一 : 2014考研英语二真题及答案

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Thinner isn?t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.

Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.

While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.

Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.

Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.

1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured

、【答案】B concluded

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【解析】 题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。根据句义，后面的部分实际上是研究的结论，因此

concluded 符合题意，其他选项denied(否认)与意义相反，doubled(翻倍)与题意较远，ensured(确保)不符合题意，因为研究不能确保后面的事 实，只能得出后面的事实作为结论。所以正确答案为B。

2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient [D]troublesome

、【答案】A protective

【解析】 题干中，对于某些健康情况，超重事实上是有_____。根据前文研究的结论，超重能减少罹患疾病的风险，说明超重具有一定的保护作用。

Dangerous 和文章意思相反，sufficient表示充足，troublesome表示有麻烦，不符合题意，所以正确答案为A。

3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore

、【答案】C likewise

【解析】第三句话中，较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。_____，在老年人中，一定程度上超重……。需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词 语。A选项instead表示逆接的句意关系，B选项however也表示逆接，D选项therefore表示因此，只有C选项likewise意为同样 地;也，而且。因此正确答案为C。

4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example

、【答案】A indicator

【解析】本句话中，_____，一定程度上超重，经常是健康的_____。A选项，表示指示器，指标。B选项objective表示客观;C选 项origin表示来源，D选项example表示例子。根据前面的文章内容，已经明确指出超重代表了健康，因此超重是健康的指标。因此正确答案为A。

5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern

、【答案】D concern

【解析】本句话的句意是，需要更加_____是，很难对肥胖加以定义。A、impact(印象);B、relevance(相关性);C、 assistance(辅助);D、concern(关注)。前文

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已经说到肥胖事实上有利健康，但是又面临一个问题，到底如何去定义肥胖，因此需要更加关 注的是对肥的定义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以正确答案为D。

6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of

、【答案】A in terms of

【解析】题干中,肥胖经常______体质指数，或称为BMI来定义。A、in terms of ，根据……，就……而言。B、In case of 表示在某种情况下， C、in favor of 表示赞成，以……来取代，D、in respect of，关于……。因此正确答案为A。在医学研究和临床测试中经常使用BMI作为衡量受试者健康的重要指标，希望考生能够记住这一背景知识，方便日后做题。

7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies

、【答案】C equals

【解析】本题题干中BMI_____体重除以身高的平方，这里是用文字叙述了BMI指数得出的方法，也就是一个数学公式，所以equal符合题 意。A measure(测量)、B determine表示确定;D modify(修订)。句义就是BMI等于体重除以身高的平方。

8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part

、【答案】C in turn

【解析】本题题干中，肥胖_____能够分成中度肥胖、重度肥胖和极度肥胖。

A、in essence(事实上、实际上); B、in contrast (相反地);C、in turn(依次); D、in part (部分地)。本句是将肥胖依次分级，所以正确答案为C。

9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D] straightforward

、【答案】D straightforward

【解析】题干中，相比之下，这样的数字标准看起来_____，实际上不是的。

A、complicated (复杂);B、conservative(保守)、C、variable(可变的);D、

straightforward(直截了当);这里的数字标准指 的就是肥胖指数，肥胖指数分为三类，而且算法比较简单，所以A复杂不正确，B选项保守，用于描述一种数学

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公式，不恰当，一名患者或一名受试者的BMI一般 是确定的，因此可变的也不符合题意，D选项straightforward表示直截了当，符合题意，因此正确答案为D。

?????? 10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless

【答案】B while

【解析】本句中，一些人有很高的BMI，实际上身材正好，_____其他人有较低的BMI指数，可能_____。从前半句我们可以看出，有些人 的BMI指数很高，应该属于体重肥胖的人，事实上身材正好，这里说明的是反常的现象，后半句是其他人的BMI指数较低，而_____较差。A、so(所 以);B、while(而);C、since(因为);D、unless(除非)四个选项中只有while有转折的含义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以正确 答案为B。

11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste

、【答案】A shape

【解析】本题可以简化为：Some … are fit, while others … may be in poor .不难看出，前后意义相反，且fit(体型健康)与in poor 对应，与之最相关是A shape(外形)，故为正确答案。"精神"、"均衡"、"品味"都相差比较远，可以排除。

12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay

12、【答案】B qualify

【解析】本题顺应前文意义：有一些人体型很好，有些人体型体型肥胖。接下来举例说有些专业足球运动员 是肥胖的，"开始"不符;"处在"也不符合句意;"退休"内容无关;"被认为"符合句意，正确。

13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant

、【答案】C normal

【解析】本句不难理解：有些人脂肪过高，但是BMI却 。所需词汇明显是正向的，排除A、B;D属中性，且不符合句意，C(正常的)契合，为正确答案。

14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency

、【答案】D tendency

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【解析】本题解题关键是后半句：to stigmatize obesity(抵毁肥胖)，作为划线部分的后置定语，将四个选项"选择""理由""机会""倾向"代入划线处，最符合句意的是D(倾向)。后面一句也进 一步证实了(出现在媒体中的肥胖者脸都是打了马赛马的)。

15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored

、【答案】b pictured

【解析】空格所在句提到了媒体，根据语境，上句讲到当今我们都污蔑肥胖，所以本句的意思应该是媒体污蔑肥胖，四个选项中，跟媒体相关系的词汇只有b picture 意思为刻画，描写，描述。

16. [A] [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated

、【答案】D associated

【解析】空格所在句的意思是与肥胖_____的原型包括懒惰，缺乏意志力，对成功的期望值不高。空格后面提到的懒惰，缺乏意志力和对成功的期望 值不高都是与肥胖相关的表现，分析四个选项，A. 与。。。相比;B 与。。。相结合;C. 和。。。和解;都不符合题意，只有D与。。。相联系，相关符合句意。

17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only

、【答案】A even

【解析】空格所在句的意思是_____小孩子蔑视超重，而且对身材的嘲笑一直是学校的一个问题。本空格缺少一个副词，根据语境记忆常识，此处应该填入表示让步关系的词汇，分析四个选项，只有A even 即使符合题意。

18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded

、【答案】D grounded

【解析】根据语境，空前讲到对肥胖的负面态度，空后讲到对健康的关注， 激发一批反肥胖的____。本句没有出现任何转折词，说明空前后所表达的意思是一致的，反对肥胖，是基于对健康的关注，分析四个选项，能够表达此意思的词汇，只有选项D grounded,意思是基于。

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、【答案】D policies

【解析】解答此题需要联系空格后面紧跟着的句子。空后的句子出现了一系列表示同一个语义场的词汇，比如 hospital system ; ban; many employers institute, 指向的意思是一个系统中所出台的政策的问题，浏览四个选项，D选项policies 符合题意，直接入选。

20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without

、【答案】B against

【解析】本段的主题是反对肥胖，本句话属于细节的句子，用来支持这个主题，空格所在句讲到米歇尔奥巴马已经发起了一个高知名度的_____儿童 肥胖，甚至告诉奥兹博士，它代表了我们国家最大的安全威胁。空格中缺少词汇应该含有反对，反抗的意思，纵观四个选项，只有B against 符合题意。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1

What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she c

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ould do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.

These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say MsDumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.

This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most "happiness bang for your buck." It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.

Readers of “HappyMoney” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier

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countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors? policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.

21. According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?

[A]A big house

[B]A special tour

[C]A stylish car

[D]A rich meal

、【答案】B A special tour

【解析】细节题。答案定位在第二段的"it is far better to spend money on

experiences…like interesting trips…"，意思是"花钱消费在经历方面更好……，比如说有趣的旅行……"，由此可以得知答案是B选项"一场特别的旅行"。

22. The author?s attitude toward Americans? watching TV is

[A]critical

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、【答案】A critical

【解析】观点态度题。答案定位在第三段的"something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it"，意思是"普通美国人一年花两个月的时间看电视，并且看电视几乎不可能更愉快"，因此可以得知作者对于看电视的态度是A选项"批判的"。

23. Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that

[A]consumers are sometimes irrational

[B]popularity usually comes after quality

[C]marketing tricks are after effective

[D]rarity generally increases pleasure

、【答案】D rarity generally increases pleasure

【解析】观点例证题。答案定位在第三段，文章中提到Mc Rib这个例子，用这个例子证明的论点是"luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed

sparingly"，大意是"有节制地消费奢侈品最令人愉悦"，D选项正是这句论点句的同义替换。

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24. According to the last paragraph,Happy Money

[A]has left much room for readers?criticism

[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase

[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the us

[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement

【答案】B may prove to be a worthwhile purchase

【解析】细节题。答案定位在最后一段的最后一句"most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent"，大意是"大多数人看完这本书后，认为物有所值"，因此可以推知B选项是正确答案。

25. This text mainly discusses how to

[A]balance feeling good and spending money

[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries

[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent

[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuries

【答案】A balance feeling good and spending money

【解析】主旨题。纵观全文可知，全文主要谈论花钱消费和心情愉悦之间的关系，因此答案定位在A选项。

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Text 2

An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you?re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.

We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we?re hot stuff.

Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves? from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images h

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igher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher self-esteem. “I don?t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It?s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves?. If you are depressed, you won?t be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ?s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don?t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer?s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it?s not that people?s profiles are dishonest,sayscatalinatoma of Wiscon—Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.

26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______.

[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high

[B] illusory superiority is baseless effect

[C] our need for leadership is unnatural

[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective

、【答案】A our self-ratings are unrealistically high

【解析】题目问 "根据第一段，社会心理学家发现了什么?"对应于文章第一 段第三句"社会心理学家对所谓的?高于均数效应?或者?虚幻的优越感?进行大量的研究，发现我们中70%的人认为自己的领导力在平均水平之上……—这些数

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据明显都是不可能的。"由此可知，我们对自己评价过高。故答案为[A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high。

27. Visual recognition is believed to be people?s______

[A] rapid watching

[B] conscious choice

[C] intuitive response

[D] automaticself-defence 【答案】C intuitive response

【解析】题目问"视觉识别被认为是人们的什么?"对应于文章第三段第三句"视觉识别是自动的心理过程，这个过程依靠直觉快速发生，且并不是故意的。"由此可知，视觉识别被认为是人们的直觉反应。故答案为[C] intuitive response。

28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to______

[A] underestimate their insecurities

[B] believe in their attractiveness

[C] cover up their depressions

[D] oversimplify their illusions

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【答案】B believe in their attractiveness

【解析】题目问"Epley发现有更高自尊的人倾向于怎样"。对应到第四段，第二句讲到"没有证据显示那些自我提升最多的人这样做是为了掩饰自 己的不安全，接着讲到：事实上，那些认为自己的形象高于吸引力标准的人就是那些表现出更高自尊的人，故答案为[B] believe in their attractiveness。

29.The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaning to_____.

[A]instinctively

[B]occasionally

[C]particularly

[D]aggressively

【答案】[A] instinctively

【解析】题目问"最接近viscerally的意思的是?"。对应到第五段，viscerally所在句讲到"许多人讨厌照片中的自己，从某种 层面上说，他们甚至不承认照片中的人是他们自己。"而下文又讲到facebook是自我拔高者的天堂，在那里人们可以分享最满意的的照片。"由此可 知，viscerally在本句中是"本质上地"意思，故答案为[A] instinctively。

30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer?s paradise because people can _____.

[A]present their dishonest profiles

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【答案】[D]withhold their unflattering sides

【解析】题干问"我们可以推理出脸书(facebook)之所以是一个自我拔高者的天堂，是因为人们可以做什么?"对应于文章最后一段的第二 句，该句讲到"在脸书(facebook)中，人们可以分享最满意的照片。"下文接着讲到"不是人们不诚实，而是人们展示了自己最理想的形象。"故答案为 [D]withhold their unflattering sides。

Text 3

Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, on joy, typically make Americans feel uncomforuble and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging form recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.

Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological responset, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.

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Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to clicit assistance form others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention, So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.

Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress, University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to =cut onion would contain no such substance.

Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.

At Tulane University?s Teat Analysis Laboratory Dr.PeterKastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication(药物), to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.

At Columbia University Dt.LiasyFaris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.

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31. It is known from the first paragraph that ________.

A) shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to American

B) crying may often imitate people or even result in tragedy

C) crying usually wins sympathy from other people

D) one who sheds tears in public will be blamed

32. What does “both those responses to tears”(Line 6, Para, 1) refer to?

A) Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness.

B) The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.

C) The tear shedder?s apology and the observer?s effort to stop the crying.

D) Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears.

33. “Counterproductive” (Lines 6-7, Para,1) very probably means “________”.

A) having no effect at all

B) leading to tension

C) producing disastrous impact

D) harmful to health

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34. What does the author say about crying?

A) It is a pointless physiological response to the environment.

B) It must have a role to play in man?s survival.

C) It is meant to get attention and assistance.

D) It usually produces the desired effect.

35. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears?

A) Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.

B) Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears.

C) Emotional tears can give rise to “dry eye” syndrome in some cases.

D) Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears. Text 4

When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.

Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps th

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e most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.

Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.

The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.

There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.

Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.

But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing ￡4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition?s spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ev

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er return to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.

36. The author believes that the housing sector__

[A] has attracted much attention

[B] involves certain political factors

[C] shoulders too much responsibility

[D] has lost its real value in economy

【答案】[B] involves certain political factors

【解析】 根据本题题干中的关键词housing sector可以对应到文章的第二段， 中间说的很多，我们注意到最后有but出现，最后应该是作者真正想要表达的观点，另外这里用了the most significant 最高级，所以最后这个是最重要的一个原因，politically charged和选项B的political factors有对应关系，故选B involves certain political factors。

A项的吸引注意没有提及，C项的承担太多责任，原文说的shoulder the blame，D项说的丧失价值，原文说的是不善于表明真正价值，两者不一致，故排除。

37. It can be learned that affordable housing has__

[A] increased its home supply

[B] offered spending opportunities

[C] suffered government biases

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【答案】[C] suffered government biases

【解析】经济适用房曾受到政府的偏见。答案定位到文章第三段最后一句话It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need. 政府需要把历史的偏见放在一边并且采取一些策略解决我们迫切的住房需求。Suffered 是过去式，是对于原文history 的同义反复，biases 是对原文prejudices的同义反复。

38. According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may_______.

[A] allow greater government debt for housing

[B] stop local authorities from building homes [C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt

[D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast

【答案】[A] allow greater government debt for housing

【解析】根据人名George Osborne定位得知，此人将会让当地政府用来偿还建房借贷的限额变得更加宽松，并且在借贷限额放宽的情况下，将会另有60,000所房屋在未来的五年 中建立，并由此拉动国内生产总值的百分之零点六。因此A(允许更大的政府的建房借贷)是正确的，而B(禁止当地政府建房)，C(准备减少建房借 贷)，D(发布国内生产总值增长的预报)都与原文意思不符。

39. It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_______.

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[A]lower the costs of registered providers

[B]lessen the impact of government interference

[C]contribute to funding new developments

[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities

【答案】[C] contribute to funding new developments

【解析】推断题。根据文章题干定位到第五段，题干考察的是对稳定的租赁环境的理解。A项的意思是"减少注册供应者的成本"，其中"成本一词"并 未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是"减少政府接介入的影响"，其中"政府介入"并未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是"有助于为新发展提供 资金支持"，其中"为新发展提供资金支持"对应文中的"fund new developments";C选项中的"contribute to"(意思是有助于)对英文中的have a significant impact(意思是有重要影响)，符合正解的同义复现原则，所以是正确选项。

40. The author believes that after 2015,the government may______.

[A]implement more policies to support housing

[B]review the need for large-scale public grants

[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme

[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector

【答案】[D] stop generous funding to the housing sector

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【解析】推断题。根据题干定位到最后一段第三行。考察的是2015年以后政府的可能性动作。A项的意思是"推行更多的政策来支持住房"与原文意 义相反。B项的意思是重新审视大规模公共拨款的需求，与原文倒数第二段意义相违背。C项的意思是更新可负担的住房拨款项目并没有提到renew一词。D项 的意思是停止对住房部门的大额资助，与原文的倒数第二句相匹配，故为正确选项。

Section III Translation

Directions:

Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that?s perpetually half fall. But that?s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn?t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best.

Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and what doesn?t. Finally, there is pers

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【参考译文】

大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。哈佛大学的Tal

Ben-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽最大努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有最好的结果。

Ben-Shahar 会进行三种乐观方面的练习。比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。他会提醒自己：并不是每一次演讲都可以获得诺贝尔获，总会有一些演讲比其它演讲效果差。接着是重塑，他分析了这个效果不好的演讲，并且从那些起作用和不起作用的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。最后，需要有这样一种观点，那就是承认，在广阔的生命当中，一次演讲根本算不上什么。

Section IV Writing

Part A

47. Directions: Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student. Write him to email to

1)tell him about your living habits, and

2)ask for advice about living there.

Dear John,

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I am Li Ming who will go to study in your university and live together with you in one department. Now I am writing this letter to tell you some of my habits and ask you for some suggestions to adapt myself there.

To begin with, I usually get up early in the morning at six o?clock and then go out to do some exercise. To continue, I would like to spend my spare time in reading in the library. Meanwhile, I wonder if you could be so kind to offer me some proposals on how to get used to the life there.

I am looking forward to seeing you soon and wish everything goes well. Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

You should write about 100 words on answer sheet.

Do not use your own name.

Part B

48. Directions: Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) You should

1. interpret the chart, and

2. give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points) What is clearly presented in the above chart is the different numbers of urban residents and rural population among 1990,2000 and 2010.The number of urban

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residents climbed steadily from 300 million in 1990 to 660 million or so in 2010，while rural population decreased slightly from about 820 million to 680 million or so in the same period.

It is not difficult to come up with some possible factors accounting for this trend. On the one hand, with the rapid development of economy and society, people in

mounting numbers crowd into cities in search of employment, a decent living and the excitement of urban life recently. On the other hand, the economy in the rural districts is comparative less developed and thus the opportunity to make money and pursue their future is as well lean. As a result, an increasing number of folks are trying to escape this destiny by flocking into the urban areas.

Given the analyses above, I firmly believe that such established trend will surely continue for quite a while in the forthcoming years and due importance should be attached to this evident situation.

摘自经济学金融考研论坛 .

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二 : 2008年考研英语真题—答案

2008年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题答案

第一部分 USE OF ENGLISH

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10points）

The idea that some groups of people may be intelligent than others is one of those He is bird, a scientist who works any institution. He helped thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.

however, might tremble at what he is about to do. Together of humanity is more intelligent than the others, hut explains the process that has Europe. The process is natural selection.

This group generally do well in IQ test, often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are 1.[A]selected [B]prepared [C]obliged [D]Pleased

2.[A]unique [B]particular [C]special [D]rare

3.[A]of [B]with [C]in [D]against

4.[A]subsequently [B]presently [C]previously [D]lately

5.[A]Only [B]So [C]Even [D]Hence

6.[A]thought [B]sight [C]cost [D]risk

7.[A]advise [B]suggests [C]protests [D]objects

8.[A]progress [B]fact [C]need [D]question

9.[A]attaining [B]scoring [C]reaching [D]calculating

10.[A]normal [B]common [C]mean [D]total

11.[A]unconsciously [B]disproportionately [C]indefinitely

[D]unaccountably

12.[A]missions [B]fortunes [C]interests [D]careers

13.[A]affirm [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve

14.[A]moreover [B]therefore [C]however [D]meanwhile

15.[A]given up [B]got over [C]carried on [D]put down

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

16.[A]assessing [B]supervising [C]administrating [D]valuing

17.[A]development [B]origin [C]consequence [D]instrument

18.[A]linked [B] integrated [C]woven [D]combined

19.[A]limited [B]subjected [C]converted [D]directed

20.[A]paradoxical [B]incompatible [C]inevitable [D]continuous

文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句；有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。（www.61k.com］因此，在选择具体题目答案前，把握文章中心对于理解文章语句，把握逻辑关系，确定语意衔接提供了足够的信息依据。

文章首段主题句叙述到The idea that some people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. 一些人比另一些人聪明，这一观点一直是人们不敢明确提出来的假设。

题目解析：

The idea that some groups of people may be intelligent than others is one of those

1.[A]selected [B]prepared [C]obliged [D]Pleased

2.[A]unique [B]particular [C]special [D]rare

3.[A]of [B]with [C]in [D]against

1．语意辨析题 本题目选择动词过去分词形式，构成be …to 的结构，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到But Gregory Cochran, (a noted scientific iconoclast), is… to say it anyway. “但是Gregory Cochran…无论如何也要说出来。”

选项A. selected 选择；

B. prepared 准备；

C. obliged 被迫；

D. pleased 高兴。

不难发现，选项A. selected 选择，“但是Gregory Cochran选择无论如何也要说出来”，符合句子含义；选项B. prepared 准备，“但是Gregory Cochran准备无论如何也要说出来”，符合句子含义；选项C. obliged 被迫，“但是Gregory Cochran被迫无论如何也要说出来”，符合句子含义；选项D. pleased 高兴，“但是Gregory Cochran高兴无论如何也要说出来”，符合句子含义。在句子中四个选项似乎都合理，确定该题目为语意辨析题。前边相邻句子叙述到The idea that some people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. “一些人比另一些人聪明，这一观点一直是人们不敢明确提出来的假设。”因此，确定本句子表示准备说出来。因此，正确答案为B。

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

2. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语。（www.61k.com）句子叙述到He is that___ bird, a scientist who works independently____ any institution. “他是…的科学家，他的观点与其他科学家…。”

选项A. unique 独一无二的；

B. particular 特殊的，特别的；

C. special 特殊的；

D. rare 珍惜的。

不难发现，修饰“bird 鸟类”答案为rear， rear birds珍惜鸟类，引申为少之又少的人。

3. 选择A 词汇辨析题 本题目选择介词，构成work…短语，在句子中充当谓语，句子叙述到He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently____ any institution. “他就是极少数的科学家，在所有科学家团体…他的观点是与众不同的。”

选项A. of 在…范围之内；

B. with 与…一起；

C. in 在…之中；

D. against 与…相对。

不难发现，前面单句表明他是少之又少的人，该句是表明不与他人为伍。同时，any institution任何流派也包含着作者。因此，正确答案为A，他就是极少数的科学家，在所有科学家团体中他的观点是独立的、与众不同的。

He helped popularize the idea that some diseases to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.

4.[A]subsequently [B]presently [C]previously [D]lately

4. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择副词，在句子中充当状语。句子叙述到He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not____thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. “他普及了一种观点，即某些…没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染，这一观点一经提出就引起了极大争议。”

选项A. subsequently 随后的；

B. presently 当前的；

C. previously 先前的；

D. lately 后来。

不难发现，为了于本句子中的“actually，实际上”相互呼应，要体现时间上的先后交替关系。选项A. subsequently 随后的，“即某些随后没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染”，时间逻辑混乱，不符合句子含义；选项B. presently 当前的，“即某些当前没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染”，时间逻辑混乱，不符合句子含义；选项C. previously 先前的，“即某些以前没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染”，时间逻辑合理，符合句子含义；选项D. lately 后来，“即某些后来没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染”，时间逻辑混乱，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为C。

of what he is about to do.

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

5.[A]Only [B]So [C]Even [D]Hence

6.[A]thought [B]sight [C]cost [D]risk

5. 逻辑关系题 本题目选择逻辑关系词，体现句子之间的逻辑关系。（www.61k.com）句子叙述到____ he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. “但是，…是他自己在想到要做的事情时都可能在发抖。”

选项A. Only 仅仅（表示强调）；

B. So 因此（表示结果）；

C. Even 甚至，即使（表示让步，包含转折意义）；

D. Hence 因而（表示结果）。

不难发现，句子中however表示与前面的语句表示转折关系。因此，正确答案为C。

6. 固定搭配题 本题目选择名词，构成at the…of 的搭配，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到Even he, however, might tremble at the____of what he is about to do. “但是，即使是他自己在…要做的事情时都可能在发抖。”

选项A. at the thought of 想到；

B. at the sight of 看到；

C. at the cost of 以…为代价；

D. at the risk of 冒险…。

不难发现，选项A. at the thought of 想到，“即使是他自己在想到要做的事情时都可能在发抖”，符合句子含义；选项B. at the sight of 看到，“即使是他自己在看到要做的事情时都可能在发抖”，句子本身表达有误，“看到了”自己“要做的事情”是自相矛盾的表达，既然看到就应该是正在做，不符合句子含义；选项

C. at the cost of 以…为代价，“即使是他自己在以要做的事情为代价时都可能在发抖”，句子本身表达不合理；选项D. at the risk of 冒险，“即使是他自己在冒险要做的事情时都可能在发抖”，句子本身表达有误，既然是“冒险”就应该是正在做而不是“要做”。因此，正确答案为A。

that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, hut explains the process that has brought this about.

7.[A]advise [B]suggests [C]protests [D]objects

7. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only ____ that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. “他同两位科学家一起发表了一篇论文，论文中不仅…某些人比其他人更聪明，而且解释了导致这种情况的过程。”

选项A. advises 建议；

B. suggests 暗示，建议；

C. protests 抗议；

D. objects 反对。

不难发现，句子的主语为“a paper”论文，宾语为“that one group of humanity

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about”一群人比另一群人聪明，并且指出了导致该现象的原因，二者之间用“暗示，表明”。(www.61k.com）选项A. advises 建议，“论文中不仅建议某些人比其他人更聪明”，“建议”是具有独立意识行为能力的人才能够发出的动作，在此不符合句子含义；选项B. suggests 暗示，建议，“论文中不仅暗示某些人比其他人更聪明”，符合句子含义；选项C. protests 抗议，“论文中不仅抗议某些人比其他人更聪明”，“抗议”是具有独立意识行为能力人才能够发出的动作，在此不符合句子含义；选项

D. objects 反对，“论文中不仅反对某些人比其他人更聪明”，“反对”是具有独立意识行为能力人才能够发出的动作，在此不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为B。

process is natural selection.

8.[A]progress [B]fact [C]need [D]question

8. 选择D 固定搭配题 本题目选择介词短语，在句子中充当定语，修饰前面的the group。句子叙述到The group____are a particular people organized from central Europe. The process is natural selection. “…的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族，整个过程就是自然选择。”

选项A. in progress 在…的进程中；

B. in fact 事实上；

C. in need 需要的；

D. in question 涉及的，谈到的。

不难发现，前文提到的一群人比另一群人更聪明，这个固定人群已经确定。选项A. in progress 在…的进程中，“进程中的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族”，句子表达含混不清，不符合句子含义；选项B. in fact 事实上，“事实上的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族”，句子表达含混不清，不符合句子含义；选项C. in need 需要的，“需要的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族”，句子表达含混不清，不符合句子含义；选项D. in question 涉及的，谈到的，“谈到的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族”，句子表达准确无误，符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为D。

This group generally do well in IQ test,

9.[A]attaining [B]scoring [C]reaching [D]calculating

10.[A]normal [B]common [C]mean [D]total

11.[A]unconsciously [B]disproportionately [C]indefinitely

[D]unaccountably

12.[A]missions [B]fortunes [C]interests [D]careers

13.[A]affirm [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve

9. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests ,____ 12-15 points “Ashkenazim在智商测试中成绩最好，…多12分到15分。”

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

选项A. attaining 获得（长期努力）;

B. scoring 得分；

C. reaching 达到；

D. calculating 计算。[www.61k.com）

不难发现，句子中的宾语是分数，因此要选择得分。因此，正确答案为B。

10. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语，修饰后面的名词。句子叙述到scoring 12-15 points above the ____value of 100, “Ashkenazim在智商测试中成绩最好，比100分的…分多得12分到15分。”

选项A. normal 正常的；

B. common 普通的；

C. mean value 平均值；

D. total 总共的。

不难发现，100分是个参照值，这个数字是大多数人的基本智商数值。因此，正确答案为C。

11. 语意辨析题 本题目选择副词，在句子中充当状语。句子叙述到Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed ____ to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, “Ashkenazim在智商测试中成绩最好，比100分的平均分多得12分到15分。这个民族对西方学术及文化的贡献与他们的智商…。”

选项A. unconsciously 无意识地；

B. disproportionately 不成比例地；

C. indefinitely 不确定地；

D. unaccountably 无缘无故地。

不难发现，句子中的并列连词“and”表示前面的“高智商”与后面的“为西方学术和文化做贡献”构成顺接关系。选项A. unconsciously 无意识地,“这个民族的智商很高却无意识为西方学术及文化作贡献”，符合句子含义；选项B. disproportionately 不成比例地，“这个民族对西方学术及文化作贡献与他们的高智商却不成比例”，符合句子含义；选项C. indefinitely 不确定地，“这个民族对西方学术及文化作贡献与他们的高智商之间的关联不确定”，符合句子含义；选项D. unaccountably 无缘无故地，“这个民族对西方学术及文化作贡献与他们的高智商之间却毫无关联（无缘无故）”，符合句子含义。显然，四个选项在句子中都合理，确定该题目为语意辨析题。后面相邻语句叙述到They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer.与多数人相比，他们更容易患一些凶险的遗传病，如乳腺癌。可见，他们的高智商往往会让他们遇到始料不及的问题。高智商却无用武之地，或由于客观问题不能充分利用高智商来做贡献。因此，正确答案为B，这个民族对西方学术及文化作贡献与他们的高智商却不成比例。

12. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择名词，在as 引导的非限制性定语从句中充当主语。句子叙述到Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the ____of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, ___. “Ashkenazim在智商测试中成绩最好，比100分的平均分多得12分到15分。这个民族对西方学术及文化的贡献与他们的智商却不成比例。像弗洛伊德、爱因斯坦等人一样的…所…的。”

