏盐城】68. scientists are working hard to make the dream ________(come) true.
— you look so tired. — my mother makes me ____ playing the piano for 2 hours every day.
a. practice b. to practice c. practicing
【XX贵州六盘水】37. the teacher spoke loudly in order to make the students ____ her.
a. hear b. hearing c. heard d. to hear
(3)be made to do sth “被让去做某事”
【XX四川内江】the students in this school are made ___ school uniforms on monday.
a. to wear b. wearing c. wear d. worn
【XX浙江杭州】many fast food restaurants paint their walls red,play loud music and have hard
sea ts_____ customers eat quickly and leave.
a. make b.to make c.made d.making
【XX山东烟台】30.—would you mind not _____ noise? alice is sleeping.
—sorry, i didn’t know. i _____ she was awake.
a.make ; think b.making; thought c.making; think d.make ; thought
28. overseas experience may help make our life ______. so why not try to study abroad?
a.usual b. useful c. successful d. traditional
【拓展3】make it 习惯用语，及时赶到，到达目的地
● make it 办成功，做到，赶到 i think we’ll just make it.
● 及时到达；赶上 the train leaves in five minutes, we’ll never make it!
● 约定（时间）
【XX山东菏泽】2.—we decide to make ____ a rule for us room-mates to turn off the lights at 10:30pm.
a. that b.this c.it d.one
3. waiting for amy drove tina mad. 等待艾美令缇娜有点抓狂。( 2b )
【解析1】动名词做主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数 wait for 等待
______ (say) is easy, ______(do) is difficult. 说起来容易，做起来难
【XX四川内江】our english teacher often says to us, “ ______english well is very important”.
a. learn b. learning c. learned d. to learning
【解析2】 drive → drove→driven ① v 驾驶 v迫使 → driver n 司机
drive to （开车去） go for a drive 开车兜风(for 表示目的)
②drive v. 迫使 drive sb.+adj.使某人怎样
(1)drive sb. crazy/mad =make sb. crazy使某人发疯/发狂
(2)drive sb. to do sth 驱使某人做某事
( ) hunger drove him ______.
a.steal b.stealing c.to steal d.steals
4. the movie was so sad that it made tina and amy ________ . ( 2b )
【解析】“主语+谓语+so +adj./adv. +that +句子”引导结果状语从句，“如此……以至于……”。
【XX四川泸州】8. the movie is wonderful i want to see it again
a. too; to b. so; that c. as; as d. so; as
【辨析】so… that … /so that
（1）so＋形容词或副词＋that ...引导的肯定的结果状语从句“如此……以至于……”
i studied so hard that i got the first place.
( ) ⑴the camera is __________expensive__________ i can't afford it.
a. so, that b. such, that c. so, as to d. enough, that
( ) ⑵―__________fine day it is today!
―yes, the sunshine is______ beautiful that i'd like to go swimming in the sea.
a. how, such b. what a, very c. how, so d. what a, so
so＋形容词或副词＋that ...引导的否定的结果状语从句，“如此……以致于不能……”。
( ) miss gao asked a question, but it was_____ that nobody could answer it
a. very difficult b. too difficult c. difficult enough d. so difficult
(2)so that“以便……;为了……”,引导目的状语从句。
从句中常使用can /could /may /might /will /would /should等情态动词或助动词；
i study hard so that i can have a good future.
( ) she bought a digital camera online____ she would save a lot of time.
a. so that b. as soon as c. no matter d. such that
5.john: did you have fun with amy last night?
tina: well ... yes and no. she was really late.
【解析1】have fun =have a good time/ great time = enjoy oneself 玩的开心
have fun with sb. 和某人玩的开心 have fun doing sth 很愉快做某事
【XX嘉兴】—i’m really tired. i have to stop running. —_______, jim. you can make it.
a. come on b. take care c. have fun d. good luck
【XX绍兴】—i’m sorry i have broken the chair. —_______. i can easily get it repaired.
a. that’s true b. you’re welcome c. never mind d. sounds fun
【解析2】yes and no “既是又不是；不能说定”。表示对某一问题的两可回答，
—were you surprised when you received something from andy?
