一 : 2016年托福考试阅读试题及答案
The Development of Steam Power
【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain wasexperiencing a severe shortage of energy. Because ofthe growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago beenreplaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remainedtremendously important. It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industriesand as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with ironore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for woodwas enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabledRussia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach thebarrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.
【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widelyscattered reserves of coal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britainin the late Middle Ages as a source of heat. By 1640 most homes in London were heated withit, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was notused, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there thatcoal’s potential wad enormous.
【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantlyfilling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling in circles atthe surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt toovercome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Bothburned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by theearly 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines wereoperating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.
【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical studyof the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilledcrafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763: Watt was called on to repair a Newcomenengine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that theNewcomen’s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendidinvention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steamengine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for awhile, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.
【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained minesand made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. Thesteam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as otherindustries during the 1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. TheBritish iron industry was radically transformed. The use of powerful, steam-driven bellows inblast furnaces helped iron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke(which is made from coal) in the smelting of pig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after1770 in the 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to berefined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, whichwere capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.
【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a greatboom in the British iron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production was only 17:000 tons, but by 1844: with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, it hadincreased to 3,000:000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.
试题
1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutBritain's short supply of wood in the eighteenthcentury?
A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was beingexported to other countries for profit.
B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land forfarming.
C.Larger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.
D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.
2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statementsabout Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you mustselect TWO answer choices.
A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.
B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.
C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resourceseventually became insufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.
3.The word "abundant" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.reliable
B.plentiful
C.well-preserved
D.existing
4.Why are "beer, glass, soap, and other products" mentioned in the discussion ofBritain’s energy?
A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severe
B.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advancedand well supplied