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

选项A. missions 任务；

B. fortunes 运气；

C. interests 兴趣；

D. careers 生涯，事业。[www.61k.com]

不难发现，成功的弗洛伊德，爱因斯坦等著名人物证实了以上事实。因此，正确答案为D。

13. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词，在非限制性定语从句中充当谓语。句子叙述到as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, ___. “成功的弗洛伊德，爱因斯坦等著名人物…了以上事实”。

选项A. affirm 证实；

B. witness 目睹；

C. observe 观察；

D. approve 允许，批准。

不难发现，这些成功人士自身经历对于如上的事实是真实的写照。选项A. affirm 证实，“成功的弗洛伊德，爱因斯坦等著名人物证实了以上事实”，符合句子含义；选项B. witness 目睹，“成功的弗洛伊德，爱因斯坦等著名人物亲眼目睹了以上事实”，显然空间和时间没有关联，不符合句子含义；选项C. observe 观察，“成功的弗洛伊德，爱因斯坦等著名人物观察了以上事实”，显然空间和时间没有关联，不符合句子含义；选项D. approve 允许，批准，“成功的弗洛伊德，爱因斯坦等著名人物批准了以上事实”，“批准”应该是文件等，不能说批准事实。因此，正确答案为A。

They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These , have previously been thought

14.[A]moreover [B]therefore [C]however [D]meanwhile

15.[A]given up [B]got over [C]carried on [D]put down

16.[A]assessing [B]supervising [C]administrating [D]valuing

14. 逻辑关系题 本题目选择逻辑关系词，体现前后两个句子的逻辑关系。句子叙述到They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, ____, have previously been thought unrelated. “此外，与多数人相比，他们更容易患一些恶性的遗传病，例如乳腺癌。…人们以前认为这两者是没有关联的。”

选项A. moreover 此外，而且；

B. therefore 因此；

C. however 然而，但是；

D. meanwhile 同时。

不难发现，前后两个句子表现出转折关系。因此，正确答案为C，此外，与多数人相比，他们更容易患一些恶性的遗传病，例如乳腺癌。然而以前认为这两者是没有关联的。

15. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词短语，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到The former has been ____to social effects… “前者…于社会影响。”选择动词，主语和宾

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

语提供信息决定答案。（www.61k.com］

选项A. be given up to 让与…；

B. get over 克服（不与to 连用）；

C. carried on 继续（不与to 连用）；

D. be put down to 归因于。

不难发现，主语“the former”指代“智商”，宾语为“social effects 社会影响”。选项A. be given up to 让与…“智商让步于社会影响”，不符合语言表达习惯，不符合句子含义；选项B. get over 克服（不与to 连用），结构上不符合语句要求；选项C. carried on 继续（不与to 连用），结构上不符合语句要求；选项D. be put down to 归因于，“智商归因于社会影响”，符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为D。

16. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动名词形式。句子叙述到The former has been put down to social effects, such as strong tradition of ___education. “前者归因于于社会影响，例如…教育的优良传统。”

选项A. assessing 评估，评价；

B. supervising 监督；

C. administering 管理，掌管；

D. valuing 重视。

不难发现，选项A. assessing 评估，评价， 评价教育的优良传统，不符合句子含义；选项B. supervising 监督，监督教育的优良传统，不符合句子含义；选项C. administering 管理，管理教育的优良传统，不符合句子含义；选项D. valuing 重视，重视教育的优良传统，符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为D。 17.[A]development [B]origin [C]consequence [D]instrument

17. 固定搭配题 本题目选择名词，构成as…of的结构。句子叙述到The latter was seen as a ____of genetic isolation. “后者被视为遗传隔离的…。”

选项A. development 发展；

B. origin 起源；

C. consequence 结果（as a consequence of以…为结果，由于…）;

D. instrument 工具，器皿。

不难发现，选项A. development 发展，不能构成“as development of”的短语，不符合句子含义；选项B. origin 起源，不能构成“as origin of”的短语，不符合句子含义；选项C. consequence 结果，as a consequence of以…为结果，由于…“后者被认为是遗传隔离的结果”，符合句子含义；选项D. instrument 工具，器皿，不能构成“as instrument of”的短语，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为C。

18.[A]linked [B] integrated [C]woven [D]combined

18. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately____. “但是，Cochran怀疑智力和疾病是____的。”

选项A. linked 关联；

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

B. integrated 组装；

C. woven 摇摆；

D. combined 连接。(www.61k.com)

不难发现，句子表达的含义为“智力和疾病是紧密关联的。因此，正确答案为A。

19.[A]limited [B]subjected [C]converted [D]directed

20.[A]paradoxical [B]incompatible [C]inevitable [D]continuous

19. 固定搭配题 本题目选择动词，在句子中构成固定搭配，充当谓语。句子叙述到His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has____them to unique evolutionary pressures “他的论点是，这些人非同寻常的历史使他们…某些独特的进化压力”。

选项A. limited 限制（只能构成be limited to短语，被限制在…）；

B. subjected 屈服（subject…to..使…屈服于…）；

C. converted 改变；

D. directed 导向。

不难发现，A. limited 限制（只能构成be limited to短语，被限制在…），在句子之中结构不搭配，不符合句子含义；选项B. subjected 屈服（subject…to..使…屈服于…），“这些人非同寻常的历史使他们屈服于某些独特的进化压力”，符合句子含义；选项C. converted 改变，不能构成 “convert…to…”的结构，不符合句子结构要求；选项D. directed 导向，“这些人非同寻常的历史指导他们朝向某些独特的进化压力”，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为B。

20. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，在句子中修饰后面的名词。句子叙述到His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this____state of affairs. “他的论点是，这些人非同寻常的历史使他们屈服于某些独特的进化压力，而这些压力导致了这种…状况的产生。”

选项A. paradoxical 相互矛盾的；

B. incompatible 不相容的，不协调的；

C. inevitable 毫无疑问的；

D. continuous 持续的。

不难发现，句子中的“这种状况”指的是前文中“智商高的人对于西方学术及文化的贡献与智商不成比例”这种自相矛盾的状况。前文提出了不同的观点。因此，正确答案为A，他的论点是，这些人非同寻常的历史使他们屈服于某些独特的进化压力，而这些压力导致了这种自相矛盾的状况的产生。

这一观点一直是人们不敢明确提出来的一种假设。但是，Gregory Cochran准备无论如何也要说出来。他是极少数独立于任何机构的科学家。他普及了一种观点，即某些以前没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染，这一观点一经提出就引起了极大争议。

但是，即使是他自己在想到要做的事情的时候都可能发抖。他同其他两位科学家一起发表了一篇论文，论文中不仅指出某些人比其他人更聪明，而且解释了

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

导致这种情况的过程。(www.61k.com]所说的这群人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族，整个过程就是自然选择。

总体来说，这群人在智商测试中成绩最好，得分比100分的平均分高12至15分，但就像这个民族的精英，包括全球一些著名的科学家的事业所证实的那样，这个民族对西方学术及文化的贡献与他们的智商却不成正比。此外，与多数人相比，他们更容易患一些凶险的遗传病，如乳腺癌。但是，以前人们认为这两者是没有关联的。人们将前者归结于社会影响，例如重视教育的浓厚传统。将后者视为遗传隔离的结果。Cochran博士指出智力和疾病是紧密联系的。他的论点是，这些人非同寻常的历史使他们遭受某些独特的进化压力，而这些压力导致了这种矛盾状况的产生。

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or

D. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1.（40 points）

Text 1

While still catching up to men in some sphere of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychologist at New York's Vctcran's Administration Hospital.

Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.

Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's,” she observes, “It's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”

Dr Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic of repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, patents of other family members, and they end not to be one-shot deals. The wear and tear that occurs from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”

Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother: “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

lived from paycheck to paycheck.

Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses, Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?

A. Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.

B. Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.

C. Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.

D. Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.

22.Dr.Ychuda's research suggests that women____.

A. need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.

B. have limited capacity for tolerating stress.

C. are more capable of avoiding stress.

D. are exposed to more stress.

23.According to paragraph4, the stress women confront tends to be____.

A. domestic and temporary.

B. irregular and violent.

C. durable and frequent.

D. trivial and random.

24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck”(line6.para.5)shows that____.

A. Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.

B. Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses.

C. Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.

D. Alvarez paid practically everything by check.

25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. Strain of Stress: No Way Out?

B. Responses to Stress: Gender Difference

C. Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say

D. Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段主题句是Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, 博士说，“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”。（www.61k.com)

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. 对人类和动物的研究均表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.使女性处于压力状态下的化学物质增多的另一个原因是他们面对的机会增多。

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是Dr Yehuda notes another difference between the

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

sexes. Yhuda博士还注意到两性之间的另一个差异。（www.61k.com］

第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. Adeline Alvarez18岁结婚，生了儿子，但还是决心要把大学读完。

第六段确定段落内容方向的语句是But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain.但是如今大多数女性要承担许多义务，很少有休息时间，一直面临压力。

题目解析：

21. 推断题Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs? 选项A. Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.

女性在生理上更易受压力影响。

B. Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.

女性仍然遭受由于男性所造成的压力。

C. Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.

在处理压力方面，女性比男性更有经验。

D. Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.

当面对压力时男性和女性会有不同的表现。

该题目作为推断题，要找到对应段落的主题句。文章第一段While still catching up to men in some sphere of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychologist at New York's Vctcran's Administration Hospital. 该段只有两个句子，首句While still catching up to men in some sphere of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.尽管女性在现代生活中的某些领域一直未能超过男性，但在至少一个不那么受欢迎的领域，女性似乎走到了男性前面。本句叙述一个具体的情况，是细节信息。因此，第二句为主题句。主题句叙述到Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, … Yehuda博士说，“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”。文章第二段Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.该段只有两个句子，尾句叙述到In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.在几项研究中，当将处于压力状态下的雌鼠的卵巢被摘除，他们产生的化学物质就变得跟雄性一样多。本句在叙述一个具体的实验，明确是细节信息。因此，段首句为主题句。主题句叙述到Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

对人类和动物的研究均表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。［www.61k.com)不难发现，前两个段落叙述到女性面对压力反应更大，并且指出了导致如此反应的原因。选项A. Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress. 女性在生理上更易受压力影响，与相关信息句动作“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”相符合，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项B. Women are still suffering much stress caused by men. 女性仍然遭受由于男性所造成的压力，与相关信息句动作“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及女性面对的压力是男性造成的；选项C. Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress. 在处理压力方面，女性比男性更有经验，与相关信息句动作“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及男性和女性哪个更有经验地面对压力；选项D. Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress. 当面对压力时男性和女性会有不同的表现，与相关信息句动作“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及男性和女性面对压力的不同反应。因此，正确答案为A. Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress. 女性在生理上更易受压力影响。（补充：段落主题句要遵循主题句细节句原则。阅读理解文章以及文章中的每一个段落都是由不同的功能句组成的。根据功能句的特点和作用，可以将句子分成两类：主题句和细节句。段落的主题句可以出现在段首，也可以出现在段尾，有时也出现在段落中间。如果出现在段落中间，必须在转折意义的but, however, surprisingly, virtually, indeed, in fact, yet或now的后面，否则段首或段尾的语言完整，形式简洁，观点明确的句子即为主题句。即，段落摆在面前，首先跳读段落中间句：如果中间句前有转折词，那么转折词所在句一般是主题句；如果中间句前没有转折词，那么段落首句后者尾句语言完整，形式简洁，观点明确的句子即为主题句。而细节句的特点为：举例子（时间、空间、人称转移），作统计（百分数），引引语（直接引语和间接引语:直接引语即可能是主题句也可能是细节句(引号的内容是细节句的五个特点,该句子是细节句;引号的内容是语言完整,形式简洁,观点明确的句子一定是主题句）)，做实验（准备、过程、结论），打比方（比喻、比较、疑问）和做列举。）

22. 细节题Dr. Ychuda's research suggests that women____.

选项A. need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress. 妇女应对压力时需要更多的药品。

B. have limited capacity for tolerating stress. 妇女承受压力的能力有限。

C. are more capable of avoiding stress. 妇女更能够避免压力。

D. are exposed to more stress. 妇女暴露在更多压力中。

该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。带着 “Yehuda”粗略定位在文章第三段，利用定位词 “women”精确定位在“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过男人，只是她们要处理如此多的事情，以至于她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快会发生。”可见，妇女要承受更多的压力。选项A. need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress. 妇女应对压力时需要

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

更多的药品，与相关信息句动作“妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过男人，只是她们要处理如此多的事情，以至于她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快会发生”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“应对压力要药品”；选项B. have limited capacity for tolerating stress. 妇女承受压力的能力有限，与相关信息句动作“妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过男人，只是她们要处理如此多的事情，以至于她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快会发生”完全相悖，相关信息句中明确指出“妇女忍受能力远远超过男人”；选项C. are more capable of avoiding stress. 妇女更能够避免压力，与相关信息句动作“妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过男人，只是她们要处理如此多的事情，以至于她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快会发生” 完全相悖，相关信息句中明确指出“她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快发生”；选项D. are exposed to more stress. 暴露在更多压力中，与相关信息句动作“妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过男人，只是她们要处理如此多的事情，以至于她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快会发生”直接关联，动作“暴露在更多压力中”对应于“只是她们要处理更多的事情”，体现“同意替换”的关系。（www.61k.com］因此，正确答案为

D. are exposed to more stress.暴露在更多压力中。

23. 细节题According to paragraph4, the stress women confront tends to be____. 选项A. domestic and temporary. 内在的并且短暂的。

B. irregular and violent. 不规则的并且激烈的。

C. durable and frequent. 持续的并且频繁的。

D. trivial and random. 典型的并且随机的。

该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。利用定位词 “the stress women confront”定位在第四段 “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.”我认为妇女所暴露的这种压力趋向于是一种慢性并且重复的本性。因此，正确答案为C. durable and frequent.更持久，更频繁。

（补充：细节题：根据文章中具体细节信息做出提问的题目。题干一般围绕5Ws和1H而展开。即，who, what, when, where, why, 和how。解题要点：利用四步法中第一、第二两个步骤，将题干在对应段落中粗略定位后，利用IRT命题理论中的细节题定位词（题干中的重要意义，总结意义或题干的定位词）准确确定相关信息句，便可以准确进行判断并确定细节题的正确答案（如定位词所在的句子不能确定答案，那么继续向下问找信息）。）

24. 识词题The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck”(line6.para.5)shows that____.

选项A. Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.

Alvarez只关心赚钱。

B. Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses.

Alvarez的工资几乎无法支付日常开销。

C. Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.