—well, yes and no. i knew he would send me something. but i just wasn’t sure what it would be.
6. i’m not sure what to do about it.
【解析1】sure ① adj.确信的，确实的； 一定的make sure 确保，核实，查收，弄清楚
be sure to do sth 一定要做某事 be sure not to do sth 千万不要做某事
be sure +that 从句 相信；对......有把握 be sure about /of+n/pron 确信......., 对.......有把握
( ) you need to take notes at meeting so make sure ____a pen and a piece of paper with you.
a. bring b. bringing c. to bring d. brought
②adv.当然； 确实地； 无疑地=certainly = of course
—can i borrow these magazines?
—sure / certainly / of course. 当然可以。
【解析2】what to do做什么
【辨析】what to do和how to do it 的区别
这两个短语都是特殊疑问词加不定式构成的，相当于宾语从句。
what to do是完整的（what是do的宾语），表示做什么，故不定式后不可再加宾语
i don't know what to do. (= i don't know what i can do .)
how to do是不完整的（how提问方式），必须加上do的宾语，表示如何做......一般情况do后必须加上宾语。how 是副词,强调方式方法, what是代词,充当do的宾语
i don't know how to do it=i don't know what to do
【XX四川雅安】students should learn how problems.
a. solve b. solving c. can solve d. to solve
【XX山东青岛2】— excuse me. could you please tell me ______ my car?
— sure. park it right here. i’ll help you.
a. how to stop b. where to park c. where to stop d. when to park
【XX青海1】— i don’t know ______ next.
— you’d better finish your homework first.
a. what to do b. how to do c. when to do
【XX龙东地区】－excuse me .could you please tel l me ________ my car?
－sure. park it right here. i’ll help you.
a. how to stop b. where to park c. when to park
【XX山东济宁4】 — i will go to harbin for my summer vacation. what about you?
— i haven’t decided where ________.
a. go b. went c. going d. to go
7. what happened? 发生了什么事( 2d )
【解析】(1) happen v “发生” 不及物动词，没有被动语态 ，主语是物，强调某事发生的偶然性
(1) “sth.+happen+地点/时间”，“某地/某时发生了某事”
what’s happening outside? 外面发生什么事了?
(2) sth. happen to sb. 某事发生在某人身上
a car accident happened to him yesterday. 昨天他发生了交通事故。
what happened to you?=what was wrong with him?
(3) sb. happen to do sth. 某人碰巧做某事
she happened ________(be) out when we called.
【拓展】take place 发生，指事情有计划有安排地发生
the sports meeting took place in our school last week.
【XX四川泸州】7. can you tell me what happened him just now?
a. with b. for c. to d. at
【XX山东菏泽】look, so many people are running out of the station. i wonder what ____.
a. is happened b.was happening c.is happening d. had happened
8.well, the more i got to know julie, the more i’ve realized that we have a lot in common.
【解析】(1) “the+形容词或副词比较级(+句子), the+形容词或副词比较级(+句子)”
“越……越…..”。表示一方的程度随着另一方的变化而变化，其中的两个the都是副词,而不是冠词。
the harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
【XX黔西南3】 —remember this , children . ______careful you are , ______mistakes you will make .
—we know , mr. li .
a.the more; the more b.the fewer; the more c. the more; the fewer d. the less; the less
【XX茂名3】130. ________ you hit the horse, _______ it will go.
a.hard; fast b.the hard; the fast c.the harder; the faster
【XX达州4】—my teachers often encourage me ______ more friends but i find it difficult.
—your teachers’ idea is right. the more friends you make, ______ you will be.
a. to make; the more happy b. to make; happier
c. making; the happier d. to make; the happier
【XX昆明4】—it’s smoggy these days. that’s terrible!
