一 : 2010年考研英语一真题及答案
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points).
In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting____1____ workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended ____2____ giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.
The idea arose because of the ____4____ behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to ____5____ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not ____6____ what was done in the experiment; ____7____something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) ____8____ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9____ to alter workers' behavior ____10____itself.
After several decades, the same data were ____11____ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store ____12____the descriptions on record, no systematic ____13____ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to ____14____ interpretation of what happed. ____15____, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output ____16____rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. ____18____, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers ____19____ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before ____20____ a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.
1. [A] affected 2. [A] at
[B] achieved [B] up
[C] extracted [C] with [C] act
[D] restored [D] off [D] proof [D] ambiguous [D] assessments [D] work [D] so long as [D] illusion
3. [A] truth [B] sight
4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing 5. [A] requirements [B] explanations 6. [A] conclude 7. [A] as far as 8. [A] awareness
[B] matter
[C] mischievous [C] accounts [C] indicate [C] in case that [C] sentiment
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[B] for fear that [B] expectation
9. [A] suitable 10. [A] about
[B] excessive [B] for [B] shown
[C] enough [C] on
[D] abundant [D] by [D] conveyed [D] peculiar to [D] source [D] misleading
11. [A] compared 12. [A] contrary to 13. [A] evidence 14. [A] disputable 15. [A] In contrast 16. [A] duly 17. [A] failed
[C] subjected
[B] consistent with [C] parallel with [B] guidance [B] enlightening [B] For example [B] accidentally [B] ceased
[C] implication [C] reliable
[C] In consequence [D] As usual [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly [C] started
[D] continued [D] hitting
20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ―So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,‖ Newman wrote, ―that I am tempted to define ?journalism‘ as ?a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.‘‖
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Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England‘s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
Is there any chance that Cardus‘s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.
[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.
22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by
[A] free themes. [B] casual style. [C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.
23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals
[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.
[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.
[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.
[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.
25. What would be the best title for the text?
[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days [B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism [D] Prominent Critics in Memory
Text 2
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a
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二 : 87年到2010年数学一考研真题答案没有找到带有答案的资料
87年到2010年数学一考研真题答案
没有找到带有答案的资料
沪江考研网上有全套的。
三 : 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an the court’s reputation for being independent and
impartial.
Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisithe rest of the federal judiciary. was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in
1
2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making
1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize
2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless
3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated
4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted
5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded
6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone
7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies
8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle
9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict
10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards
11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though
12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace
13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer
14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied
15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions
16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls
17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted
18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore
19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable
20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
Text 1
Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.
The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her
critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously
flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among
teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.
But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less
persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so
powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state
funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as
[A] a supplement to the social cure
[B] a stimulus to group dynamics
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
[C] an obstacle to school progress
[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors
22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should
[A] recruit professional advertisers
[B] learn from advertisers’ experience
[C] stay away from commercial advertisers
[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements
23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure
[C] illustrate the functions of state funding
[D]produce a long-lasting social effect
24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors
[A] is harmful to our networks of friends
[B] will mislead behavioral studies
[C] occurs without our realizing it
[D] can produce negative health habits
25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
[A] harmful
[B] desirable
[C] profound
[D] questionable
Text 2
A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.
Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to 4
2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is
already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.
26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to
[A] condemning.
[B] reaffirming.
[C] dishonoring.
[D] securing.
27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to
[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.
[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.
[C] acquire an extension of its business license .
[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its
[A] managerial practices.
[B] technical innovativeness.
[C] financial goals.
[D] business vision
29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test
[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.
[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.
[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .
[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.
30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.
[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.
[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.
[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.
Text 3
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and 6
2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific
work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and
potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert
Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and
appreciated.
In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”
31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity.
[B] misconception and deceptiveness.
[C] logicality and objectivity.
[D] systematicness and regularity.
32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
[A] strict inspection.
[B]shared efforts.
[C] individual wisdom.
[D]persistent innovation.
33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.
[B]has been examined by the scientific community.
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.
[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that
[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.
[B]discoveries today inspire future research.
[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.
[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.
35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?
[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.
[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.
[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.
[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.
Text 4
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably
represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960,
only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.
There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre
politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark
Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices.
Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in
education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out 8
2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.
John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a
public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.
36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.
[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.
[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.
37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?
[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.
[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.
[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.
38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
[A] illegally secured.
[B] indirectly augmented.
[C] excessively increased.
[D]fairly adjusted.
39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
[A]often run against the current political system.
[B]can change people’s political attitudes.
[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.
[D]are dominant in the government.
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of
[A]disapproval.
[B]appreciation.
[C]tolerance.
[D]indifference.
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and
realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a
brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors,
entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)
The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.
All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in
download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)
Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.
(45)
What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.
[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture
requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.
[B] Applications like tumblr.com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium
they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past
half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.
[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.
(46) 11
2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social
sciences too. (47)human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)
That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits
published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who
suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.