Alvarez从不同工作中获得帐单。

D. Alvarez paid practically everything by check..

Alvarez几乎所有东西都用支票付帐。

该题目作为识词题，先将要识别的词汇到文章中定位，按照“方位论原则”：

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。［www.61k.com）将“I lived from paycheck to paycheck”定位到第五段Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother: It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck. 该句子作为本段落的段尾句，后面没有任何语句信息，即后面没有解释说明或者并列转折的标志词汇，因此向前面平行结构。前面相邻语句为相关信息句。It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. “最困难的事包括照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付租金，交汽车贷款还有还债。”可见，Alvarez的最大问题是入不敷出。选项A. Alvarez cared about nothing but making money. Alvarez只关心赚钱，与相关信息句动作“最困难的事包括照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付租金，交汽车贷款还有还债”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“只关心赚钱”；选项B. Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses. Alvarez的工资几乎无法支付日常开销，与相关信息句动作“最困难的事包括照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付租金，交汽车贷款还有还债”直接关联，体现“包含与被包含（即具体与抽象）”的关系；选项C. Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs. Alvarez从不同工作中获得帐单，与相关信息句动作“最困难的事包括照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付租金，交汽车贷款还有还债”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“从不同工作中获得帐单”；选项D. Alvarez paid practically everything by check. Alvarez几乎所有东西都用支票付账，与相关信息句动作“最困难的事包括照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付租金，交汽车贷款还有还债”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“几乎所有东西都用支票付帐”。因此，正确答案为B. Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses. Alvarez的工资几乎无法满足日常家庭开销的花费。（补充：识词题，将词汇回归原文后。先找后面解释说明或者并列转折的表达；如果没有解释说明或者并列转折，再向前文找平行结构。因此，所谓的上下文找信息的理论是有漏洞的，正所谓瞒天过海。）

25.主旨题 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

选项A. Strain of Stress: No Way Out? 面对压力：束手无策？

B. Responses to Stress: Gender Difference. 压力的反应：性别差异。

C. Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say. 压力分析：什么物质起作用。

D. Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress. 性别差异：女性承受压力。 利用“中心统一原则”确定的首段主题句和其他段落确定段落内容方向的语句。文章首段主题句是Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, …… Yehuda博士说，“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”。第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. 对人类和动物的研究均表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.使女性处于压力状态下的化学物质增多的另一个原因是他们面对的机会增多。[www.61k.com]第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是Dr Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. Yhuda博士还注意到两性之间的另一个差异。第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. Adeline Alvarez18岁结婚，生了儿子，但还是决心要把大学读完。第六段确定段落内容方向的语句是But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain.但是如今大多数女性要承担许多义务，很少有休息时间，一直面临压力。不难发现,文章叙述的主要内容是妇女承受压力及其原因的问题。因此，正确答案为D. Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress.（补充：主旨题应用中心统一原则效果最为明显。中心统一原则表述到：文章首段要准确确定主题句；其他段落段落中间句前有转折词，看转折词所在句，无转折词直接看段首句。）

但在至少一个不那么受欢迎的领域，女性似乎走在了男性的前面。在纽约退伍军人管理医院工作的首席精神病学家Yehuda博士说，“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍。”

对人类和动物的研究都表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样状况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。在几项研究中，当将处于压力状态下的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性生殖器官）被摘除，他们产生的化学物质就变得和雄鼠一样多。

此外，使女性处于压力状态下的化学物质增多的另一个原因是她们面对压力的机会增多。Yehuda博士说，“这并不是说女性做事不如男性做得那样好，只是因为她们要做的事儿太多。”他说，“女性对压力的耐受力甚至超过了男性，只是因为她们要处理太多的事务，她们才更快更明显地变得筋疲力尽。”

Yehuda博士还注意到零星之间的另一个差异。“我认为女性接触的事情往往是长期的、重复的。男性参战，要承受战争压力。男人接触的往往是随机的身体上的暴力，而女性接触的人与人之间的暴力往往发生在家里，不幸的是，其实施者是父母或其他家庭成员，而这些暴力往往不只一次。这种长期关系带来的折磨有可能给她们造成毁灭性的打击。”

Adeline Alvarez18岁结婚，生了儿子，但是决心读完大学。“我认为获得大学学位苦苦挣扎过。生活中面临那么多的挫折，所以上学不断进步、做得更好，这对我来说意味着一种解脱。”从那之后，她离了婚，成了一位单身母亲。“最困难的事情是照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付房租，付车贷，偿还债务。我的生活就是从付账单道付账单。”

Alvarez指出，并非每个人都会经历长期的严重压力，但是如今大多数女性要承担许多义务，很少有休息时间，一直面临压力。Alvarez的经历表明，要在压力威胁到你的健康和技能之前找到方法疏导它，这一点很重要。

Text 2

It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

No longer, The Internet---and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government--funded research by restricting access to it---is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by john Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market if estimated at between $7 billion and $II billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three ones were identified by the report's author. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer)for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where originations such as universities of international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses____.

A. the background information of journal editing.

B. the publication routine of laboratory reports.

C. the relations of authors with journal publishers.

D. the traditional process of journal publication.

27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?

A. It criticizes government-funded research.

B. It introduces an effective means of publication.

C. It upsets profit-making journal publishers.

D. It benefits scientific research considerably.

28. According to the text. online publication is significant in that____.

A. it provides an easier access to scientific results.

B. it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.

C. it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

D. it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper if required

to____.

A. cover the cost of its publication.

B. subscribe to the journal publishing it.

C. allow other online journals to use it freely.

D. complete the peer-review before submission.

30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

A. The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.

B. A new modal of publication is emerging.

C. Authors welcome the new channel for publication.

D. Publication is rendered easier by online service.

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段主题句是It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working

together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A

journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper

and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor

would accept the paper for publication or decline it.过去事情如此简单。(www.61k.com）实验室里工

作的一组研究者将研究结果交给一本期刊，之后期刊编辑从论文上删掉作者的名

字和简历，将他送给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语，编辑将发表论文或退稿。

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是No longer, The Internet---and pressure from

funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money

from government--funded research by restricting access to it--- is making access to

scientific results a reality.现在，情况不是这样了。通过限制人们对研究成果的查

看权，出版商从政府资助的研究中获益，科学研究的出资机构对此种行为表示质

疑，这种压力连同互联网一同使得人们获知科学研究成果的权利成为现实。

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是The value of knowledge and the return on the

public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready

access.知识价值以及公众投资研究的回归部分依赖与期刊的广泛传播，人们随时

可以看到。

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是This is now changing. According to the OECD

report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online.现在这种情况在改变。根据

OECD的报告，现在差不多有75%的学术期刊可在线查阅。

题目解析：

26. 推断题In the first paragraph, the author discusses____.

选项A. the background information of journal editing. 期刊编辑信息的背景。

B. the publication routine of laboratory reports. 实验室实验报告出版的例

行工作。

C. the relations of authors with journal publishers. 作者和期刊出版商的

关系。

D. the traditional process of journal publication. 传统的期刊出版的程序。

该题目作为推断题，要找到指定段落的主题句。段落中间句前没有转折词，

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

段首句高度概括，但是主语“It”不明确，指代后面所有语句内容。（www.61k.com)句子叙述到It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. 过去事情如此简单。实验室里工作的一组研究者将研究结果交给一本期刊，之后期刊编辑从论文上删掉作者的名字和简历，将他送给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语，编辑将发表论文或退稿。版权属于期刊出版商，而那些想了解研究成果的研究者则必须订阅期刊。不难发现，上文语句是叙述了书写论文—交给出版社—审阅—出版或退稿的整个流程。因此，正确答案为D. the traditional process of journal publication. 传统的期刊出版的程序。

27. 细节题 Which of the following is true of the OECD report?

选项A. It criticizes government-funded research. 报告批评政府资助的研究。

B. It introduces an effective means of publication. 报告引进了一种有效的出版方法。

C. It upsets profit-making journal publishers. 报告令赚钱的出版商们感到不安。

D. It benefits scientific research considerably. 报告十分有利于科学研究。 该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。利用定位词“OECD report”定位到第二段The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vichery of OECD, makes heavy reading for publisher who have, so far, made handsome profit. But it goes further than that 澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰休斯顿和OECD的Graham Vichery做的报告使已经获得巨额利润的出版商们要做大量阅读（即花费精力去阅读去理解）。选项A. It criticizes government-funded research. 报告批评政府资助的研究，与相关信息句动作“使已经获得巨额利润的出版商们要做大量阅读（即花费精力去阅读去理解）”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“批评政府资助的研究”；选项B. It introduces an effective means of publication. 报告引进了一种有效的出版方法，与相关信息句动作“使已经获得巨额利润的出版商们要做大量阅读（即花费精力去阅读去理解）”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“有效的出版方法”；选项C. It upsets profit-making journal publishers. 报告令赚钱的出版商们感到不安，与相关信息句动作“使已经获得巨额利润的出版商们要做大量阅读（即花费精力去阅读去理解）”相关联，动作“令赚钱的出版商们感到不安”对应于“使已经获得巨额利润的出版商们要做大量阅读”，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项D. It benefits scientific research considerably. 报告十分有利于科学研究。因此，正确答案为C. It upsets profit-making journal publishers.令赚钱的出版商们感到不安。

28. 细节题 According to the text, online publication is significant in that____. 选项A. it provides an easier access to scientific results.

在线出版让提供容易查询的科学研究成果。

B. it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

在线出版给科研工作者带来巨额利润。[www.61k.com］

C. it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.

在线出版强调科学知识的巨大作用。

D. it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

在线出版方便于为科学研究提供公共投资。

该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。利用定位词“online publication”定位到第四段 “There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreement.”这就是所谓的大买卖。通过网络授权，机构用户可以接近（查询）在线杂志标题。选项A. it provides an easier access to scientific results. 在线出版让提供容易查询的科学研究成果，与相关信息句动作“通过网络授权，机构用户可以接近（查询）在线杂志标题”直接关联，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项B. it brings huge profits to scientific researchers. 在线出版给科研工作者带来巨额利润，与相关信息句动作“通过网络授权，机构用户可以接近（查询）在线杂志标题”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“给科研工作者带来巨额利润”；选项C. it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge. 在线出版强调科学知识的巨大作用，与相关信息句动作“通过网络授权，机构用户可以接近（查询）在线杂志标题”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“强调科学知识的作用”；选项D. it facilitates public investment in scientific research. 在线出版方便于为科学研究提供公共投资，与相关信息句动作“通过网络授权，机构用户可以接近（查询）在线杂志标题”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“国防便于为科学研究提供公共投资”。因此，正确答案为A. it provides an easier access to scientific result. 在线出版让提供容易查询的科学研究成果。

29. 细节题With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper if required to____.

选项A. cover the cost of its publication.支付出版费用。

B. subscribe to the journal publishing it. 同意期刊出版它。

C. allow other online journals to use it freely. 允许其他在线期刊随意使用它。

D. complete the peer-review before submission. 在呈交期刊前完成同事审阅。

该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。利用定位词“the author of a paper”定位到第四段 “There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author(or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published.”有公开阅读出版物，一般是要求作者或者其雇主为即将出版的材料来付钱。选项A. cover the cost of its publication.支付出版费用，与相关信息句动作“要求作者或者其雇主为即将出版的材料来付钱”直接关联，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项B. subscribe to the journal publishing it. 同意期刊出版它，与相关信息句动作“要求作者或者其雇主为即将出版的材料来付钱”没有任何关联，相关信息句没有涉及“同意期刊出版它”；选项C. allow other online journals to use it freely. 允许其他在线期刊随意使用它，与相关信息句动作“要求作者或者其雇主为即将出版的材料来付钱”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“允许在线期刊随意使用它”；选项D. complete the peer-review before submission. 在呈交期刊前完成同事审阅，与相关信息句动作“要求作者或者其雇主为即将出版的材料来付钱” 没有任何关联，相关信息句中

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

没有涉及“在呈交期刊前完成同事审阅”。[www.61k.com)因此，正确答案为A. cover the cost of its publication.支付出版费用。

30. 主旨题Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

选项A. The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.互联网威胁出版商的利益。

B. A new modal of publication is emerging.一种新的出版模式出现。

C. Authors welcome the new channel for publication.作者欢迎这种新的出版渠道。

D. Publication is rendered easier by online service.在线服务使出版变得更简单。

利用“中心统一原则”确定的首段主题句和其他段落确定段落内容方向的语句。文章首段主题句是It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.过去事情如此简单。实验室里工作的一组研究者将研究结果交给一本期刊，之后期刊编辑从论文上删掉作者的名字和简历，将他送给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语，编辑将发表论文或退稿。第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是No longer, The Internet---and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government--funded research by restricting access to it--- is making access to scientific results a reality.现在，情况不是这样了。通过限制人们对研究成果的查看权，出版商从政府资助的研究中获益，科学研究的出资机构对此种行为表示质疑，这种压力连同互联网一同使得人们获知科学研究成果的权利成为现实。第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.知识价值以及公众投资研究的回归部分依赖与期刊的广泛传播，人们随时可以看到。第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online.现在这种情况在改变。根据OECD的报告，现在差不多有75%的学术期刊可在线查阅。不难发现，这篇文章围绕着出版程序的发展变化历程展开的。因此，正确答案为B. A new modal of publication is emerging.一种新的出版模式出现。（补充：主旨题应用中心统一原则效果最为明显。中心统一原则表述到：文章首段要准确确定主题句；其他段落段落中间句前有转折词，看转折词所在句，无转折词直接看段首句。）

实验室里工作的一组研究者经研究结果呈交给一本期刊，之后期刊编辑从论文上删掉作者的名字和简历，将它送给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语，编辑将发表论文或者退稿。版权属于期刊出版商，而那些想了解研究成果的研究者则必须订阅该期刊。

现在，情况不再是这样了。通过限制人们对研究成果的查看权，出版商从政府资助的研究中获益，科学研究的出资机构对此种行为表示质疑，这种压力连同互联网一同使得人们获知科学研究成果的权利称为现实。经济合作与发展组织(OECD)刚刚发表一份报告，以阐明此种变化的深远意义。澳大利亚维多利亚大学的John Houghton和经济合作发展组织的Graham Vickery共同撰写了该报告，

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

报告将令那些目前为止获益颇丰的出版商感到心情沉重。(www.61k.com）但是其意义远远不止于

此。它预示了科学事业一直以来的关键因素的一种转变。

知识的价值以及公众投资研究的回归部分依赖于期刊的广泛传播，人们随时

都可以看到。这是大生意。在美国，估计核心科学读物的出版市场价值在70亿

至110亿美元之间。国际科学技术医疗出版协会指出，全球范围内有超过2000

家出版商专攻这些领域。他们每年差不多16000种期刊上发表超过120万篇论文。

现在这种情况在改变。根据OECD的报告，现在差不多75%的学术期刊可在

线查阅。全新的商业模式在逐步显现；该报告的作者主要确认了三种模式。首先

是所谓的大生意，即有机构订购期刊，通过签订网址许可协议，为网上期刊的查

阅付费。第二种是开放权限出版模式，典型的是让作者（或其他雇主）支付论文

出版的费用。最后一种是开放权限档案模式，即背后有诸如大学或国际实验室这

样的组织为机构提供知识库存。其他现有的模式是这三种模式的结合，例如延迟

权限开放模式，即期刊载允许任何想要阅读一篇论文的人免费阅读之前，在前六

个月，只允许订阅者查阅论文。所有这些都会改变同行审阅论文的传统流程，至

少在论文出版领域是这样。

Text 3

In the early 1960s, Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the

National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last

season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major

professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have

been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger,

longer frames.