—yes, i hope to plant trees. ______ trees, ______air pollution.
a. the more; the fewer b. the less; the more
c. the less; the fewer d. the more; the less
【XX湖南益阳】 — as a student, we should study hard.— yes, _____ we study, ____ results we’ll get.
a.the hard; the good b.the harder; the best c.the harder; the better.
【解析2】have …in common “有共同点；相似”
my sister and i have only one thing in common. 我和姐姐只有一个共同点。
cathy had very little ________ _________ (共同之处） with her sister.
9.umm ... it makes alice unhappy because she thinks julie is now better friends with me than with her.
【解析】friend n 朋友 → friendly adj. 有好的 (反）unfriendly → friendship n 友谊
【记】we are good ________. she is ________ to others. i believe our _________will last forever. (friend)
【XX上海中考】i plan to enter for a summer camp with a friend of_________. (me)
(1) make friends 交朋友
(2) make friends with sb. 与某人交朋友
(3)be friendly to 对….友好
【XX十堰中考】 it’s very friendly ________ him to help me when i’m in trouble.
a. of b. with c. to d. in
(4)be friends with sb是某人的朋友
【XX山东枣庄】 of all the teachers i love the ones who are ____ because they treat students as their
family members.
a. the strongest b. the friendliest c. the most experienced d. the funniest
【XX江苏扬州】—my friend has achieved his goal after years of hard work. —great! ________.
a. one tree can't make a forest b. where there is a will, there is a way
c. many hands make light work d. a friend in need is a friend indeed
【XX河北中考】27. we must protect plants. they are friends of ______.
a. we b. us c. our d. ours
9. mmm ... why don’t you ask alice to join you each time you do something with julie?
【解析1】why don’t +sb.+do sth.? =why not + do sth.? 为何不……？
用来提出建议或劝告。
why don’t you go with us? =why not go with us?
【XX年丹东】40. — look! it’s raining heavily! _______ take a raincoat with you?
—well, i’ll take one right now.
a. why not b. why don’t c. would you mind d. would you like
【XX黑龙江龙东】 20.－you look too tired. why not ________ a rest ? －sounds good.
a. stop having b. to stop having c. stop to have
–i hear there’s a good french restaurant nearby. why not _____ there for lunch?–yeah, let’s go.
a. go b. going c. to go
【XX南京中考】15. – we can invite our teachers to the farewell party next saturday.
-- yes, ______? i’ll call them at once.
a. what for b. what c. why not d. why
【XX江西中考】34.-- why don't you join us for breakfast? -- sure! ______
a. good luck! b. congratulations! c. what to do? d. why not?
【XX黔西南州】10. ---what’s the weather like in your hometown? ---__________
a. yes, i like it. b. it’s warm in winter. c. why not? d. yes, very much.
【XX江苏无锡】14. —are you willing to live on mars one day?
— _______. it sounds exciting. but it still worries me.
a. of course i am b. i’m not sure c. why not? d. are you joking?
【解析2】each time 名词词组, 充当连词引导时间状语从句, 意为“每一次……”,
类似的词组还有every time, next time, last time, the first time等。
you should take off your shoes first each time you enter the room.
10. then she won’t feel left out. 然后她就不会觉得被忽略( 2d )
【解析】leave out 不包括；不提及；忽略
to be /feel left out (感觉）被遗忘；（感觉）被忽略
no one speaks to him, he always feels left out. 没人跟他讲话，他总是觉得被人冷落。
( ) he had been asked to the party and was feeling left _____.
a.behind b.out c.off d.over
【拓展】leave (left;left)短语;
leave out 搁置；不考虑 leave behind 忘带，留下 leave for 出发 leave off 停止做某事
11. a long time ago, in a rich and peaceful country,there lived an unhappy king.( 3a )
【解析】there lived 曾经住着
12.he slept badly and didn’t feel like eating anything. 他睡眠不好，而且不想吃东西。( 3a )
【解析1】feel like doing sth.=want to do sth. “想要做……”, 此处like为介词，意为“相似；类似； i feel like going out for a walk . = i want to go out for a walk.我想出去散散步。
【拓展】feel like 的其他用法
(1) 表示“摸起来像……” it feels like silk. 这东西摸起来像丝绸。
(2) 表示“感觉像(是)……” my legs feel like cotton wool.