C.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heat
D.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before theeighteenth century
5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery andNewcomen engines were similar EXCEPT:
A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.
B.Both produced steam by burning coal.
C.Both were used to operate pumps.
D.Both were very inefficient.
6.The word "gifted" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.independent
B.talented
C.famous
D.ambitious
7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?
A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientificinstruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.
B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led tomany patented inventions.
C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.
D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.
8.The word "splendid" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.original
B.necessary
C.magnificent
D.popular
9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development thatgreatly changed the production of iron?
A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig iron
B.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine iron
C.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoal
D.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron
10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 withthat of 1844?
A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuries
B.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s invention
C.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in Britain
D.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become
11.The word "indispensable" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.advantageous
B.essential
C.less costly
D.highly stimulating
12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development ofsteam power?
A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.
B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain wasfirst to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.
C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase thesupply of coal as a primary source of energy.
D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radicaldevelopments in machinery used in the iron industry.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been aproblem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy: its vastforests.
By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had longago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet itremained tremendously important. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for allhomes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was thefuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The ironindustry’s appetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry wasstagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much ofwhich was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a fewdecades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holdingEngland back.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented inthe passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.
By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.
A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain lessdependent on wood.
B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources ofenergy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.
C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages ofrelying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.
D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it usefulto several industries.
E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries fromcotton to iron production.
F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of theiron industry and the British economy.
参考答案
1.B 2.BD 3.B 4.D 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.C 9.C 10.C 11.B 12.C 13.A 14.CDF
2016年托福考试阅读试题及答案
二 : 李白《长相思》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析
李白《长相思》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析
长相思
李白
长相思，在长安。络纬秋啼金井阑，微霜凄凄箪色寒。孤灯不明思欲绝，卷帷望月空长叹。
美人如花隔云端。有青冥之高天，下有渌水之波澜。天长路远魂飞苦，梦魂不到关山难。长相思摧心肝。
（1）“络纬秋啼金井阑，微霜凄凄箪色寒。”从哪几个角度写出时令已是深秋？诗人描绘深秋景象的目的是什么？
（2）用简明的语言，评点“孤灯不明思欲绝”一句“孤”字的艺术效果。【李白《长相思》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析】。