The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:

Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller

now than 140 years ago, today's people---especially those born to families who have

lived in the U.S. for many generations---apparently reached their limit in the

cariy1960s, And they aren't likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at

this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as we can go,” says

anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of

NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common

practice of recruiting payers from all over world.

Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and

nutrients---notably, protein---to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health

improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an

inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height Yet

according the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average heights 5′9 ″ for

man. 5′4″ for women---hasn't really changed since 1960.

Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During

childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal.

Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and

back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated

strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the

genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

of Northwestern University.

Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C, Gorbon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alternation. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”

31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to____.

A. illustrate the change of height of NBA players in the U.S.

B. show the popularity of NBA players.

C. compare different generations of NBA players.

D. assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?

A. Genetic modification.

B. Natural environment

C. Living standards.

D. Daily exercise.

33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?

A. Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.

B. Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.

C. Americans are the tallest on average in the world.

D. Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.

34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future____.

A. the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.

B. the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged

C. generic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.

D. the existing data of human height will still be applicable.

35. The text intends to tell us that____.

A. the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.

B. human height is becoming even more predictable.

C. Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.

D. the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段主题句是In the early 1960s, Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet.在20世纪60年代早期，Wilt Chamberlain是美国NBA球员中身高超过7英尺的三个球员之一。(www.61k.com］

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing.体育界的这一趋势可能掩盖了一个不为人知的现实：美国人普遍停止长高了。

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.但是当饮食和健康状况提高后，

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

孩子或者成年人平均每20年身高就增加一英寸半，这已经成为众所周知的声高增长的一个长期趋势。[www.61k.com)

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.从遗传方面来看，避免过高是有好处的。

第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon.遗传的极限可以突破，但是不要期待很快发生。

题目解析：

31.结构题Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to____.

选项A. illustrate the change of height of NBA players in the U.S.

阐述了美国NBA球员身高的变化。

B. show the popularity of NBA players.

表明NBA球员深受欢迎。

C. compare different generations of NBA players.

比较不同年代NBA球员。

D. assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

评价著名NBA球员的成绩。

本题目作为结构题，应该将例子回归原文，划定例子范围，明确找对应的论点。将Chamberlain的例子回归原文定位在第一段In the early 1960s, Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. 不难发现，这两个句子都是Chamberlain的例子。下面的句子为对应的论点。句子叙述到The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.这些年来，那些主要从事主要职业的球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队员以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯。显然，Chamberlain的例子是为了表达身高变化这一话题。选项A. illustrate the change of height of NBA players in the U.S.. 阐述了美国NBA球员身高的变化，与相关信息句动作“从事主要职业的球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队员以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯”直接关联，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项B. show the popularity of NBA players. 表明NBA球员深受欢迎，与相关信息句动作“从事主要职业的球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队员以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“NBA球员受欢迎”；选项C. compare different generations of NBA players. 比较不同年代NBA球员，与相关信息句动作“从事主要职业的球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队员以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“比较不同年代的NBA球员”；选项D. assess the achievements of famous NBA players. 评价著名NBA球员的成绩，与相关信息句动作“从事主要职业的球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队员以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“评价NBA球员的成绩”。因此，正确答案为A. illustrate the change of height of NBA players in the U.S. 阐述了美国NBA球员身高的变化。

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语真题—答案

(www.61k.com)

三 : 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

2008年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语

第一部分 USE OF ENGLISH

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10points）

The idea that some groups of people may be intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. a scientist who any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.

that one group of humanity is more are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.

This group generally do well in IQ test, value of 100, and and cultural life of the West, education. The latter was seen as Dr. Cochran suggests that the His argument is that the unusual history of these 1.[A]selected [B]prepared [C]obliged [D]Pleased

2.[A]unique [B]particular [C]special [D]rare

3.[A]of [B]with [C]in [D]against

4.[A]subsequently [B]presently [C]previously [D]lately

5.[A]Only [B]So [C]Even [D]Hence

6.[A]thought [B]sight [C]cost [D]risk

7.[A]advise [B]suggests [C]protests [D]objects

8.[A]progress [B]fact [C]need [D]question

9.[A]attaining [B]scoring [C]reaching [D]calculating

10.[A]normal [B]common [C]mean [D]total

11.[A]unconsciously [B]disproportionately [C]indefinitely [D]unaccountably

12.[A]missions [B]fortunes [C]interests [D]careers

13.[A]affirm [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve

14.[A]moreover [B]therefore [C]however [D]meanwhile

15.[A]given up [B]got over [C]carried on [D]put down

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

16.[A]assessing [B]supervising [C]administrating [D]valuing

17.[A]development [B]origin [C]consequence [D]instrument

18.[A]linked [B] integrated [C]woven [D]combined

19.[A]limited [B]subjected [C]converted [D]directed

20.[A]paradoxical [B]incompatible [C]inevitable [D]continuous

文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句；有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。(www.61k.com）因此，在选择具体题目答案前，把握文章中心对于理解文章语句，把握逻辑关系，确定语意衔接提供了足够的信息依据。

文章首段主题句叙述到The idea that some people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. 一些人比另一些人聪明，这一观点一直是人们不敢明确提出来的假设。 一些人比另一些人聪明的现象以及原因。 一些人比另一些人聪明的现象以及原因。

一些人比另一些人聪明的现象以及原因。

题目解析：

The idea that some groups of people may be intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses

1.[A]selected [B]prepared [C]obliged [D]Pleased

2.[A]unique [B]particular [C]special [D]rare

3.[A]of [B]with [C]in [D]against

1．语意辨析题 本题目选择动词过去分词形式，构成be …to 的结构，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到But Gregory Cochran, (a noted scientific iconoclast), is… to say it anyway. “但是Gregory Cochran…无论如何也要说出来。”

选项A. selected 选择；

B. prepared 准备；

C. obliged 被迫；

D. pleased 高兴。

不难发现，选项A. selected 选择，“但是Gregory Cochran选择无论如何也要说出来”，符合句子含义；选项B. prepared 准备，“但是Gregory Cochran准备无论如何也要说出来”，符合句子含义；选项C. obliged 被迫，“但是Gregory Cochran被迫无论如何也要说出来”，符合句子含义；选项D. pleased 高兴，“但是Gregory Cochran高兴无论如何也要说出来”，符合句子含义。在句子中四个选项似乎都合理，确定该题目为语意辨析题。前边相邻句子叙述到The idea that some people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. “一些人比另一些人聪明，这一观点一直是人们不敢明确提出来的假设。”因此，确定本句子表示准备说出来。因此，正确答案为B。

2. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语。句子叙述到He is that___ bird, a scientist who works independently____ any institution. “他是…的科学家，他的观点与其他科学家…。”

选项A. unique 独一无二的；

B. particular 特殊的，特别的；

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

C. special 特殊的；

D. rare 珍惜的。（www.61k.com］

不难发现，修饰“bird 鸟类”答案为rear， rear birds珍惜鸟类，引申为少之又少的人。

3. 选择A 词汇辨析题 本题目选择介词，构成work…短语，在句子中充当谓语，句子叙述到He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently____ any institution. “他就是极少数的科学家，在所有科学家团体…他的观点是与众不同的。”

选项A. of 在…范围之内；

B. with 与…一起；

C. in 在…之中；

D. against 与…相对。

不难发现，前面单句表明他是少之又少的人，该句是表明不与他人为伍。同时，any institution任何流派也包含着作者。因此，正确答案为A，他就是极少数的科学家，在所有科学家团体中他的观点是独立的、与众不同的。

were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.

4.[A]subsequently [B]presently [C]previously [D]lately

4. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择副词，在句子中充当状语。句子叙述到He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not____thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. “他普及了一种观点，即某些…没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染，这一观点一经提出就引起了极大争议。” 选项A. subsequently 随后的；

B. presently 当前的；

C. previously 先前的；

D. lately 后来。

不难发现，为了于本句子中的“actually，实际上”相互呼应，要体现时间上的先后交替关系。选项A. subsequently 随后的，“即某些随后没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染”，时间逻辑混乱，不符合句子含义；选项B. presently 当前的，“即某些当前没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染”，时间逻辑混乱，不符合句子含义；选项C. previously 先前的，“即某些以前没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染”，时间逻辑合理，符合句子含义；选项D. lately 后来，“即某些后来没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染”，时间逻辑混乱，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为C。

5.[A]Only [B]So [C]Even [D]Hence

6.[A]thought [B]sight [C]cost [D]risk

5. 逻辑关系题 本题目选择逻辑关系词，体现句子之间的逻辑关系。句子叙述到____ he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. “但是，…是他自己在想到要做的事情时都可能在发抖。”

选项A. Only 仅仅（表示强调）；

B. So 因此（表示结果）；

C. Even 甚至，即使（表示让步，包含转折意义）；

D. Hence 因而（表示结果）。

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

不难发现，句子中however表示与前面的语句表示转折关系。(www.61k.com］因此，正确答案为C。 6. 固定搭配题 本题目选择名词，构成at the…of 的搭配，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到Even he, however, might tremble at the____of what he is about to do. “但是，即使是他自己在…要做的事情时都可能在发抖。”

选项A. at the thought of 想到；

B. at the sight of 看到；

C. at the cost of 以…为代价；

D. at the risk of 冒险…。

不难发现，选项A. at the thought of 想到，“即使是他自己在想到要做的事情时都可能在发抖”，符合句子含义；选项B. at the sight of 看到，“即使是他自己在看到要做的事情时都可能在发抖”，句子本身表达有误，“看到了”自己“要做的事情”是自相矛盾的表达，既然看到就应该是正在做，不符合句子含义；选项C. at the cost of 以…为代价，“即使是他自己在以要做的事情为代价时都可能在发抖”，句子本身表达不合理；选项D. at the risk of 冒险，“即使是他自己在冒险要做的事情时都可能在发抖”，句子本身表达有误，既然是“冒险”就应该是正在做而不是“要做”。因此，正确答案为A。

group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, hut explains the process that has brought this about.

7.[A]advise [B]suggests [C]protests [D]objects

7. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only ____ that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. “他同两位科学家一起发表了一篇论文，论文中不仅…某些人比其他人更聪明，而且解释了导致这种情况的过程。”

选项A. advises 建议；

B. suggests 暗示，建议；

C. protests 抗议；

D. objects 反对。

不难发现，句子的主语为“a paper”论文，宾语为“that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about”一群人比另一群人聪明，并且指出了导致该现象的原因，二者之间用“暗示，表明”。选项A. advises 建议，“论文中不仅建议某些人比其他人更聪明”，“建议”是具有独立意识行为能力的人才能够发出的动作，在此不符合句子含义；选项B. suggests 暗示，建议，“论文中不仅暗示某些人比其他人更聪明”，符合句子含义；选项C. protests 抗议，“论文中不仅抗议某些人比其他人更聪明”，“抗议”是具有独立意识行为能力人才能够发出的动作，在此不符合句子含义；选项

D. objects 反对，“论文中不仅反对某些人比其他人更聪明”，“反对”是具有独立意识行为能力人才能够发出的动作，在此不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为B。

are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.

8.[A]progress [B]fact [C]need [D]question

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

8. 选择D 固定搭配题 本题目选择介词短语，在句子中充当定语，修饰前面的the group。（www.61k.com]句子叙述到The group____are a particular people organized from central Europe. The process is natural selection. “…的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族，整个过程就是自然选择。” 选项A. in progress 在…的进程中；

B. in fact 事实上；

C. in need 需要的；

D. in question 涉及的，谈到的。

不难发现，前文提到的一群人比另一群人更聪明，这个固定人群已经确定。选项A. in progress 在…的进程中，“进程中的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族”，句子表达含混不清，不符合句子含义；选项B. in fact 事实上，“事实上的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族”，句子表达含混不清，不符合句子含义；选项C. in need 需要的，“需要的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族”，句子表达含混不清，不符合句子含义；选项D. in question 涉及的，谈到的，“谈到的这些人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族”，句子表达准确无误，符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为D。

This group generally do well in IQ test, to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, of their elites,

9.[A]attaining [B]scoring [C]reaching [D]calculating

10.[A]normal [B]common [C]mean [D]total

11.[A]unconsciously [B]disproportionately [C]indefinitely [D]unaccountably

12.[A]missions [B]fortunes [C]interests [D]careers

13.[A]affirm [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve

9. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests ,____ 12-15 points “Ashkenazim在智商测试中成绩最好，…多12分到15分。” 选项A. attaining 获得（长期努力）;

B. scoring 得分；

C. reaching 达到；

D. calculating 计算。

不难发现，句子中的宾语是分数，因此要选择得分。因此，正确答案为B。

10. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语，修饰后面的名词。句子叙述到scoring 12-15 points above the ____value of 100, “Ashkenazim在智商测试中成绩最好，比100分的…分多得12分到15分。”

选项A. normal 正常的；

B. common 普通的；

C. mean value 平均值；

D. total 总共的。

不难发现，100分是个参照值，这个数字是大多数人的基本智商数值。因此，正确答案为C。

11. 语意辨析题 本题目选择副词，在句子中充当状语。句子叙述到Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed ____ to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, “Ashkenazim在智商测试中成绩最好，比100分的

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平均分多得12分到15分。[www.61k.com）这个民族对西方学术及文化的贡献与他们的智商…。” 选项A. unconsciously 无意识地；

B. disproportionately 不成比例地；

C. indefinitely 不确定地；

D. unaccountably 无缘无故地。

不难发现，句子中的并列连词“and”表示前面的“高智商”与后面的“为西方学术和文化做贡献”构成顺接关系。选项A. unconsciously 无意识地,“这个民族的智商很高却无意识为西方学术及文化作贡献”，符合句子含义；选项B. disproportionately 不成比例地，“这个民族对西方学术及文化作贡献与他们的高智商却不成比例”，符合句子含义；选项C. indefinitely 不确定地，“这个民族对西方学术及文化作贡献与他们的高智商之间的关联不确定”，符合句子含义；选项D. unaccountably 无缘无故地，“这个民族对西方学术及文化作贡献与他们的高智商之间却毫无关联（无缘无故）”，符合句子含义。显然，四个选项在句子中都合理，确定该题目为语意辨析题。后面相邻语句叙述到They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer.与多数人相比，他们更容易患一些凶险的遗传病，如乳腺癌。可见，他们的高智商往往会让他们遇到始料不及的问题。高智商却无用武之地，或由于客观问题不能充分利用高智商来做贡献。因此，正确答案为B，这个民族对西方学术及文化作贡献与他们的高智商却不成比例。

12. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择名词，在as 引导的非限制性定语从句中充当主语。句子叙述到Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the ____of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, ___. “Ashkenazim在智商测试中成绩最好，比100分的平均分多得12分到15分。这个民族对西方学术及文化的贡献与他们的智商却不成比例。像弗洛伊德、爱因斯坦等人一样的…所…的。”

选项A. missions 任务；

B. fortunes 运气；

C. interests 兴趣；

D. careers 生涯，事业。

不难发现，成功的弗洛伊德，爱因斯坦等著名人物证实了以上事实。因此，正确答案为D。

13. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词，在非限制性定语从句中充当谓语。句子叙述到as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, ___. “成功的弗洛伊德，爱因斯坦等著名人物…了以上事实”。

选项A. affirm 证实；

B. witness 目睹；

C. observe 观察；

D. approve 允许，批准。

不难发现，这些成功人士自身经历对于如上的事实是真实的写照。选项A. affirm 证实，“成功的弗洛伊德，爱因斯坦等著名人物证实了以上事实”，符合句子含义；选项B. witness 目睹，“成功的弗洛伊德，爱因斯坦等著名人物亲眼目睹了以上事实”，显然空间和时间没有关联，不符合句子含义；选项C. observe 观察，“成功的弗洛伊德，爱因斯坦等著名人物观察了以上事实”，显然空间和时间没有关联，不符合句子含义；选项D. approve 允许，批准，“成功的弗洛伊德，爱因斯坦等著名人物批准了以上事实”，“批准”应该是文件等，不能说批准事实。因此，正确答案为A。

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such

14.[A]moreover [B]therefore [C]however [D]meanwhile

15.[A]given up [B]got over [C]carried on [D]put down

16.[A]assessing [B]supervising [C]administrating [D]valuing

14. 逻辑关系题 本题目选择逻辑关系词，体现前后两个句子的逻辑关系。（www.61k.com)句子叙述到They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, ____, have previously been thought unrelated. “此外，与多数人相比，他们更容易患一些恶性的遗传病，例如乳腺癌。…人们以前认为这两者是没有关联的。”

选项A. moreover 此外，而且；

B. therefore 因此；

C. however 然而，但是；

D. meanwhile 同时。

不难发现，前后两个句子表现出转折关系。因此，正确答案为C，此外，与多数人相比，他们更容易患一些恶性的遗传病，例如乳腺癌。然而以前认为这两者是没有关联的。 15. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词短语，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到The former has been ____to social effects… “前者…于社会影响。”选择动词，主语和宾语提供信息决定答案。 选项A. be given up to 让与…；

B. get over 克服（不与to 连用）；

C. carried on 继续（不与to 连用）；

D. be put down to 归因于。

不难发现，主语“the former”指代“智商”，宾语为“social effects 社会影响”。选项

A. be given up to 让与…“智商让步于社会影响”，不符合语言表达习惯，不符合句子含义；选项B. get over 克服（不与to 连用），结构上不符合语句要求；选项C. carried on 继续（不与to 连用），结构上不符合语句要求；选项D. be put down to 归因于，“智商归因于社会影响”，符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为D。

16. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动名词形式。句子叙述到The former has been put down to social effects, such as strong tradition of ___education. “前者归因于于社会影响，例如…教育的优良传统。”

选项A. assessing 评估，评价；

B. supervising 监督；

C. administering 管理，掌管；

D. valuing 重视。

不难发现，选项A. assessing 评估，评价， 评价教育的优良传统，不符合句子含义；选项B. supervising 监督，监督教育的优良传统，不符合句子含义；选项C. administering 管理，管理教育的优良传统，不符合句子含义；选项D. valuing 重视，重视教育的优良传统，符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为D。

17.[A]development [B]origin [C]consequence [D]instrument

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

17. 固定搭配题 本题目选择名词，构成as…of的结构。（www.61k.com）句子叙述到The latter was seen as a ____of genetic isolation. “后者被视为遗传隔离的…。”

选项A. development 发展；

B. origin 起源；

C. consequence 结果（as a consequence of以…为结果，由于…）;

D. instrument 工具，器皿。

不难发现，选项A. development 发展，不能构成“as development of”的短语，不符合句子含义；选项B. origin 起源，不能构成“as origin of”的短语，不符合句子含义；选项

C. consequence 结果，as a consequence of以…为结果，由于…“后者被认为是遗传隔离的结果”，符合句子含义；选项D. instrument 工具，器皿，不能构成“as instrument of”的短语，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为C。

18.[A]linked [B] integrated [C]woven [D]combined

18. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词，在句子中充当谓语。句子叙述到Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately____. “但是，Cochran怀疑智力和疾病是____的。”

选项A. linked 关联；

B. integrated 组装；

C. woven 摇摆；

D. combined 连接。

不难发现，句子表达的含义为“智力和疾病是紧密关联的。因此，正确答案为A。

19.[A]limited [B]subjected [C]converted [D]directed

20.[A]paradoxical [B]incompatible [C]inevitable [D]continuous

19. 固定搭配题 本题目选择动词，在句子中构成固定搭配，充当谓语。句子叙述到His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has____them to unique evolutionary pressures “他的论点是，这些人非同寻常的历史使他们…某些独特的进化压力”。 选项A. limited 限制（只能构成be limited to短语，被限制在…）；

B. subjected 屈服（subject…to..使…屈服于…）；

C. converted 改变；

D. directed 导向。

不难发现，A. limited 限制（只能构成be limited to短语，被限制在…），在句子之中结构不搭配，不符合句子含义；选项B. subjected 屈服（subject…to..使…屈服于…），“这些人非同寻常的历史使他们屈服于某些独特的进化压力”，符合句子含义；选项C. converted 改变，不能构成 “convert…to…”的结构，不符合句子结构要求；选项D. directed 导向，“这些人非同寻常的历史指导他们朝向某些独特的进化压力”，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为B。

20. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，在句子中修饰后面的名词。句子叙述到His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this____state of affairs. “他的论点是，这些人非同寻常的历史使他们屈服

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

于某些独特的进化压力，而这些压力导致了这种…状况的产生。[www.61k.com)”

选项A. paradoxical 相互矛盾的；

B. incompatible 不相容的，不协调的；

C. inevitable 毫无疑问的；

D. continuous 持续的。

不难发现，句子中的“这种状况”指的是前文中“智商高的人对于西方学术及文化的贡献与智商不成比例”这种自相矛盾的状况。前文提出了不同的观点。因此，正确答案为A，他的论点是，这些人非同寻常的历史使他们屈服于某些独特的进化压力，而这些压力导致了这种自相矛盾的状况的产生。 Gregory Cochran准备无论如何也要说出来。他是极少数独立于任何机构的科学家。他普及了一种观点，即某些以前没有被认为是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染，这一观点一经提出就引起了极大争议。

但是，即使是他自己在想到要做的事情的时候都可能发抖。他同其他两位科学家一起发表了一篇论文，论文中不仅指出某些人比其他人更聪明，而且解释了导致这种情况的过程。所说的这群人是起源于中欧的一个独特民族，整个过程就是自然选择。

总体来说，这群人在智商测试中成绩最好，得分比100分的平均分高12至15分，但就像这个民族的精英，包括全球一些著名的科学家的事业所证实的那样，这个民族对西方学术及文化的贡献与他们的智商却不成正比。此外，与多数人相比，他们更容易患一些凶险的遗传病，如乳腺癌。但是，以前人们认为这两者是没有关联的。人们将前者归结于社会影响，例如重视教育的浓厚传统。将后者视为遗传隔离的结果。Cochran博士指出智力和疾病是紧密联系的。他的论点是，这些人非同寻常的历史使他们遭受某些独特的进化压力，而这些压力导致了这种矛盾状况的产生。

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1.（40 points）

Text 1

While still catching up to men in some sphere of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychologist at New York's Vctcran's Administration Hospital.

Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.

Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's,” she observes, “It's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”

Dr Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic of repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, patents of other family members, and they end not to be one-shot deals. The wear and tear that occurs from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”

Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother: “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.

Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses, Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?

A. Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.

B. Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.

C. Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.

D. Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.

22.Dr.Ychuda's research suggests that women____.

A. need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.

B. have limited capacity for tolerating stress.

C. are more capable of avoiding stress.

D. are exposed to more stress.

23.According to paragraph4, the stress women confront tends to be____.

A. domestic and temporary.

B. irregular and violent.

C. durable and frequent.

D. trivial and random.

24.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck”(line6.para.5)shows that____.

A. Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.

B. Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses.

C. Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.

D. Alvarez paid practically everything by check.

25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A. Strain of Stress: No Way Out?

B. Responses to Stress: Gender Difference

C. Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say

D. Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段主题句是Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, 博士说，“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”。［www.61k.com)

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. 对人类和动物的研究均表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。［www.61k.com)

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.使女性处于压力状态下的化学物质增多的另一个原因是他们面对的机会增多。

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是Dr Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. Yhuda博士还注意到两性之间的另一个差异。

第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. Adeline Alvarez18岁结婚，生了儿子，但还是决心要把大学读完。

第六段确定段落内容方向的语句是But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain.但是如今大多数女性要承担许多义务，很少有休息时间，一直面临压力。 女性面对压力的问题来展开。

题目解析：

21. 推断题Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?

选项A. Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.

女性在生理上更易受压力影响。

B. Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.

女性仍然遭受由于男性所造成的压力。

C. Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.

在处理压力方面，女性比男性更有经验。

D. Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.

当面对压力时男性和女性会有不同的表现。

该题目作为推断题，要找到对应段落的主题句。文章第一段While still catching up to men in some sphere of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychologist at New York's Vctcran's Administration Hospital. 该段只有两个句子，首句While still catching up to men in some sphere of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.尽管女性在现代生活中的某些领域一直未能超过男性，但在至少一个不那么受欢迎的领域，女性似乎走到了男性前面。本句叙述一个具体的情况，是细节信息。因此，第二句为主题句。主题句叙述到Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, … Yehuda博士说，“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”。文章第二段Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.该段只有两个句子，尾句叙述到In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.在几项研究中，当将处于压力状态下的雌鼠的卵巢被摘除，他们产

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

生的化学物质就变得跟雄性一样多。[www.61k.com)本句在叙述一个具体的实验，明确是细节信息。因此，段首句为主题句。主题句叙述到Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.对人类和动物的研究均表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。不难发现，前两个段落叙述到女性面对压力反应更大，并且指出了导致如此反应的原因。选项A. Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress. 女性在生理上更易受压力影响，与相关信息句动作“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”相符合，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项B. Women are still suffering much stress caused by men. 女性仍然遭受由于男性所造成的压力，与相关信息句动作“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及女性面对的压力是男性造成的；选项C. Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress. 在处理压力方面，女性比男性更有经验，与相关信息句动作“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及男性和女性哪个更有经验地面对压力；选项D. Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress. 当面对压力时男性和女性会有不同的表现，与相关信息句动作“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及男性和女性面对压力的不同反应。因此，正确答案为A. Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress. 女性在生理上更易受压力影响。（补充：段落主题句要遵循主题句细节句原则。阅读理解文章以及文章中的每一个段落都是由不同的功能句组成的。根据功能句的特点和作用，可以将句子分成两类：主题句和细节句。段落的主题句可以出现在段首，也可以出现在段尾，有时也出现在段落中间。如果出现在段落中间，必须在转折意义的but, however, surprisingly, virtually, indeed, in fact, yet或now的后面，否则段首或段尾的语言完整，形式简洁，观点明确的句子即为主题句。即，段落摆在面前，首先跳读段落中间句：如果中间句前有转折词，那么转折词所在句一般是主题句；如果中间句前没有转折词，那么段落首句后者尾句语言完整，形式简洁，观点明确的句子即为主题句。而细节句的特点为：举例子（时间、空间、人称转移），作统计（百分数），引引语（直接引语和间接引语:直接引语即可能是主题句也可能是细节句(引号的内容是细节句的五个特点,该句子是细节句;引号的内容是语言完整,形式简洁,观点明确的句子一定是主题句）)，做实验（准备、过程、结论），打比方（比喻、比较、疑问）和做列举。）

22. 细节题Dr. Ychuda's research suggests that women____.

选项A. need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress. 妇女应对压力时需要更多的药品。

B. have limited capacity for tolerating stress. 妇女承受压力的能力有限。

C. are more capable of avoiding stress. 妇女更能够避免压力。

D. are exposed to more stress. 妇女暴露在更多压力中。

该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。带着 “Yehuda”粗略定位在文章第三段，利用定位词 “women”精确定位在“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,”she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过男人，只是她们要处理如此多的事情，以至于她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快会发生。”可见，妇女要承受更多的压力。选项A. need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress. 妇女应对压力时需要更多的药品，与相关信息句动作“妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过男人，只是她们要处理如此多的事情，以至于她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快会发生”没有任何关联，

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

相关信息句中没有涉及“应对压力要药品”；选项B. have limited capacity for tolerating stress. 妇女承受压力的能力有限，与相关信息句动作“妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过男人，只是她们要处理如此多的事情，以至于她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快会发生”完全相悖，相关信息句中明确指出“妇女忍受能力远远超过男人”；选项C. are more capable of avoiding stress. 妇女更能够避免压力，与相关信息句动作“妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过男人，只是她们要处理如此多的事情，以至于她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快会发生” 完全相悖，相关信息句中明确指出“她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快发生”；选项D. are exposed to more stress. 暴露在更多压力中，与相关信息句动作“妇女忍受压力的能力甚至远远超过男人，只是她们要处理如此多的事情，以至于她们的疲惫更容易被看见，而且更快会发生”直接关联，动作“暴露在更多压力中”对应于“只是她们要处理更多的事情”，体现“同意替换”的关系。（www.61k.com）因此，正确答案为D. are exposed to more stress.暴露在更多压力中。

23. 细节题According to paragraph4, the stress women confront tends to be____.

选项A. domestic and temporary. 内在的并且短暂的。

B. irregular and violent. 不规则的并且激烈的。

C. durable and frequent. 持续的并且频繁的。

D. trivial and random. 典型的并且随机的。

该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。利用定位词 “the stress women confront”定位在第四段 “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.”我认为妇女所暴露的这种压力趋向于是一种慢性并且重复的本性。因此，正确答案为C. durable and frequent.更持久，更频繁。

（补充：细节题：根据文章中具体细节信息做出提问的题目。题干一般围绕5Ws和1H而展开。即，who, what, when, where, why, 和how。解题要点：利用四步法中第一、第二两个步骤，将题干在对应段落中粗略定位后，利用IRT命题理论中的细节题定位词（题干中的重要意义，总结意义或题干的定位词）准确确定相关信息句，便可以准确进行判断并确定细节题的正确答案（如定位词所在的句子不能确定答案，那么继续向下问找信息）。）

24. 识词题The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck”(line6.para.5)shows that____. 选项A. Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.

Alvarez只关心赚钱。

B. Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses.

Alvarez的工资几乎无法支付日常开销。

C. Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.