(3) 表示“有……的感觉” i’m surprised that he feels like that.
(4) 表示“给人的感觉（像）是……”i was only there two days, but it felt like a week.
(5) 表示“想吃或喝……” do you feel like a drink?
【辨析】feel like / would like
ⅰ.feel like 与would like 意思很相近，但feel like 后面常跟名词；动名词。
构成：feel like (doing) sth.
would like 一般接名词；动词不定式。构成：would like (to do) sth.的句式。
① i feel like (having) a drink. = i would like (to have) a drink.
② do you feel like talking a walk. = would you like to take a walk?
③ i don’t feel like eating.
ⅱ.feel like 还表示：“觉得好像，摸起来像”。 it feels like silk.
13.his face was always pale as chalk. 他总是面色 苍白。( 3a )
【解析】(as) pale as chalk 是一种明喻修辞结构, chalk是一种白色的石灰岩，汉语描述不健康的人面部
颜色时常用“白”字，如“煞白；苍白；灰白”等等，英语常用pale来表达。
you look as pale as chalk today. what’s wrong with you?
14.he often cried for no reason( 3a )
【解析】for no reason 没有理由的；无缘无故
【XX谷城县】—sally is ill. do you know what’s the matter with her?
—poor girl. her illness is the_________ of eating unhealthy food.
a. cause b. reason c. result d. end
15. one day, a doctor was called in to examine the king.
【解析1】call in 召来，叫来 call in the doctor at once. 马上去请医生来。
(1) call sb. in “召来；叫来”。
(2) call sth. in “下令收回；要求退回”。
he only waited two minutes before he was called in.
call短语归纳
call back 唤回，叫回； ___________ 回电话，再打电话
call up (给……)打电话； ___________ 想起，回忆起
call away 叫走，叫开
【解析2】examine v (仔细）检查，检验 → n examination
examine sb. on /in sth对某人进行......的考试
( ) the students will be examined ______ all subject at the end of the term.
a.in b.at c.with d.for
16. neither medicine nor rest can help him. 无论是药物还是休息都帮不了他。( 3a )
【解析】 neither...nor...“既不……也 不……； ……和……都不”，
其含义是否定的，可连接任意两个并 列的成份,谓语动词的单复数采取“就近原则”。
i have neither money nor time.
neither tom nor his sisters were at home.
【辨析1】both, either & neither
★neither表示“两者都不”， 作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。
neither of his parents is a doctor. 他的父母都不是医生。
★both表示“两者都”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
both of his parents are doctors. 他的父母都是医生。
★either表示“两者中的任何一个”，作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。
either of his parents is a doctor. 他的父母中有一个是医生。
【辨析2】either...or ... ; both ... and .../neither...nor...
(1) either… or….意为“或者……或者……;不是……就是……”，
表示两者之一，连接句子中两个并列的成分，谓语动词的单复数采取“就近原则”。
either you or i am going there tomorrow.
(2) both … and…“既……又……”, 连接任意两个并列成份，做主语是谓语动词用复数。
both you and i are going there tomorrow.
(3) neither…nor 既不……也不，谓语动词跟最近的主语一致。
neither he nor i am from beijing.
【XX福建莆田】25. —which drink would you like, fruit juice or milk?
—_______, because i have a stomachache.
a. neither b. either c. both
【XX山东泰安】23.i made a call to my parents yesterday, but ____ of them answered it.
a.either b.none c.neither d.nobody
【XX山东烟台】— can you come on monday or tuesday, scott?