(49)Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family
trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the
structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to
1) extend your welcome and
2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）
1.【答案】B
【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。[www.61k.com]
2.【答案】A
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。[www.61k.com］所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事，模糊了二者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。只有B，when表示这个意思。
3.【答案】B
【解析】第二段给的具体事例说明，法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他们独立、公正的名声。只有B，weaken能表示这个意思。
4.【答案】D
【解析】空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响，人们就会认为其审判不公正，所以选D，be accepted as...“被认为是”。
5.【答案】C
【解析】空所在的语境为：产生这样的问题，部分原因在于“法官没有_ _道德规范”。后一句话说，至少法院应该遵守行为规范，这显然是进一步说明上一句话。所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束，选C，bound。
6.【答案】B
【解析】根据解析5可以看出，这里应该是说遵守行为规范，subject与to连用，表示“服从某物，受…支配”。故本题选B。
7.【答案】D
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
【解析】分析句子结构可知，这里是由that引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范，是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。（www.61k.com）apply to “适用于”符合题意。resort to “求助于”;stick to “坚持(原则等)”语意不通。
8.【答案】B
【解析】空所在的语境为，类似这样的案例提出了这样一个问题：法院和政治之间是否还存在着界限。提出问题，产生问题用只能选raise。
9.【答案】A
【解析】根据第8题可知，空内应填line，“界限”。 barrier “障碍”，similarity“相似性”，conflict“冲突”都不合题意。
10.【答案】B
【解析】根据句意，宪法的起草者们预想的是将司法从政治中分出来，让其享有独立的权力。envision as “将…想象成…”。所以选B。
11.【答案】A
【解析】本题考察逻辑搭配。本选项答案的确定需结合前句意思，制宪者旨在使法律不受政治的任何影响，这样一来，法官就可以免受掌权者的影响了。此空就是考察由此所带来的结果，故选[A]。
12.【答案】C
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2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
【解析】此题承接上题，可知法律不受政治的影响，从而法官也不用担心掌权者(those in power)。［www.61k.com］
13.【答案】C
【解析】此题承接上题, 结合句意, 可知该半句主要表达“法官也无需政治支持了。”选项C最符题意。
14.【答案】D
【解析】此题考察词意辨析。原句表达“我们的法律体系是法律完全不受政治的影响，是因为这两者是紧密。。。”。结合句意思，[D]最合题意.
15.【答案】A
【解析】此题考察词意辨析。文中说“宪法具有政治性，是因其的选择都是植根于诸如自由，财产之类的基本社会。。。中。”自由，财产是西方社会的一些基本社会理念或概念，故选[A]。
16.【答案】C
【解析】此题考察词意辨析。首先分析该句，可知空白处添加上一动词可构成一定语从句，限定“the law”。其次，文中语境表达“当法律处理社会政策决策问题时，。。。的法律不可避免的具有政治性。四个选项中，[C]为最佳答案。
17.【答案】A
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2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
【解析】此题考察词意辨析。[www.61k.com]可由文中语境得知，该半句主要表达“这也就解释了为何背离思想路线的决策被看作是不公正的，从而被轻易的….”。结合语境，以及四个选项的意思，可知[A]最佳。
18.【答案】C
【解析】此题考察词意辨析。由文中语境可知该句主要表达“法官必须。。。有关法庭(裁决的)公正合理的质疑。”四个选项中，仅[C]符合题意。
19.【答案】D
【解析】本题考察短语搭配及相似短语辨析。四个选项均可与连用，其中 accessible to 易接近的;可归属的;可得到的可归因的
amiable to可亲，多指人和蔼可亲，易于接近
agreeable to欣然同意的;适合的，适宜的
accountable to对…负责
此题的理解需承接整个句, 首先此空所在后半句乃一方式状语，承接前半句说明法官怎样来解决有关法庭(裁决的)公正合理的质疑。将此四个选项分别代入，可得出正确答案[D]，法官只有对对行为准则负责，也即是遵循一定的行为准则才可确保其裁决的公正与合理。
20.【答案】D
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2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
【解析】此题考察逻辑搭配。[www.61k.com]此句承接上句，旨在说明由此带来的结果，也即是文中所说的“。。。使得裁决看起来完全不受政治的影响，如法律一般令人信服。” 结合四个选项意思，可知选[D]。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Text 1
21.【答案】D
【解析】文章首段包含了两方面的内容，作者先简单介绍Peer pressure，再引出Tina Rosenberg在她的新书Join the Club中对于peer pressure的看法，这篇文章是以一篇书评的形式出现。而题目“根据第一段，同伴压力的出现常常是…”问的仅仅是同伴压力，并无涉及到Tina Rosenberg或者她的新书，因此答案则应主要涉及文章对于peer pressure的介绍，而非Tina对于peer pressure的看法。首段第三句说“(同伴压力)通常引起不好的事情，如酗酒，嗑药，乱交”，故答案选D，说明同伴压力出现导致的结果，这里的答案使用了同义替换的方式。
22.【答案】B