（3）有人评论：“上有青冥之高天，下有渌水之波澜”两句，用语似嫌重复，“青冥”即“高天”，写“波澜”也似可不必兼用“渌水”。谈谈你的看法。
【答案】
学优网http://www.gkstk.com/（1）从听觉、视觉的角度写出时令已是深秋，表现了诗人内心的凄凉和思念之苦。
（2）一个“孤”字，明写一盏昏暗的孤灯，涵蓄着诗人内心的孤苦与无奈，“孤灯不明”引人“思欲绝”，“思欲绝”的人儿眼中总是不明的“孤灯”。
（3）可以从充分抒发感情的角度阐发。
作品鉴赏
李白五七言歌行往往逞足笔力，写得豪迈奔放，但他也有一些诗篇能在豪放飘逸的同时兼有含蓄的思致。像组诗《长相思二首》，大约是#from 本文来自学优网http://www.gkstk.com end#他离开长安后于沉思中回忆过往情绪之作，就属于这样的作品。
“长相思”本汉代诗中语（如《古诗》：“客从远方来，遗我一书札。【李白《长相思》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析】。上言长相思，下言久离别”），六朝诗人多以名篇（如陈后主、徐陵、江总等均有作），并以“长相思”发端，属乐府《杂曲歌辞》。现存歌辞多写思妇之怨。李白此二首诗即拟其格而别有寄寓，在内容和形式上都有很大创新。
诗大致可分两段。第一段从篇首至“美人如花隔云端”，写诗中人“在长安”的相思苦情。以下直到篇末便是第二段，紧承“美人如花隔云端”句，写一场梦游式的追求。
诗在形式上也有很多突破。第一首诗形式匀称，“美人如花隔云端”这个独立句把全诗分为篇幅均衡的两部分。前面由两个三言句发端，四个七言句拓展；后面由四个七言句叙写，两个三言句作结。全诗从“长相思”展开抒情，又于“长相思”一语收拢。在形式上颇具对称整饬之美，韵律感极强，大有助于抒情。【李白《长相思》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析】。第二首诗在结构上打破了以“长相思”一语发端的固定格式，而是从景物中引出人物来。
诗意隐然含蓄，具备一种蕴藉的风度。所以王夫之赞道：“题中偏不欲显，象外偏令有余，一以为风度，一以为淋漓，乌乎，观止矣。”
三 : 寒山《杳杳寒山道》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析
寒山《杳杳寒山道》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析
杳杳寒山道
寒山
杳杳寒山道，落落冷涧滨。啾啾常有鸟，寂寂更无人。
淅淅风欢面，纷纷雪积身。朝朝不见日，岁岁不知春。
叠字运用是本诗的特点。请找出最能直接表现诗人情怀的两句诗，并结合诗歌内容，赏析这两句诗中叠字运用的艺术效果。
答：“朝朝不见日，岁岁不知春”（2分），以抒写诗人的情怀作结。”‘朝”“岁”是单个的名词，一经叠用，就表现出时间的悠长（2分）。这里写出了诗人长期置身于深山密林之中，经常见不到阳光，因而不知时序的变化，甚至分辨不出春去秋往的感受，表达了他冷漠（孤寂）的心情 （2分），与前面寂静幽深寒冷的环境描写自然地融合为一体。
评分标准：找出诗句，2分；叠字在句中的含义，2分；结合诗歌内容正确写出诗人的情感，2分。
赏析
寒山是贞观时代的诗僧。长期住在天台山寒岩，诗就写刻在山石竹木之上，盈六百首，现存三百余首。语言明浅如话，有鲜明的乐府民歌风，内容除用形象演说佛理之外，多描述世态人情，山水景物。诗风幽冷，别具境界。这首“杳杳寒山道”，很能代表他的风格。【寒山《杳杳寒山道》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析】寒山《杳杳寒山道》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析。
诗的内容，写寒岩左近高山深壑中的景色，最后见出心情，通篇浸透了寒意。首联写山水。“杳杳”言山路深暗幽远，“落落”言涧边寂寥冷落。诗一开始就把读者带进一个冷森森的境界，顿觉寒气逼人。次联写山中幽静，用轻细的鸟鸣声反衬四周的冷寂。三联写山中气候，用风雪的凛冽写出环境的冷峻。尾联结到感受：山幽林茂，不易见到阳光；心如古井，不关心春来秋去。前七句渲染环境的幽冷，后一句见出诗人超然物外的冷淡心情。
这首诗除了用景物渲染气氛、以气氛烘托心情这种传统的表现手法之外，使用迭字是它的特点。通篇句首都用迭字，是不多见的。顾炎武《日知录》说：“诗用迭字最难。《卫风。硕人》……连用六迭字，可谓复而不厌，赜而不乱矣。”他提出了用迭字的要求：复而不厌，赜而不乱。要做到这一点，关键在于变化。寒山这首诗使用迭字，就很富于变化。【寒山《杳杳寒山道》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析】文章寒山《杳杳寒山道》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析出自，转载请保留此链接！。“杳杳”具有幽暗的色彩感：“落落”具有空旷的空间感：“啾啾”言有声：“寂寂”言无声：“淅淅”写风的动态感：“纷纷”写雪的飞舞状：“朝朝”、“岁岁”虽同指时间，又有长短的区别。八组迭字，各具情状。就词性看，这些迭字有形容词、副词、象声词、名词，也各不相同。就描摹对象看，或山或水，或鸟或人，#from 本文来自学优网http://www.gkstk.com end#或风或雪，或境或情，也不一样。这样就显得变化多姿，字虽重复而不会使人厌烦，繁赜而井然不乱。
学优网。他的诗内容较广，深奥之理、风情景致均有涉及，且文字浅白如话一读即明。有人总结其诗内容特点：“似儒非儒，非儒亦儒；似道非道，非道亦道；似僧非僧，非僧亦僧；似俗非俗，非俗亦俗。”寒山现存诗三百余首。《杳杳寒山道》是自己比较偏爱的一首。
喜爱这首，最大之因是喜爱他通篇使用的迭字，爱极。迭字用不好便成了诗词之败笔、大忌，可他老人家却将之用到炉火纯青之境，应了顾炎武的“复而不厌、赜而不乱”迭字运用之精髓。
你看，“杳杳”的幽深对应着“落落”的寂寥；“啾啾”的细弱映衬出“寂寂”的空落；而“淅淅”的微风感觉更加重了“纷纷”的雪舞；那“朝朝”的短暂让“岁岁”显得更为漫长。
“朝朝不见日，岁岁不知春”。山深林密，致每天见不到阳光；心境淡然，甚至已忽视了四季的轮回。
在这层层叠叠中读至诗尾，宛若陷入诗中这样幽寒寂寥之境，而这幽寒寂寥的诗境亦让人生出宁愿若此般在这山、这道、这境中终其一生的念头。
四 : （唐）孟郊《登科后》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析
（唐）孟郊《登科后》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析
登科后
（唐）孟郊
昔日龌龊不足夸，今朝放荡思无涯。
春风得意马蹄疾，一日看尽长安花。
1．“龌龊”在诗中的含义是 ______；“放荡”在诗中的含义是________。
2．前两句和后两句分别抒写什么感情？
答案：
1.处境的小如意和思想上的拘谨、局促等 摆脱拘束，畅快自由
2.前两句以今昔对比，直抒胸臆，流露同考中进士后的兴奋和得意，思潮飞腾。后两句在写法上不同于前两句的直抒胸臆，而是采用了情景交融的表现手法，写自然的春风荡漾，写马蹄的轻快，加之如锦似绣的长安花，景色可谓灿烂，心情可谓舒畅，一切景语皆情语，而“看尽长安花”的艺术夸张，又进一步渲染烘托了得意之情。
作品鉴赏
孟郊四十六岁那年进士及第，他自以为从此可以别开生面、风云际会、龙腾虎跃一番了。满心按捺不住得意欣喜之情，便化成了这首别具一格的小诗。【（唐）孟郊《登科后》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析】。这首诗因为给后人留下了“春风得意”与“走马看花”两个成语而更为人们熟知。 诗人两次落第，这次竟然高中，就仿佛一下子从苦海中超度出来，登上了欢乐的顶峰。所以，诗一开头就直接倾泻心中的狂喜，说以往那种生活上的困顿和思想上的不安再也不值得一提了，此时金榜题名，终于扬眉吐气，自由自在，真是说不尽的畅快。“春风得意马蹄疾，一日看尽长安花。”诗人得意洋洋，心花怒放，便迎着春风策马奔驰于鲜花烂漫的长安道卜．人逢喜事精神爽．此时的诗#from 本文来自学优网http://www.gkstk.com end#人神采飞扬，不但感到春风骀荡，天宇高远，大道平阔，就连自己的骏马也四蹄生风了。偌大一座长安城，春花无数，却被他一日看尽，真是“放荡”无比!诗人情与景会，意到笔成，不仅活灵活现地描绘了自己高中之后的得意之态，还酣畅淋漓地抒发了得意之情，明朗畅达而又别有情韵。因而，这两句诗成为人们喜爱的千古名句，并派生出两个成语。【（唐）孟郊《登科后》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析】。
按唐制，进士考试在秋季举行，发榜则在下一年春天。这时候的长安，正春风轻拂，春花盛开。城东南的曲江、杏园一带春意更浓，新进士在这里宴集同年，“公卿家倾城纵观于此”（《唐摭言》卷三）。新进士们“满怀春色向人动，遮路乱花迎马红”（赵嘏《今年新先辈以遏密之际每有宴集必资清谈书此奉贺》）。可知所写春风骀荡、马上看花是实际情形。但诗人并不留连于客观的景物描写，而是突出了自我感觉上的“放荡”：情不自禁吐出“得意”二字，还要“一日看尽长安花”。在车马拥挤、游人争观的长安道上，不可能容得他策马疾驰，偌大一个长安，无数春花，“一日”是不能“看尽”的。然而诗人尽可自认为当日的马蹄格外轻疾，也尽不妨说一日之间已把长安花看尽。【（唐）孟郊《登科后》鉴赏阅读试题答案及赏析】。虽无理却有情，因为写出了真情实感，也就不觉得其荒唐了。同时诗句还具有象征意味：“春风”，既是自然界的春风，也是皇恩的象征。所谓“得意”，既指心情上称心如意，也指进士及第之事。诗句的思想艺术容量较大，明朗畅达而又别有情韵，因而“春风得意马蹄疾，一日看尽长安花”成为后人喜爱的名句。
五 : 陈与义《寻诗两绝句》试题阅读答案及赏析
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