— i’m afraid ____ is possible . i’ll be on business on those two days.
a.either b.neither c.every d.each
28. —which jacket do you prefer, this one or that one? —_____ is ok. i don’t care too much.
a.both b.either c.neither d.all
【XX福州中考】33. —tim, how do your parents like pop music?
— ____ my dad ___ my mom likes it. they both prefer classical music.
a. either ...or b.neither ... nor c.not only ... but also
【XX四川宜宾】28. — i’m not going swimming this afternoon.
— ______. i have to help my mother do some cleaning.
a. so am i. b. so i am. c. neither am i. d. neither i am.
【XX重庆b卷】28. --- would you like coffee or tea? --- ________. some water, please.
a. both b. neither c. either d. all
【XX兰州中考】37.—i’m not going swimming tomorrow afternoon.
— _____ . i have to clean up my bedroom.
a.so am i b.neither am i c. neither i am d. so i am
【XX四川遂宁】33. — will you go to peter’s party this saturday evening?
—i haven’t decided yet. if you don’t go ,____.
a. so will i b. neither do i c. neither will i
25.— which do you like better, han han or guo jingming? — _____. in fact, i prefer jiang fangzhou.
a. either b. neither c. both d. all
17. i’m always worried about losing my power. many people are trying to take my position.
【解析1】worry v 担心 → worried adj. 焦急的 be worried about =worry about 担心
we are all worried about my grandpa’s health.
【XX广东佛山】－peter has hurt his leg. －__________.
a.it doesn’t matter b.don’t worry about it c.i’m sorry to hear that
【XX四川泸州】1. —let’s go out for a picnic on sunday. — .
a. good idea. b. here you are. c. nice to meet you. d. don’t worry about it.
【XX浙江衢州】24. it’s a bad habit to ______ what you can do today until tomorrow.
a. write down b. talk about c. worry about d. put off
【解析2】 try v 试图，设法，努力
【拓展】 (1)try on 试穿 (2) try to do sth 努力做某事 【侧重尽力做】
(3) try doing sth 试图做某事 【侧重尝试做】
(4)try one’s best to do sth= do one’s best to do sth 尽某人最大努力做某事
【XX 浙江衢州】many children are left alone in the countryside. let’s try our best them.
a. help b. helping c. to help d. helps
— i didn’t hear you come in just now.— that’s good. we tried _______ any noise, for you were sleeping.
a. not make b. not to make c. to make d. making
【解析3】 take one’s position 取代某人的位置=take one’s place he takes my position/place.
18. i have a lot of wealth, but i’m always worried about losing my money(3a )
【解析】wealth n 财富 → wealthy adj. 富有的(比较级 wealthier ;最高级wealthiest
be wealthy in ......丰富 health is better than wealth 健康胜于财富
19. it’s true that i’m famous and everyone loves my songs.(3a )
【解析】 it’s+ adj. +that 从句 某事/做某事是怎样的
it is important that we all should attend the meeting.
20. i’m always worried about being followed by others.
【解析】be followed by 被跟随
follow v 跟随，跟着→ following adj. 下述的，接着的
follow sb. to do sth 跟随某人做某事 as follow 如下
follow one’s example 效仿他人的作法 follow one’s nose凭直觉行事
lightning was quickly followed by heavy thunder.
21. …find a happy man in three day’s time.
【解析】 in three days’ time 3天的时间
【注】： in+时间段 在一段时间内，用于将来时
i will be back in three days. 我三天之内回来。
【XX山东泰安】— ____ will your father come back from beijing? —in two days.
a.how often b.how long c.how far d.how soon
【XX福州中考】 —_____ can i get the ipad if i place an order today? —in about three days, sir.
a. how soon b. how long c. how often
22. the loud music makes me nervous.