【解析】根据题干关键词“public-health advocates”可以定位到第三段最后一句话“Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer
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2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
pressure”,即应该向广告商学习，这里主要是对于短语“take a page from”的理解，答案选B
23.【答案】A
【解析】根据题干“在作者看来，Rosenberg的书没能…”，所选答案是要找出作者看来这本书的缺点是什么。[www.61k.com)文章第四段第一句话说“但是，在…方面，Rosenberg不太有说服力”，紧接着说“Join the Club中太多无关的细节，而对于使同伴压力能产生如此大作用的社会和生物因素并未做足够的探究”，这句话充分说明了在作者心目中这本书的不足在哪儿，故答案选A
24.【答案】C
【解析】这是一道细节题。文章第五段首句告诉我们peer groups确实会对行为产生很大的影响，第二句具体说明影响的内容，即好的习惯和不好的习惯都会通过社会交际在朋友圈中传递，最后一句则对这种影响进行了总结，“这是同伴压力的细微表现，我们无意识地模仿日常所见到的行为”。而分析题干和选项，我们发现该题是对“imitation of behavior”进行归纳，回到原文，找到“我们无意识地模仿日常所见到的行为”，答案即刻清晰，这里是对unconsciously一词进行了释义，因此C选项正确。
25.【答案】D
【解析】这道题考查作者对于peer pressure所能带来的影响的态度，作者通过最后一段第一句话首先向我们表明他对“专家和其他官方人员是否能成功选 19
2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
择同伴来引导他们的行为朝好的方向发展”的不肯定，接下来以教师指导学生的例子为说明，得出结论“The tactic never really works.”(这个策略从来没有真正起作用)。（www.61k.com）通过作者的这样一番描述，可以看出，作者对于peer pressure是否能有效果是质疑的，故答案选D。
Text 2
26.【答案】C
【解析】
reneging 的原形是renege，本议是“食言”“否认”之意，为反向意义词。而四个选项中A 中的condemning 意为“谴责”“处刑”B中的reaffirming 意为“重申”“再肯定，再断言”，C中的dishonoring的意为“拒付，不兑付”，在意思和方向上都符合，D中securing 意为“保证，使保险”的含义。本文主要在说Entergy这个公司不兑现自己的诺言，所以应选C项。
27.【答案】D
【解析】
本题答案定位在文中第三段每二句话，As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale , the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. “as a condition of”可以理解为“为了”，
D 项中的“purchase ”一词就是对文中“sale”的替换。
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
28.【答案】A
【解析】
题干：“根据第四段Entergy公司似乎在它的····上存在着问题”，题目中已清晰把答案范围确定在第四段，通过阅读第四段我们可以看到Entergy公司出现了一系列的事故“a string of accidents”,而后面的这句“raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s
management”就是本题的答案所在了。[www.61k.com）其中 “managerial” “management”仍是同一单词的变形。
29.【答案】D
【解析】
首先从题干知道考查的是作者的观点。 “佛蒙特州事件”和will test在文章中的定位是在第5段第5句话，“Vermont case will offer a
precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend”意思是“佛蒙特州事件将会检验是这些权利延伸多远的先例”。这句话是legal scholars的观点。重点是理解certainly和but后面的意思。虽然作者承认担忧如果每个周各行其是的后果是合理的，但是But后面是个虚拟语气，与事实相反。所以作者的真正态度是支持legal scholars的观点，即佛蒙特州事件是对州法规的权限的考验。How far those power extended与D选项的the limits of states’ power与选项D“各州在核问题上的权限”是相匹配的，因此正确答案为D。其他选项与“佛蒙特州事件”带来的检验，文中并未直接提及。
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2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
30.【答案】A
【解析】
最后一段主要讲的是“Entergy公司的名誉已严重受创。(www.61k.com]该公司向联邦申请：许可Pilgrim核电站获得另外20年的开放权。但是作者认为，核管理委员会在审核该公司的申请的时候，务必要考虑下该公司的信誉问题。”A选项“Entergy公司在其它地方的生意将会受到影响”由最后一段的第一句话“Entergy公司的名誉已严重受创”就可以推断出来;B“核管理委员会的权威将会被藐视”最后一段没给出任何要藐视核管理委员会的暗含信息，因此B选项错误;C “Entergy公司将会撤回关于Pilgrim核电站的申请”，最后一段同样没给出类似的暗含信息;D “Vermont的名声将会受到破坏” 同样，从最后一段，根本无法推断出。因此，最佳答案是A。
Text 3
31.【答案】A
【解析】
这篇文章选自The Scientist,文章题目是The Evolution of Credibility。文章第一段第二句话提到“But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route."，即在每天的科学实践中，发现所遵循的规律是模棱两可和复杂的。A项uncertainty and
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
complexity 是对文中ambiguous and complicated的同义替换，所以为正确答案。（www.61k.com)
B项是利用文中最后一句话的干扰“Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound”，这句话是说“有误解和自我欺骗的可能”，从而导致了科学发现的模棱两可和复杂性;C项和D项是受文章第一句话的干扰，但是第一句同时提出只有“在理想中(in the idealized version of ...)，科学发现才能够很客观。
32.【答案】B
【解析】
第二段第二句中提到“But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to...”,其中it指的是将科学发现获得公众可信度的过程。接下来的第四句话具体讲到了这个过程：“through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime.”，即要经历从个人到集体的过程，需要每个人共同的努力，故答案为B。