【解析】(1)主语+make sb. +adj.意为“使某人感到……;使……处于某种状态”，
make的宾语后面可跟名词、形容词、分词来充当宾语的补足语。
the color red makes me nervous. 红色会使我紧张。
(2)主语+make sb. +动词原形(不能带动词不定式符号to)意为“……使某人做某事”。
the exciting music makes me want to dance.
【XX重庆38】he lost his key．it made him in the cold to wait for his wife’s return．
a. to stay b. stayed c. stays d. stay
(3) be made to do sth 被迫做某事
we were made to work days and nights.我们被迫日夜工作。
23. to start with, it was cloudy and grey.
【解析】 to start with“首先”,= first或firstly, 用于句首,表示事情发生的先后顺序。
to start with, let's listen to some relaxing music.
【start短语】 start to do sth/ start doing sth开始做某事
from start to finish 自始自终
( ) she was shy to start with ,but then she got more confident.
a.end with b.to begin with c.at last d.at the end of
【XX山东菏泽】welcome to our school ,ladies and gentlemen. ____ , i’d like to introduce myself.
a.to be honest b.to my surprise c.to start with d.to tell you the truth.
24.that made me disappointed.
【解析】disappoint vt.1. 使(人)失望 2. 使破灭；使落空→disappointed→ disappointing
(1) disappoint sb.“使某人失望” (2) disappointed指人，表“感到失望的”
常用表达有：
①be disappointed at sth. 对......感到失望 ②be disappointed with sb.; 对某人感到 失望
③be disappointed to do sth.; 很失望做某事
we were all disappointed at the news that our picnic was cancelled because of the rain.
（3）disappointing指物，表“令人失望的”
a disappointment表示“一件令人失望的事”或“令人扫兴的人”；
to one's disappointment表示“使某人失望的是”，
the disappointing news disappointed me.
= the disappointing news made me disappointed.
①i was very ____________ (disappoint), because i didn’t pass my final exam.
unit 11 sad movies make me cry
section b
1. the general finds a happy person with power, money and fame. ( 1a )
【解析】 with 表伴随, “带着……, 与…… 一起, 随着, 有”;
反义词: without “没有”。后面均可接名词或动名词。 he left without saying a word.
【XX山东济宁】17. meimei is a beautiful girl _______ big eyes and dark hair.
a. in b. on c. at d. with
【XX江苏淮安】4. the old man can’t hear us well because there’s something wrong with his ______.
2. peter kept his eyes on the ground …皮特盯着地面……( 2b )
【解析】 keep one’s eyes on sth. “盯着……” “留意；照看”。
i need to go out for a while. would you please keep an eye on my son?
【XX甘肃白银】48. some of the tired students keep their eyes _____ in breaks.
a. opened b. close c. closed d. open
3.he felt a heavy weight on his shoulders english.as he walked home alone
【解析1】weigh v 称.....的重量；衡量 →weight n 重量
what’s his ______________(weigh).?
【短语】 lose weight 减肥 gain/put on weght 增肥
28. —does mary only have an apple for breakfast? — yes. she eats like a bird_____
a.to wake up b.to be strong c.to lose weight d. to fall asleep
【解析2】shoulder n 肩；肩膀 on one’s shoulder 在某人的双肩上 shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩的
4.how could he have missed scoring that goal?( 2b )
【解析】 could have done表示“过去本能够做某事但未做”, 包含“责备”意义。
how could he have been such a fool
5. he had let his whole team down.
【解析1】 let sb. down “不能帮助；不能支持(某人)；使失望；放下；降低”
let sb. down =make sb. frustrated使……失望或沮丧
( ) jim works hard at his lessons. he doesn’t want to _____.
a. let down his parents b. let down us c. let his parents sad d. let his parents up
【拓展】down短语：
go down下降，降低,被载入，传下去
take down记下，写下
die down渐渐消失，平息
let down放下，降低,使失望
write down写下，记下
put down记下，放下,镇压，平定
turn down(把音量)调低
cut down砍倒
fall down倒下,跌倒
up and down上上下下
turn down 把音量)调低
go down the street沿着这条街走
walk down ...沿着...走
look down upon
let sb. down 让某人失望
sit down 坐下
lie down躺下,躺倒
【XX江苏泰州】62.our teachers often tell us __ __ (calm) down first when we are in danger.
【XX贵州遵义】the book of poems written by indian poet, tiger, is so amazing that i can’t _____.
a. put it down b. put it off c. put it out
【解析2】all/ whole辨析
ⅰ. 二者意义（“全部、都、整个”）相同，然而词序不同。
ⅱ. all用于冠词，所有格或其它“限定词”之前。 whole 则用于冠词之后。
① all the time. ────→the whole time.全部时间
② all my life ────→the whole life.我的一生
ⅲ. 如果没有冠词，或其它限定词，whole不能与单数名词连用。可以说：
① the whole city was burning.但不能说：whole london was burning.
ⅳ.whole 和 all 与复数名词连用时意思不同。whole 的意思为“全部”，而all的意思则近乎“每一个”
ⅴ. whole 一般不用来修饰不可数名词（包括物质名词）
① 可以说：all the money 或all the wine
② 不可以说：the whole money 或the whole wine.
③ the whole of = whole 与单数名词连用。它用于冠词、所有格之前。
the whole of the time. the whole of my life the whole of this confusion
【XX云南中考】21.i hope i’ll travel all over the world one day.
a.the next day b.in the future c. at that time d.the whole day
6.his team lost the game because of him.
【解析】 because/ because of辨析
ⅰ. because 是连词，后接句子， 是主句的直接原因，常用来回答由why 引导的特殊疑问句。
① he is not here today because he is ill,
② --why are you in a hurry? --because i want to catch the first bus.
ⅱ.because of 是复合介词，后接名词或代词，相当于名词词组。
he can’t come because of illness. 他生病了，所以没来。
【XX山东东营】scientists say that banana trees may disappear(消失) from the world ___banana cancer.
a. because of b. instead of c. as for d. together with
7. he was really worried that his coach might kick him off the team.( 2b )
【解析】 kick v. 踢; 踹 kick sb. off =kick sb. out of sth. 开除某人
（ ）he will be kicked ______ the team if he break the rule again.
a.in b.off c.out d.up
8. as soon as he walked through the door, his father asked, “what’s wrong, son?”
【解析】 as soon as表示“一……就……”，引导时间状语从句，遵循“主将来，从现在”，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时
【XX江苏宿迁4】14. if there is any change to the plan, i ______ you as soon as possible.
a. told b. have told c. tell d. will tell
【XX湖北恩施】—i don’t know when ______ tomorrow?—i will call you as soon as he ______.
a. will he come; arrives b. he will come; arrives c. he will come; will arrive
9.ten minutes later, peter heard his father knocking on his bedroom door.( 2b )
【解析】 knocking在这里做hear的宾补。
相同用法的词还有： see/watch/find/hear/notice sb. doing sth.
【XX山东威海】33.can you hear someone ___ in the classroom? it is mary.
a.sing b.sings c.singing d.sang
【易错题】i often hear her ________after class.
a. to sing b. sang c. sing d. sings
10. but whatever it was, don’t be too hard on yourself. be hard on sb. (2b )
【解析1】whatever =no matter what 无论什么 whoever = no matter who 无论谁
wherever = no matter wherever 无论哪里
( ) ____you do ,i will behind you .
a. whenever b. however c. whatever d. wherever
【注】whatever “无论什么”，是连接代词，引导让步状语从句，
可以这样用的连接代词或连接副词有whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however等。
whatever you do, do your best. =no matter what you do, do your best.
whoever telephones, tell him i am out. = no matter who telephones, tell him i am out.
wherever he may be, he will be happy. = no matter where he may be, he will be happy.