33.【答案】B
【解析】
本段第三句话中提到“Within the complex social structure of the
scientific community, researchers make discoveries”，即“研究者需要在科学团体复杂的社会结构中实现科学发现”，在这句话的后面有一个分号，分号 23
2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
后面的三个短句分别解释了在科学团体中不同身份的人所做的不同工作，如新闻编辑者和评论家需要控制科学发现公开的过程,而另外一些科学家需要同过新的发现来证明已有的发现等。（www.61k.com]除此之外，最后一句话“transform an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery”即将个人的发现转换为集体可信的科学发现，故答案为B，即科学发现获得公众的可信度需要集体的努力和验证。
答案A是利用本段首句设置的干扰，属于主观臆断;答案C为干扰项目，以偏概全;答案D文中没有提及。
34.【答案】D
【解析】
第四段主要讲到了科学发现获得大众可信度的过程中面临的两个矛盾。Albert Szent-Gyorygi的观点主要针对第二个矛盾，即创新本身经常会引起怀疑。同时他认为科学发现需要“seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought”，即看到每个人都已经看到的，并想到别人没有想到的。这句话暗示了科学发现的过程需要有评判性思维，即我们应该去探求事物。故答案为D。
答案A与本段中讲到的第一个矛盾有关;答案B的过渡推断来自本段最后一句话，这句话的意思是，真正有创新的发现需要时间的验证来得到公众的认可。答案C文中没有提到，属于主观臆断。
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
35.【答案】C
【解析】
此题考察对全文主旨大意的准确归纳。（www.61k.com]从整个文章脉络来看，文章第一段指出任何发现最终的目标是使之客观化，然而此过程或多或少会受到不同的生活环境的影响;第二段指出这个过程需要公众共同的努力;第三段具体论述了不同的人在这个过程中需要完成的工作;第四段则提出了使科学发现获得可信度的过程中所遇到的两个矛盾;最后一段用Annette Baier的一句话总结了这个过程。由此可知，C项统领全文，为正确答案。答案A项与原文不符;答案B 是第二段中提到的一部分;而答案D只是对第四段的概括
Text 4
36.【答案】C
【解析】
根据题干定位于第一段When …were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. 意思是1960年时，美国政府部门只有1/10的人是工会成员，但是现在比例是36%。所以C选项正确：工会增加了政府部门成员。A选项：Teamster 仍然拥有很多成员。文中只提到了比例，并没有讲具体人数;B：吉米过去是一个公仆。而文中第一句是一个虚拟语气的句子，“如果他还活着的话，他今天可能代表一名公仆”，曲解文意;D：政府改善了与社团的关系。文中并未提及。
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
37.【答案】D
【解析】
该题很容易根据题干定位于第二段。[www.61k.com］第二段中有很明显的first, second, third这些词，属于典型的列举处，最容易出细节题。只需要将各选项与这三点仔细比对即可。A 公共部门组织在采取行动时很谨慎文中并示提及，是对“they now dominate left-of-centre politics”这句话设置的干扰项，“左派”为激进派，不可能谨慎;而B错在教育不是需要的，而是公务员社团成员受教育程度普遍偏高，并非必需;C工党长期与公务员社团争斗，该段倒数第二句指出工会与社团一直有联系，最后一句讲到工会领导Miliband荣登宝座正是因为公务员社团的大力支持，因此与原文相悖;D选项为First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences.这句话的同义改写。意思是“他们可以息事宁人并不用遭受不好的后果”。
38.【答案】B
【解析】
该题很容易定位于文章的第四段。题干是“国家部门人员的工资状况是”。做这道题要把第四段整体理解。注意But后面的内容，尤其是keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous。大意是公共部门员工的工资涨幅很小，但是节假日福利津贴很多。B选项的indirectly augment意思是“间接地增加”。和原文意思“公有部门人员的收入是来源于福利等间接收入，而非正常的工资收入”符合。A 通 26
2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
过非法得来文中只提到了国家部门人员的工资比私人企业的要高，整段都未提及来源，故该选项属于过度推理;C 过度地增长文中并未提及增长的幅度，提到只是通过“暗厢操作”的方式，容易使考生产生误解;D 很公正地调整与
“backloaded”不符。［www.61k.com)
39.【答案】C
【解析】
题干的意思是“举威斯康辛社团为例，表明社团_______”。该题根据题干中的专有名词Wisconsin定位于倒数第二段。由题干可知这是一个例证题，所以需要看文章的第五段。第五段首句Reform has been vigorously opposed。从第六段Wisconsin的例子可以看出，工会集合众人反对共和党领导人Scott Walker，正是为了反对改革。所以可以知道工会可能是公共部门改革的一个障碍，C为正确选项。A 经常与当前政治体系对抗文中并未反映often这个程度。
B 能够改变人们的政治态度文中并示提及，D 在政府中占统治地位文中第二句讲到社团得到了成千上万人的支持来对付强硬的共和党州长，并不能推出该选项之意。
40.【答案】A
【解析】
文中人物的观点态度题。该题定位于最后一段，第一句话指出John认为西方公共服务中的文化准则适用于想维持原状的人们而对于有比较高成就的人们 27
2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
就不利了，很明显持否定态度，最后再次指出不能造福于高成就人们的公共服务系统对于美国可能是一个更大的麻烦，也再次证实了作者的观点是不支持的即A选项。（www.61k.com)disapproval“反对”，appreciation“欣赏”，tolerance“宽容”，indifference“冷漠”。
Part B
41.【答案】C
【解析】略读第一自然段得知这篇文章的主题是科技给人们的生活带来的便利，重点论述了媒介。此题空在末尾，那么通读空前的内容，可以找到特征词或者中心词“creat a fabulous machine”浏览七个选项，C项中的“develop such a device”刚好与此对应
42.【答案】D
【解析】此题空在了段落的中间，需要在空前和空后找关联词，空前出现了“reason”这个特征词，而空后出现了“war”这个特征词，浏览七个选项，D项的“because”和“war”刚好与此对应，所以答案选D.
43.【答案】A
【解析】此题空在段末，因此要在空前以及下一自然段的段首找关联词，浏览空前可以找到“superfluous material goods” ,而浏览下一自然段的句首可找到“download”这个词;那么浏览七个选项，答案A出现了“these superfluous things”，接下来也提及到了“download”，因此可以锁定答案A.
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
44.【答案】F
【解析】此题空在句末，所以需要浏览下空前以前下一个自然段的句首，通读空前的内容可以找到关联词“a pyramid of production remains,”，而下一个自然段的段首提到了“television”，那么浏览七个选项，跟此关联的有两项E和F,再继续分析，E项只有“television”这个词与空后对应，而F项不仅出现了“television”这个词，而且出现了“this pyramid of production”这个特征词，所以，答案为F.
45.【答案】G
【解析】此题空在段末，那么需要浏览下空前的句子，寻找关联词，在B和G之间进行选择，通读可知，空前的“flow”与G项的“the flow”是相对应的，B项的“applications”在文中没有提及，所以此题锁定答案G Part C
46. 【解析】本句结构比较简单，它是一个简单句，句子主干结构是one approach takes…and seeks…。（www.61k.com］破折号后面的部分是对前面提到的理论的进一步解释。
1)take …to extreme…把……发挥到极致，把。。。推至极限
2)theory of everything万有理论。或者也可以一个短语翻译出来“适用于任何事物的理论”
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3)generative equation生成等式、生成方程。（www.61k.com]
【参考译文】物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论----一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。
解析：
47. 【解析】对本句话的理解关键在于对for引导的句子的正确理解。因为有两个逗号，有的同学在考场比较紧急的时间和紧张的状态下容易把两个逗号间的部分理解为插入语，那么这句话就很难理解了。
1)for 引导的句子表原因与前句是并列关系，for原因并列句中又包含一个if引导的条件状语从句
2)“it seems reasonable to suppose that”对这句话的翻译可以翻译成一个长句，也可以分开翻译成“那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头, 这种假设看上去便是合理的了。”
3)对于 “cultural diversit”的理解，我们容易受到之前在备考中经常遇到的“cultural diversity”的影响，直接翻译成“文化多样性”，但在本文，前文很多次提到了共性，所以这里我们翻译为“文化差异”更合适。
【参考译文】在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了有力的理由，因为如果全人类有共同的起源，那么假设文化差异也能够追溯到更有限的源头好像就是合理的了。
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
48. 【解析】这句话结构主要在于对三个“what”从句的理解。(www.61k.com）本题是三个what引导的从句第一个是what引导的宾语从句，做filter out 的宾语。第二个what是介词from的宾语，from 是固定搭配中的介词filter out A from B。第三个what是understand的宾语，和how并列
1)句子主干可以看做：To filter out A from B enables us to understand C and D
A指的是“what is contingent and unique”
B指的是“what is shared” how complex cultural behaviour arose” C指的是“how complex cultural behaviour arose”
D指的是“what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms”
2)Filter out词组本意是滤掉，。这个单词可能有同学会不熟悉，但是如果对本句结构理解清楚，看到from这个介词，加之对前文大意的理解，我们可以猜出这个词的意思，或者理解为“区分”等也不影响全句的理解。以避免我们有的同学看到第一个单词不认识立马生出的胆怯情绪，影响下文判断。
【参考译文】把差异性和独特性从共性中过滤出来也许能让我们理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，是什么从进化或认知领域指导着它。
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49. 【解析】本句结构比较明朗，关键是句子前部分单独很难理解，需要结合前文。(www.61k.com）这也恰恰说明了考研英语中的翻译首先是阅读理解的一部分，不是单独的翻译而已。
1)这里的the second与上文的“The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky,”，所里这里应该翻译成“第二种理论”所以这句话需要根据上下文和逻辑解释清楚。而不能单纯的翻译成第二。。。
2)对于括号内部的处理，我们可以直接放在括号中即可。
【参考译文】约书亚格林伯格为寻找语言的共性而付出努力提出了第二种理论。他采用了一个更实用的共性理论，做法是辨认出众多语言的共有特征(尤其是按照词序排列)，这些特征被认为代表了由认知局限导致的偏差。
50. 【解析】这句话的结构比较简单，复杂的是其中大量的术语和不熟悉的词汇。对于这些词汇我们根据直译即可。
本句结构：Chomsky’s grammar should show…, whereas
Greenbergian….