【解析2】be hard on sb.“对……很严厉；要求很苛刻;苛待(为难)某人”。
some teachers today are too hard on their students.
( ) don’t be too _____ on him— he’s very young.
a.easy b.strict c.hard d.busy
11.besides, winning or losing is only half the game.
【解析】 besides/ / except辨析
（1） besides “除……以外还有”, 指的是“已有……另加上,表示包括后面提到的人或物在内。
lucy went to the cinema besides lily. (lily也去了)
【注】beside prep. “在……旁边”意思如其它的大不相同。
they are used to taking a walk on the path beside the the river.
（2）except “除去”, 着重在除去的部分。表示不包括后面所提到的人或物在内。
i like all the fruits except pears.
all the students went to the park except jim. (jim没去)
12. the next day, peter went to soccer practice with courage rather than fear in his heart.
【解析1】courage n. 勇气; 勇敢 → courageous adj. 勇敢的；有勇气的
lose courage 灰心丧气 take courage 鼓起勇气
【解析2】rather than 并非; 而不是（是一个并列连词）
the most valuable thing is time, rather than money.
rather than 用法小结
1) rather than 与would 连用时，构成“would rather...than...”句式，意思是“宁愿……而不愿……”，
表示主观愿望，即在两者之中选择其一。
she'd rather die than lose the children.
2）rather than 不与would连用时，表示客观事实，意为“(是……) 而不是……；与其……不如……”。
它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。
i decided to write rather than (to) telephone.
13.we were so close to winning that game
【解析】be close to 接近......,差点儿......
14.but i think if we continue to pull together, we’re going to win the next one. ( 2b )
【解析1】continue v 继续
continue doing sth =go on doing sth 继续做某事(前后做同一件事)
continue to do sth = go on to do sth 继续做某事（前后不是同一件事）
①let’s continue____________(read) the text.
②many students hope to continue ________ (study) after _______(finish) school.
【解析2】 pull together 齐心协力; 通力合作
if all of us pull together, there must be something we can do to improve the environment.
we must ________ _________ (通力合作） for our country.
15.to his surprise and relief, his teammates all nodded in agreement.( 2b )
【解析1】“to +one’s+情感名词”是英语中一个十分常见的结构，主要表示某人由于某事的发生而唤起其内心的某种情感，通常译为“令某人……的是；使某人感到……的是”。
常接的情感名词有
disappointment(失望) relief(放心；宽慰) satisfaction(满意)
shame(羞愧) surprise(惊讶)
( ) to their _______, they all passed the exam.
a. surprise b. surprised c. surprising d. surprises
【解析2】relief n轻松；解脱 to one’s relief 令某人庆幸的是
16.what kind of advice did peter’s father offer to his son?
【解析】advice n 建议（不可数名词）→ advise v 建议
(1) a piece of advice 一条建议 two pieces of advice两条建议
(2)give sb. some advice 给某人一些建议 (3)advise sb. to do sth 建议某人做某事
—my teacher gave me much ____on how to study english well when i had some trouble.
a. advice b.question c.suggestion d.problem.
5. ---you’d better not eat too much salt. it’s bad for your health. ----_________.
a. not at all. b. you’re welcome. c. i’m thirsty now. d. thanks for your advice.
17.you should learn to relax and not put so much pressure on yourself.
【解析】press v 挤；挤压 → pressure n 压力 under the pressure 在压力之下
18. getting into a fight with your best friend 和你最好的朋友吵架(3a)
【解析】get in = get into进入 get into trouble惹上麻烦
if you love what you are doing and work hard, you will ____ anything difficult and succeed.
a. get to b. get over c. get on d. get up
三 : SCSI 知识讲解
计算机有许多缩写词，SCSI 是其中之一，它是 Small Computer Systems Interface 的缩写，意思是小型计算机系统接口，它是一种工业标准的总线接口。61阅读| 精彩专题| 最新文章| 热门文章| 苏ICP备13036349号-1