1)That引导的定语从句修饰patterns
2)这里的“grammar”是指是上文的生成语法，所以这里可以把生成语法翻译出来。
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3)co-dependencies 这个词需要根据上下词义加之词根词缀来猜测出词义，因为下文指出是两者关系，所以可以翻译为“共存性”。[www.61k.com］
【参考译文】乔姆斯基生成语法应该表明语言变化的模式，这些模式独立于族谱或贯穿其中的路径，然而格林伯格的共性理论预测词序关系的特殊类别之间(而不是其他)有着强烈的共存性。
Section III Writing
51.小作文
【参考范文】
Dear international students,
I am the chairman of the Students’ Union. I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news that you will come to our university. Firstly, I’d like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of our university and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming.
In order to make all of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you’d better take some warm clothes with you
because it is winter in China now and it is very cold in Beijing. Secondly, I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledge about Chinese culture for better understanding in class.
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2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
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I really hope you’ll find these proposals useful. And I’m looking forward to your coming!
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
52.大作文
【参考范文】
As can be clearly seen from the vivid picture, in front of a toppled bottel of which most water in it has flowed out, a man says “there is none left , how unlucky I am” looking rather upset, while another man quickly picked this bottle up, saying “I’m such a lucky dog, there is still some left”. How vivid the cartoon it is! The two men show quite different perspectives toward the same situation.
The implication conveyed in this cartoon is that different
perspectives we take to exam problems we confront lead to different attitutes or answers to these problems. In the first place, we’ll find the problem is very difficult to handle from the pessimistic perspective.
However, if we change our way of observing problems, we may find that we can make some remedial work even to turn something bad into good. In this way, we can find solutions for any difficulties. Every coin has two 34
2012考研英语真题 2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）
sides. So why not change an angel to observe the problem we
encounter?
Whenever we face with the situation like the cartoon,what we should do is to observe it positively, especially when we are experiencing and encountering setbacks, only if we have the optimistic attitude, can we be bound to live a life of happiness
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四 : 2010考研英语真题(含答案)
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2010年全国硕士研究生统一考试英语试题
Section I
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting1 workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 3 to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.
The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers' behavior 10itself.
After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be Use of English
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have let to 14 interpretation of what happed. 15, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.
1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored
2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off
3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof
[C] mischievous [D] 4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing
ambiguous
5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D]
assessments
6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work
7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as
8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion
9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant
10.
11.
12. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to
13.
14. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D]
misleading
15.
As usual
第 2 页 共 21 页 [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D]
2010考研英语 2010考研英语真题(含答案)
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
16.
17.
20.
[A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued [D] hitting [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it
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appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”
Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.
21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.
[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
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[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.
22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by
[A] free themes.
[B] casual style.
[C] elaborate layout.
[D] radical viewpoints.
23.
agree on?
[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.
[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.
[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably paragraphs?
[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.
[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.
[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.
25. What would be the best title for the text?
[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days
[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism
[D] Prominent Critics in Memory
Text 2
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its "one-click"
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online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.
Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether
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it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.
The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.
26.
of
[A] their limited value to business
[B] their connection with asset allocation
[C] the possible restriction on their granting
[D] the controversy over authorization
27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case? Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions
[B] It involves a very big business transaction
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit
[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means
[A] loss of good will
[B] increase of hostility
[C] change of attitude
[D] enhancement of dignity
29.
patents
[A] are immune to legal challenges
[B] are often unnecessarily issued
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method
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2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
[D] increase the incidence of risks
30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
[A] A looming threat to business-method patents
[B] Protection for business-method patent holders
[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents
[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.
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The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.
31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to
[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics
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2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas
[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics
[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.
32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"
[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems
[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends
[C] has won support from influentials
[D] requires solid evidence for its validity
33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that
[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions
[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public
[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention
34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
[A] stay outside the network of social influence
[B] have little contact with the source of influence
[C] are influenced and then influence others
[D] are influenced by the initial influential
35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
[A] The eagerness to be accepted
[B] The impulse to influence others
[C] The readiness to be influenced
[D] The inclination to rely on others
Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.
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Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.
After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors
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2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.
36. Bankers complained that they were forced to
[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
[B] collect payments from third parties
[C] cooperate with the price managers
[D] reevaluate some of their assets.
37.
result in
[A] the diminishing role of management
[B] the revival of the banking system
[C] the banks' long-term asset losses
[D] the weakening of its independence
38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may attempt to
[A] keep away from political influences.
[B] evade the pressure from their peers.
[C] act on their own in rule-setting.
[D] take gradual measures in reform.
39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that
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they
[A] misinterpreted market price indicators
[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.
[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.
40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of
[A] satisfaction.
[B] skepticism.
[C] objectiveness
[D] sympathy
Part B
Directions:
For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for
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opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.
[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains,
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2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.
[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.
41→42→43→44→E→45
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its
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2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.
Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.
To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.
Section Ⅲ Writing
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Part A
51. Directions:
You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
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2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案
Section I: Use of English (10 points)
Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points) Part A (40 points)
Part B (10 points)
Part C (10 points)
46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。［www.61k.com)
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2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
47. 但我们至少几乎也承认这样一点：不管鸟类是否给我们带来经济上的好处，但鸟类作为生物其固有的权利应该继续存在。［www.61k.com］
48. 曾几何时，生物学家们有点过度使用这个证据，即这些物种通过杀死体质弱者来保持猎物的正常繁衍或 者这些生物捕杀的仅仅是毫无价值的物种。
49. 在欧洲，林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种被看作是原生森林群落的一部分，而得到合理的保护。
50. 这一系统易于忽视，因而最终会消除掉这个土地共同体里的许多要素(成员)，虽然这些要素(成员)缺乏商业价值，但这些要素(成员)对这个共同体的健康运行来说是必要的。
Section III: Writing (30 points)
Part A (10 points)
51. 参考范文
Volunteers Wanted/Needed
An international conference on globalization will be held in the coming winter vacation. This conference will be organized by the Postgraduates’ Association。
At present we will recruit 10 volunteers to work as assistants for this conference. The applicants are required to speak English fluently. Those who can speak another foreign language such as French or Japanese are preferable. In addition to the language skills, those volunteers are expected to be patient, helpful, open-minded with a loving heart. The volunteers will be provided free three meals a day as well as transportation from and back to the conference site。
Those who are interested in working as volunteers, please send your resume and application letter to the e-mail address
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2010考研英语 2010考研英语真题(含答案)
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
postgraduateassociation@163.com"> postgraduateassociation@163.com. The Postgraduates’ Association will contact those chosen candidates for an interview before Febulary, 1th。［www.61k.com)
We are sincerely waiting for you to join us!
Postgraduates’ Association
Part B (20 points)
52. 参考范文
As is vividly depicted in the drawing, in the middle of the cartoon stands a hot pot, containing many Chinese cultural symbols, such as Beijing operas, Daoism, and some foreigh cultural symbols, etc. How impressive the drawing is in describing the common phenomenon that Chinese culture is becoming increasingly integrated into the world. The drawer’s intention seems to be highly self-evident and the meaning causes us to be thought-provoking。
It holds to be apparent that the cartoon is indicative of a pervasive phenomenon with regard to culture. When it comes to(一谈到) culture，its great impacts and benefits can’t be too estimated. As China opens to the outside world, our traditional culture is embracing the foreign culture, thus making our Chinese culture more diversified, colorful and internationalized just like a melting pot. What the picture conveys goes far beyond this. The fact that people from different countries are attracted to each other, indicating that to some extent different cultures can be accepted，respected，appreciated and shared internationally. Or put it in another way, Chinese unique culture can become international through worldwide cultural exchanges. Since the trend of globalization become irresistible, cultural integration can effectively improve mutual understanding and friendship among different countries.
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In my personal sense, Chinese national culture as priceless spiritual treasure should be preserved and cherished. Meanwhile，there are good reasons to embrace foreign cultures on the ground that those ideas from other cultures can provide different perspectives for us to observe the world in the long run. However，confronted with a different culture，we should be sensible enough to absorb its essence and to resist its dark side. Only in this way can we promote cultural integration positively, thus making our motherland dimensional, colorful and vigorous. (298 words)
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五 : 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
2010年6月全国大学生英语四级考试A卷试题及答案
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
2010年6月全国大学生英语四级考试A卷答案
2010全国大学生英语四级考试A卷试题 1-10题
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
2010全国大学生英语四级考试A卷试题 11-17题
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
2010全国大学生英语四级考试A卷试题 18-25题
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
2010全国大学生英语四级考试A卷试题 26-33题
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
2010全国大学生英语四级考试A卷试题 34-46题
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
2010全国大学生英语四级考试A卷试题 47-56题
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
2010全国大学生英语四级考试A卷试题 57题
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
2010全国大学生英语四级考试A卷试题 58-62题
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
2010全国大学生英语四级考试A卷试题 62-66题
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
2010全国大学生英语四级考试A卷试题 67-77题
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
2010全国大学生英语四级考试A卷试题 78-91题
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
英语四级作文：
1、如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写;
2、出现这个现象的原因是
3、为了改变这种状况，我认为
Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling(北京新东方学校李艳华)
They say “mind breeds physiognomy”， which implies the importance of one’s appearance. Similarly, a correct and neat spelling of a composition can not only reflect a success of the composition but embodie the decent
disposition of the writer as well . Unfortunately , a great number of students pay little attention to their spelling though their composition turns out quite good either in content or in logic, thus leaving the teacher in a dilemma whether to give a high score or not。(www.61k.com］
Tracing the reasons hidden behind, we can easily find it is mainly because some students are unaware of the importance of the spelling. In their minds, the content absolutely outweighs the form so the attention to spelling can be pleasantly spared. Objectively speaking, in the examination, the limited time and urgent situation make students have no more effort to care about their spelling and the fact is that they have to write as quickly as possible to finish it on time, leaving some characters vague or incorrect。
Just as is said above, spelling, in a sense , mirrors the content, so a direct result of the bad spelling is the low academic score in the exam for it is hard to expect a text full of undistinguishable words to receive a good appreciation. Further, once the habit of lax spelling was formed, in a long run the quality of being negligence could also be gradually shaped, which would undoubtedly exert negative impact for our future work and life。
四级听力：
对话部分答案：(北京新东方学校曹倩)
11. C. He cannot get access to the assigned book。
12. A. She will drive the man to the supermarket。
13. C. Tidy up the place。
14. A. The talks can be held any day except this Friday。
15. A. He understand the woman’s feelings。
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
16. D. She has to invite David to the party。（www.61k.com]
17. C. Many students find Prof. Johnson’s lectures boring。
18. D. Assemble a computer.
19. B. It requires him to apply theory to patience。
20. D. It demands physical endurance and patience。
21. D. In a hotel。
22. B. Paying attention to every detail.
23. A. The pocket money British children get。
24. C. It often rises higher than inflation。
25. B. Pay for small personal things。
短文听力部分：(北京新东方学校李瑛)
26A Direct mangers。
27D The important part played by direct mangers。
28B Fifty percent of them were female。
29B He was not gender sensitive。
30C Aask to see the manger politely but firmly。
31D You can't tell how the person on the line is reacting。
32D Stick to the point。
33B Architect。
34A Do some volunteer job
35C A baby-sitter is no replacement for a mother。
复合式听写：(北京新东方学校王双林)
Almost every child, on the first day he sets foot in the school building, is smarter, more (36)curious, less afraid of what he doesn’t know, better at finding and (37)figuring things out, more confident, resourceful, persistent,
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
and (38)independent than he will ever be again in his schooling--or, unless he is very (39)unusual and very lucky, for the rest of his life. Already, by paying close attention to and (40)interacting with the world and people around him, and without any school-type (41)formal instruction, he has done a task far more difficult, complicated and (42)abstract than anything he will be asked to do in school or than any of his teachers has done for years. He has solved the
(43)mystery of language. He has discovered it. Babies don’t even know that language exists-- (44) and he has found out how it works and learned to use it appropriately. He has done it by exploring, by experimenting, by developing his own model of the grammar of language, (45) by trying it out and seeing whether it works by gradually changing it and refining it until it does work. And while he has been doing this, he has been learning other things as well, (46) including many of the concepts that the schools think only they can teach him, and many that are more complicated than the ones they do try to teach him。［www.61k.com）
阅读部分(北京新东方学校党哲+尹延)
快速阅读：
1.A Her daughters’ repeated complaints
2.D People haven’t yet reached agreement on its definition
3.C can realize what is important in life
4.A it seriously affected family relationships
5.C depressed
6.B His family had intervened
7.B curb his desire for online gaming
8. had an Internet Addiction
9. professional help
10. online dating
精读
57.D It is an indispensable device on an airplane。
58.A Data for analyzing the cause of the crash。
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
59.C The early models often got damaged。［www.61k.com）
60.C To make them easily identifiable。
61.A There is still a good chance of their being recovered。
62.B It is based on the concept of positive thinking。
63.A Encouraging positive thinking may do more harm than good。
64.C You are emphasizing the fact that he is not intelligent。
65.C Forcing a person to think positive thoughts may lower their self-esteem。
66.B Meditation may prove to be a good form of psychotherapy。
选词填空：
47-56
G) incredibly
K) replace
J) reduced
L) sense
H) powering
D) exceptions
E) expand
O) vast
F) historic
I) protect
完型(北京新东方学校张一鑫)：
67-71
C) differ B)via B)used B)lies B)lies
72-76
2010年四级真题 2010.6英语四级考试真题及答案
D) selects A) sends in A) visible B) over D) allows 77-81
A) after D) insignigicant C) corporations D)only B) later 82-86
D) provided D) Besides A) and C) widespread A) acquired 翻译(北京新东方学校李艳华)
87.concentrating on the experiment
88.did she lose her temper
89.being invited to attend the opening ceremony
90.should be installed by the window
91.her parents’ strong objection
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