Alvarez从不同工作中获得帐单。

D. Alvarez paid practically everything by check..

Alvarez几乎所有东西都用支票付帐。

该题目作为识词题，先将要识别的词汇到文章中定位，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。将“I lived from paycheck to paycheck”定位到第五段Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later her marriage ended and she became a single mother: It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck. 该句子作为本段落的段尾句，后面没有任何语句信息，即后面没有解释说明或者并列转折的

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

标志词汇，因此向前面平行结构。［www.61k.com)前面相邻语句为相关信息句。It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. “最困难的事包括照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付租金，交汽车贷款还有还债。”可见，Alvarez的最大问题是入不敷出。选项A. Alvarez cared about nothing but making money. Alvarez只关心赚钱，与相关信息句动作“最困难的事包括照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付租金，交汽车贷款还有还债”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“只关心赚钱”；选项B. Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses. Alvarez的工资几乎无法支付日常开销，与相关信息句动作“最困难的事包括照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付租金，交汽车贷款还有还债”直接关联，体现“包含与被包含（即具体与抽象）”的关系；选项C. Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs. Alvarez从不同工作中获得帐单，与相关信息句动作“最困难的事包括照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付租金，交汽车贷款还有还债”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“从不同工作中获得帐单”；选项D. Alvarez paid practically everything by check. Alvarez几乎所有东西都用支票付账，与相关信息句动作“最困难的事包括照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付租金，交汽车贷款还有还债”没有关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“几乎所有东西都用支票付帐”。因此，正确答案为B. Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses. Alvarez的工资几乎无法满足日常家庭开销的花费。（补充：识词题，将词汇回归原文后。先找后面解释说明或者并列转折的表达；如果没有解释说明或者并列转折，再向前文找平行结构。因此，所谓的上下文找信息的理论是有漏洞的，正所谓瞒天过海。）

25.主旨题 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

选项A. Strain of Stress: No Way Out? 面对压力：束手无策？

B. Responses to Stress: Gender Difference. 压力的反应：性别差异。

C. Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say. 压力分析：什么物质起作用。

D. Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress. 性别差异：女性承受压力。

利用“中心统一原则”确定的首段主题句和其他段落确定段落内容方向的语句。文章首段主题句是Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, …… Yehuda博士说，“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍”。第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. 对人类和动物的研究均表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样情况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.使女性处于压力状态下的化学物质增多的另一个原因是他们面对的机会增多。第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是Dr Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. Yhuda博士还注意到两性之间的另一个差异。第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. Adeline Alvarez18岁结婚，生了儿子，但还是决心要把大学读完。第六段确定段落内容方向的语句是But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain.但是如今大多数女性要承担许多义务，很少有休息时间，一直面临压力。不难发现,文章叙述的主要内容是妇女承受压力及其原因的问题。因此，正确答案为D. Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress.（补充：主旨题应用中心统一原则效果最为明显。中心统一原则表述到：文章首段要准确确定主题句；其他段落段落中间句前有转折词，看转折词所在句，无转折词直接看段首句。）

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

的领域，女性似乎走在了男性的前面。［www.61k.com]在纽约退伍军人管理医院工作的首席精神病学家Yehuda博士说，“与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍。” 对人类和动物的研究都表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样状况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。在几项研究中，当将处于压力状态下的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性生殖器官）被摘除，他们产生的化学物质就变得和雄鼠一样多。 此外，使女性处于压力状态下的化学物质增多的另一个原因是她们面对压力的机会增多。Yehuda博士说，“这并不是说女性做事不如男性做得那样好，只是因为她们要做的事儿太多。”他说，“女性对压力的耐受力甚至超过了男性，只是因为她们要处理太多的事务，她们才更快更明显地变得筋疲力尽。”

Yehuda博士还注意到零星之间的另一个差异。“我认为女性接触的事情往往是长期的、重复的。男性参战，要承受战争压力。男人接触的往往是随机的身体上的暴力，而女性接触的人与人之间的暴力往往发生在家里，不幸的是，其实施者是父母或其他家庭成员，而这些暴力往往不只一次。这种长期关系带来的折磨有可能给她们造成毁灭性的打击。”

Adeline Alvarez18岁结婚，生了儿子，但是决心读完大学。“我认为获得大学学位苦苦挣扎过。生活中面临那么多的挫折，所以上学不断进步、做得更好，这对我来说意味着一种解脱。”从那之后，她离了婚，成了一位单身母亲。“最困难的事情是照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付房租，付车贷，偿还债务。我的生活就是从付账单道付账单。”

Alvarez指出，并非每个人都会经历长期的严重压力，但是如今大多数女性要承担许多义务，很少有休息时间，一直面临压力。Alvarez的经历表明，要在压力威胁到你的健康和技能之前找到方法疏导它，这一点很重要。

Text 2

It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

No longer, The Internet---and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government--funded research by restricting access to it---is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by john Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market if estimated at between $7 billion and $II billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three ones were identified by the report's

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

author. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer)for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where originations such as universities of international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses____.

A. the background information of journal editing.

B. the publication routine of laboratory reports.

C. the relations of authors with journal publishers.

D. the traditional process of journal publication.

27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?

A. It criticizes government-funded research.

B. It introduces an effective means of publication.

C. It upsets profit-making journal publishers.

D. It benefits scientific research considerably.

28. According to the text. online publication is significant in that____.

A. it provides an easier access to scientific results.

B. it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.

C. it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.

D. it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper if required to____.

A. cover the cost of its publication.

B. subscribe to the journal publishing it.

C. allow other online journals to use it freely.

D. complete the peer-review before submission.

30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

A. The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.

B. A new modal of publication is emerging.

C. Authors welcome the new channel for publication.

D. Publication is rendered easier by online service.

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段主题句是It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.过去事情如此简单。［www.61k.com]实验室里工作的一组研究者将研究结果交给一本期刊，之后期刊编辑从论文上删掉作者的名字和简历，将他送给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语，编辑将发表论文或退稿。

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是No longer, The Internet---and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government--funded research by restricting access to it--- is making access to scientific results a

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

reality.现在，情况不是这样了。（www.61k.com)通过限制人们对研究成果的查看权，出版商从政府资助的研究中获益，科学研究的出资机构对此种行为表示质疑，这种压力连同互联网一同使得人们获知科学研究成果的权利成为现实。

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.知识价值以及公众投资研究的回归部分依赖与期刊的广泛传播，人们随时可以看到。

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online.现在这种情况在改变。根据OECD的报告，现在差不多有75%的学术期刊可在线查阅。 期刊出版程序发展变化的历程来展开。

题目解析：

26. 推断题In the first paragraph, the author discusses____.

选项A. the background information of journal editing. 期刊编辑信息的背景。

B. the publication routine of laboratory reports. 实验室实验报告出版的例行工作。

C. the relations of authors with journal publishers. 作者和期刊出版商的关系。

D. the traditional process of journal publication. 传统的期刊出版的程序。

该题目作为推断题，要找到指定段落的主题句。段落中间句前没有转折词，段首句高度概括，但是主语“It”不明确，指代后面所有语句内容。句子叙述到It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. 过去事情如此简单。实验室里工作的一组研究者将研究结果交给一本期刊，之后期刊编辑从论文上删掉作者的名字和简历，将他送给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语，编辑将发表论文或退稿。版权属于期刊出版商，而那些想了解研究成果的研究者则必须订阅期刊。不难发现，上文语句是叙述了书写论文—交给出版社—审阅—出版或退稿的整个流程。因此，正确答案为D. the traditional process of journal publication. 传统的期刊出版的程序。

27. 细节题 Which of the following is true of the OECD report?

选项A. It criticizes government-funded research. 报告批评政府资助的研究。

B. It introduces an effective means of publication. 报告引进了一种有效的出版方法。

C. It upsets profit-making journal publishers. 报告令赚钱的出版商们感到不安。

D. It benefits scientific research considerably. 报告十分有利于科学研究。

该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。利用定位词“OECD report”定位到

第二段The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vichery of OECD, makes heavy reading for publisher who have, so far, made handsome profit. But it goes further than that 澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰休斯顿和OECD的Graham Vichery做的报告使已经获得巨额利润的出版商们要做大量阅读（即花费精力去阅读去理解）。选项A. It criticizes government-funded research. 报告批评政府资助的研究，与相关信息句动作“使已经获得巨额利润的出版商们要做大量阅读（即花费精力去阅读去理解）”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“批评政府资助的研究”；选项B. It introduces an effective means of publication. 报告引进了一种有效的出版方法，与相关信息句动作“使已经获得巨额利润的出版商们要做大量阅读（即花费精力去阅读去理解）”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

及“有效的出版方法”；选项C. It upsets profit-making journal publishers. 报告令赚钱的出版商们感到不安，与相关信息句动作“使已经获得巨额利润的出版商们要做大量阅读（即花费精力去阅读去理解）”相关联，动作“令赚钱的出版商们感到不安”对应于“使已经获得巨额利润的出版商们要做大量阅读”，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项D. It benefits scientific research considerably. 报告十分有利于科学研究。(www.61k.com]因此，正确答案为C. It upsets profit-making journal publishers.令赚钱的出版商们感到不安。

28. 细节题 According to the text, online publication is significant in that____.

选项A. it provides an easier access to scientific results.

在线出版让提供容易查询的科学研究成果。

B. it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.

在线出版给科研工作者带来巨额利润。

C. it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.

在线出版强调科学知识的巨大作用。

D. it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

在线出版方便于为科学研究提供公共投资。

该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。利用定位词“online publication”定位到第四段 “There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreement.”这就是所谓的大买卖。通过网络授权，机构用户可以接近（查询）在线杂志标题。选项A. it provides an easier access to scientific results. 在线出版让提供容易查询的科学研究成果，与相关信息句动作“通过网络授权，机构用户可以接近（查询）在线杂志标题”直接关联，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项B. it brings huge profits to scientific researchers. 在线出版给科研工作者带来巨额利润，与相关信息句动作“通过网络授权，机构用户可以接近（查询）在线杂志标题”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“给科研工作者带来巨额利润”；选项C. it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge. 在线出版强调科学知识的巨大作用，与相关信息句动作“通过网络授权，机构用户可以接近（查询）在线杂志标题”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“强调科学知识的作用”；选项D. it facilitates public investment in scientific research. 在线出版方便于为科学研究提供公共投资，与相关信息句动作“通过网络授权，机构用户可以接近（查询）在线杂志标题”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“国防便于为科学研究提供公共投资”。因此，正确答案为A. it provides an easier access to scientific result. 在线出版让提供容易查询的科学研究成果。

29. 细节题With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper if required to____. 选项A. cover the cost of its publication.支付出版费用。

B. subscribe to the journal publishing it. 同意期刊出版它。

C. allow other online journals to use it freely. 允许其他在线期刊随意使用它。

D. complete the peer-review before submission. 在呈交期刊前完成同事审阅。

该题目作为细节题，要用定位词在文章中定位。利用定位词“the author of a paper”定位到第四段 “There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author(or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published.”有公开阅读出版物，一般是要求作者或者其雇主为即将出版的材料来付钱。选项A. cover the cost of its publication.支付出版费用，与相关信息句动作“要求作者或者其雇主为即将出版的材料来付钱”直接关联，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项B. subscribe to the journal publishing it. 同意期刊出版它，与相关信息句动作“要求作者或者其雇主为即将出版的材料来付钱”没有任何关联，相关信息句没有涉及“同意期

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

刊出版它”；选项C. allow other online journals to use it freely. 允许其他在线期刊随意使用它，与相关信息句动作“要求作者或者其雇主为即将出版的材料来付钱”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“允许在线期刊随意使用它”；选项D. complete the peer-review before submission. 在呈交期刊前完成同事审阅，与相关信息句动作“要求作者或者其雇主为即将出版的材料来付钱” 没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“在呈交期刊前完成同事审阅”。（www.61k.com）因此，正确答案为A. cover the cost of its publication.支付出版费用。

30. 主旨题Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage? 选项A. The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.互联网威胁出版商的利益。

B. A new modal of publication is emerging.一种新的出版模式出现。

C. Authors welcome the new channel for publication.作者欢迎这种新的出版渠道。

D. Publication is rendered easier by online service.在线服务使出版变得更简单。

利用“中心统一原则”确定的首段主题句和其他段落确定段落内容方向的语句。文章首段主题句是It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.过去事情如此简单。实验室里工作的一组研究者将研究结果交给一本期刊，之后期刊编辑从论文上删掉作者的名字和简历，将他送给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语，编辑将发表论文或退稿。第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是No longer, The Internet---and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government--funded research by restricting access to it--- is making access to scientific results a reality.现在，情况不是这样了。通过限制人们对研究成果的查看权，出版商从政府资助的研究中获益，科学研究的出资机构对此种行为表示质疑，这种压力连同互联网一同使得人们获知科学研究成果的权利成为现实。第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access.知识价值以及公众投资研究的回归部分依赖与期刊的广泛传播，人们随时可以看到。第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online.现在这种情况在改变。根据OECD的报告，现在差不多有75%的学术期刊可在线查阅。不难发现，这篇文章围绕着出版程序的发展变化历程展开的。因此，正确答案为B. A new modal of publication is emerging.一种新的出版模式出现。（补充：主旨题应用中心统一原则效果最为明显。中心统一原则表述到：文章首段要准确确定主题句；其他段落段落中间句前有转折词，看转折词所在句，无转折词直接看段首句。） 后期刊编辑从论文上删掉作者的名字和简历，将它送给同行审阅。根据同行的审阅评语，编辑将发表论文或者退稿。版权属于期刊出版商，而那些想了解研究成果的研究者则必须订阅该期刊。

现在，情况不再是这样了。通过限制人们对研究成果的查看权，出版商从政府资助的研究中获益，科学研究的出资机构对此种行为表示质疑，这种压力连同互联网一同使得人们获知科学研究成果的权利称为现实。经济合作与发展组织(OECD)刚刚发表一份报告，以阐明此种变化的深远意义。澳大利亚维多利亚大学的John Houghton和经济合作发展组织的Graham Vickery共同撰写了该报告，报告将令那些目前为止获益颇丰的出版商感到心情沉重。但是其意义远远不止于此。它预示了科学事业一直以来的关键因素的一种转变。

知识的价值以及公众投资研究的回归部分依赖于期刊的广泛传播，人们随时都可以看到。

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

这是大生意。（www.61k.com）在美国，估计核心科学读物的出版市场价值在70亿至110亿美元之间。国际科学技术医疗出版协会指出，全球范围内有超过2000家出版商专攻这些领域。他们每年差不多16000种期刊上发表超过120万篇论文。

现在这种情况在改变。根据OECD的报告，现在差不多75%的学术期刊可在线查阅。全新的商业模式在逐步显现；该报告的作者主要确认了三种模式。首先是所谓的大生意，即有机构订购期刊，通过签订网址许可协议，为网上期刊的查阅付费。第二种是开放权限出版模式，典型的是让作者（或其他雇主）支付论文出版的费用。最后一种是开放权限档案模式，即背后有诸如大学或国际实验室这样的组织为机构提供知识库存。其他现有的模式是这三种模式的结合，例如延迟权限开放模式，即期刊载允许任何想要阅读一篇论文的人免费阅读之前，在前六个月，只允许订阅者查阅论文。所有这些都会改变同行审阅论文的传统流程，至少在论文出版领域是这样。

Text 3

In the early 1960s, Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today's people---especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations---apparently reached their limit in the cariy1960s, And they aren't likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting payers from all over world.

Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients---notably, protein---to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height Yet according the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average heights 5′9 ″ for man. 5′4″ for women---hasn't really changed since 1960.

Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.

Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C, Gorbon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alternation. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”

31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to____.

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

A. illustrate the change of height of NBA players in the U.S.

B. show the popularity of NBA players.

C. compare different generations of NBA players.

D. assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?

A. Genetic modification.

B. Natural environment

C. Living standards.

D. Daily exercise.

33.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?

A. Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.

B. Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.

C. Americans are the tallest on average in the world.

D. Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.

34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future____.

A. the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.

B. the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged

C. generic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.

D. the existing data of human height will still be applicable.

35. The text intends to tell us that____.

A. the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.

B. human height is becoming even more predictable.

C. Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.

D. the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段主题句是In the early 1960s, Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet.在20世纪60年代早期，Wilt Chamberlain是美国NBA球员中身高超过7英尺的三个球员之一。（www.61k.com]

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing.体育界的这一趋势可能掩盖了一个不为人知的现实：美国人普遍停止长高了。

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.但是当饮食和健康状况提高后，孩子或者成年人平均每20年身高就增加一英寸半，这已经成为众所周知的声高增长的一个长期趋势。

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.从遗传方面来看，避免过高是有好处的。

第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon.遗传的极限可以突破，但是不要期待很快发生。

美国人的身高问题来展开。题目解析：

31.结构题Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to____.

选项A. illustrate the change of height of NBA players in the U.S.

阐述了美国NBA球员身高的变化。

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

B. show the popularity of NBA players.

表明NBA球员深受欢迎。（www.61k.com)

C. compare different generations of NBA players.

比较不同年代NBA球员。

D. assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

评价著名NBA球员的成绩。

本题目作为结构题，应该将例子回归原文，划定例子范围，明确找对应的论点。将Chamberlain的例子回归原文定位在第一段In the early 1960s, Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. 不难发现，这两个句子都是Chamberlain的例子。下面的句子为对应的论点。句子叙述到The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.这些年来，那些主要从事主要职业的球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队员以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯。显然，Chamberlain的例子是为了表达身高变化这一话题。选项A. illustrate the change of height of NBA players in the U.S.. 阐述了美国NBA球员身高的变化，与相关信息句动作“从事主要职业的球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队员以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯”直接关联，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项B. show the popularity of NBA players. 表明NBA球员深受欢迎，与相关信息句动作“从事主要职业的球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队员以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“NBA球员受欢迎”；选项C. compare different generations of NBA players. 比较不同年代NBA球员，与相关信息句动作“从事主要职业的球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队员以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“比较不同年代的NBA球员”；选项D. assess the achievements of famous NBA players. 评价著名NBA球员的成绩，与相关信息句动作“从事主要职业的球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队员以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“评价NBA球员的成绩”。因此，正确答案为A. illustrate the change of height of NBA players in the U.S. 阐述了美国NBA球员身高的变化。

（补充：结构题：根据文章具体的事例推测该事例所证明的论点。题干中一般会出现具体事例同时出现show, explain, prove, illustrate, demonstrate, justify等标志词。提问的方式为：表明什么？目的是什么？借助该例子在谈论什么？解题要点：将题干中的具体事例回归原文划定例子范围，明确找例子对应的论点。即，验证前、后相邻的句子是否为语言完整、形式间接、观点明确的论点句，并利用已经验证的论点句与选项比较做出准确判断。如果上下相邻的句子不是论点句，那么，前或后相邻段落的主题句便是相关信息句。）

32.细节题Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text? 选项A. Genetic modification 基因突变

B. Natural environment 自然环境

C. Living standards 生活水平

D. Daily exercise 日常联系

本题目作为细节题，要利用定位词在文章中定位相关信息句。文章第三段在分析美国人身材高大的原因。利用定位词定位到段落首句Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients---notably, protein---to feed expanding tissues. 人超过20岁之后，很少会继续长高。长高需要卡路里和营养素---特别是蛋白质---来滋养不断扩张

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

的组织。(www.61k.com）不难发现，人类身高增加的原因是涉入卡路里和营养。因此，正确答案为C. Living standards 生活水平。

33.主旨题On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree? 选项A. Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.

非美国本土人增加了美国的平均身高。

B. Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.

人类身高由于直立行走的姿势决定的。

C. Americans are the tallest on average in the world.

在整个世界中，美国人的平均身高是最高的。

D. Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.

身材大的婴儿成年时趋向于变得更高。

本题目作为主旨题，提问作者最为同意的观点，应该利用尾段主题句或者倒数第二段与I有关的语句确定答案。尾段主题句叙述到Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon.遗传的极限可以突破，但是不要期待很快发生。不难发现，这个句子信息与四个选项没有任何关联。倒数第二段第三句叙述到Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.而且，尽管人类已经直立行走了几百万年，但为了保持这种站立的姿势，我们的双脚仍然很费力，也难以承受巨大肢体所带来的持续重压。选项A. Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation. 非美国本土人增加了美国的平均身高，与相关信息句动作“为了保持这种站立的姿势，我们的双脚仍然很费力，也难以承受巨大肢体所带来的持续重压”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“非美国本土人增加了美国的平均身高”；选项B. Human height is conditioned by the upright posture. 人类身高由于直立行走的姿势决定的，与相关信息句动作“为了保持这种站立的姿势，我们的双脚仍然很费力，也难以承受巨大肢体所带来的持续重压”直接关联；选项C. Americans are the tallest on average in the world. 在整个世界中，美国人的平均身高是最高的，与相关信息句动作“为了保持这种站立的姿势，我们的双脚仍然很费力，也难以承受巨大肢体所带来的持续重压”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“美国人的平均身高是最高的”；选项D. Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood. 身材大的婴儿成年时趋向于变得更高，与相关信息句动作“为了保持这种站立的姿势，我们的双脚仍然很费力，也难以承受巨大肢体所带来的持续重压”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“身材大的婴儿成年时趋向于变得更高”。因此，正确答案为B. Human height is conditioned by the upright posture. 人类身高由于直立行走的姿势决定的。

34.推断题We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future____.

选项A. the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.

服装产业将重新考虑制服的尺寸。

B. the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.

军队的制服设计将保持不变。

C. generic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.

基因检测将被应用到选择运动员中。

D. the existing data of human height will still be applicable.

人类身高现存的数据仍然适用。

本题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定段落的主题句。尾段叙述到Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C, Gorbon, senior anthropologist at the Army

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

Research Center in Natick Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alternation. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”不难发现，段落中间句前没有转折词，段落首句Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire C, Gorbon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alternation.是间接引语，明确是细节。（www.61k.com)段落尾句是直接引语you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.你可以相当自信的采用现在的数据。而且引语语句语言完整，形式简洁，观点明确，确定是主题句。选项A. the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size. 服装产业将重新考虑制服的尺寸，与相关信息句动作“相当自信的采用现在的数据”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“服装企业将重新考虑制服的尺寸”；选项B. the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged. 军队的制服设计将保持不变，与相关信息句动作“相当自信的采用现在的数据”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“军队制服设计将保持不变”；选项C. generic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen. 基因检测将被应用到选择运动员中，与相关信息句动作“相当自信的采用现在的数据”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“基因检测将被应用到选择运动员中”；选项D. the existing data of human height will still be applicable. 人类身高现存的数据仍然适用，与相关信息句动作“相当自信的采用现在的数据”直接关联。因此，正确答案为D. the existing data of human height will still be applicable.人类身高现存的数据仍然适用。

35.主旨题The text intends to tell us that____.

选项A. the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.

人类身高的变化遵循一种循环周期。

B. human height is becoming even more predictable.

人类的身高变得更可预测了。

C. Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.

美国人已经达到了生长极限。

D. the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.

美国人的基因形态发生了变化。

利用“中心统一原则”确定的首段主题句和其他段落确定段落内容方向的语句。文章首段主题句是In the early 1960s, Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet.在20世纪60年代早期，Wilt Chamberlain是美国NBA球员中身高超过7英尺的三个球员之一。第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing.体育界的这一趋势可能掩盖了一个不为人知的现实：美国人普遍停止长高了。第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.但是当饮食和健康状况提高后，孩子或者成年人平均每20年身高就增加一英寸半，这已经成为众所周知的声高增长的一个长期趋势。第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.从遗传方面来看，避免过高是有好处的。第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon.遗传的极限可以突破，但是不要期待很快发生。不难发现，美国人的身高已经达到一定的增长极限。因此，正确答案为C. Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.美国人已经达到了生长极限。

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

20世纪60年代早期，Wilt Chamberlain是美国NBA球员中个子超过7英尺的三个球员之一。(www.61k.com]但是，如果他上个赛季参赛了的话，他就会是42人中的一个了。这些年来，那些从事主要职业球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队服役时应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯。

体育界的这一趋势可能掩盖了一个不为人知的现实：美国人普遍不再长高了。尽管相比140年前，现在的典型身高增长了2英寸，但是现在的人，特别是那些出生于在美国生活了几代的家庭里的人，他们的身高显然在20世纪60年代早期就达到了极限。他们可能不会变得更高了。Wright州立大学的人类学家William Cameron Chumlea说，“现在的普通人中，就目前的基因和环境水平而言，我们已远超出了我们所能发育的程度。”而NBA球员的情况是，他们身高的增加是由于全球各地招募球员这一越来越普遍的做法。

人超过20岁之后，很少会继续长高。长高需要卡路里和营养素---特别是蛋白质---来滋养不断扩张的组织。在20世纪初期，营养不良及儿童感染阻碍了增高。但是随着饮食和健康状况提高，儿童及青少年每20年就普遍增高差不多1.5英寸，这已成了众所周知的身高增长上的一个长期趋势。然而疾病控制预防中心指出，男性5英尺9英寸，女性5英尺4英寸的平均身高自20世纪60年代以来就没有再次出现实质上的改变。

从遗传方面来看，避免过高是有好处的。出生时，巨大婴儿更难通过产道。而且，尽管人类已经直立行走了几百万年，但为了保持这种站立的姿势，我们的双脚和后背仍然很费力，也难以承受巨大肢体所带来持续重压。西北大学的人类学家William Leonard指出，“个体机体中的遗传结构会造成一些实际的限制。”

遗传的极限可以突破，但是不要期待其很快发生。位于马塞诸赛州的Natrick部队研究中心的自身人类学家Claire C. Gordon确信，90%雇员的工作服和工作台尺寸去须改变就能适合新增人员。她说，与那些篮球队服不同的是，军队支付的长度已有相当一段时间保持不变了。Gordon说，如果你需要预测不远将来的人类高度去设计器具的话，基本上“你可以相当自信地采用现在的数据。”

Text 4

In 1784, five years before he become president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw---having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.

That's far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong---and yet most did little to fight it. More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

For one thing, the South could not afford to part with his slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God; George Washington, His Staves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution”, including a clause that counted a slave as three

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.

And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states. Still Jefferson freed Hemings's children---though not Hemings herself of his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.

36. George Washington's dental surgery in mentioned to____.

A. show the primitive medical practice m the past.

B. demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.

C. stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.

D. reveal some unknown aspect of his life.

37. We may infer from the second paragraph that____.

A. DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.

B. in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.

C. historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.

D. political compromises are easily found throughout the US history.

38. What do we learn from Thomas Jefferson?

A. His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.

B. His status as a father made him free the child slaves.

C. His attitude towards slavery was complex.

D. His affair with a slave stained his prestige.

39. Which of the following is true according to the text?

A. Some Founding Fathers benefit politically slavery.

B. Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.

C. Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.

D. Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.

40.Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his

A. moral considerations.

B. military experiences

C. financial conditions.

D. political stand.

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段确定段落内容方向的语句是In 1784, five years before he become president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw---having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.1784年，52岁的George Washington在成为总统的前5年，牙齿就几乎已经掉光了。（www.61k.com]于是他雇了一位牙医，在他的下颚上移植了9颗牙齿，而这九颗牙齿是从他的奴隶嘴里拔除来的。

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是But recently many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.但是最近，许多历史学家都开始关注

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用。［www.61k.com)

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time.历史学家们说，这些创始人们主要受制于当时的文化。

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是For one thing, the South could not afford to part with his slaves.一方面，南方无法放弃奴隶。

第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery.政治家们的政治生活依赖奴隶制。

第六段确定段落内容方向的语句是Still Jefferson freed Hemings's children---though not Hemings herself of his approximately 150 other slaves.虽然Hemings本人及其他约150名奴隶没有得到自由，杰弗逊还是给了他们的孩子自由。 美国的国父的生活琐事和对待奴隶的观点来展开。

题目解析：

36. 结构题George Washington's dental surgery in mentioned to____.

选项A. show the primitive medical practice in the past. 展示原始的医疗手段。

B. demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days. 表明他那个时代努力制度的残忍。

C. stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history. 强调美国历史上奴隶起的作用。

D. reveal some unknown aspect of his life. 揭示他生命中不为人知的侧面。

本题目作为结构题，应该将例子回归原文，划定例子范围，明确找对应的论点。George Washington's dental surgery定位到文章第一段。In 1784, five years before he become president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw---having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.不难发现，第一段都是华盛顿的牙齿手术的例子。因此，对应的论点句是第二段的主题句。第二段叙述到That's far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong---and yet most did little to fight it.不难发现，段落中间句前有转折词”but”确定主题句为But recently many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. 但是最近，许多历史学家都开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用。选项A. show the primitive medical practice in the past. 展示原始的医疗手段，与相关信息句动作“许多历史学家开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“现代医疗手段”；选项B. demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days. 表明他那个时代努力制度的残忍，与相关信息句动作“许多历史学家开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“现代医疗手段”；选项C. stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history. 强调美国历史上奴隶起的作用，与相关信息句动作“许多历史学家开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用”似乎关联，但是相关信息句叙述到“奴隶在建国那代人生活中的作用”而选项“奴隶在美国历史上起的作用”是偷梁换柱；选项D. reveal some unknown aspect of his life. 揭示他生命中不为人知的侧面，与相关信息句动作“许多历史学家开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用” 相关联，体现了“同意替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为D. reveal some unknown aspect of his life. 揭示他生活中不为人知的侧面。

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

37.推断题 We may infer from the second paragraph that____.

选项A. DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.

DNA技术已经被广泛应用到历史研究中。[www.61k.com］

B. in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.

在早些时候，美国面对的形式很脆弱。

C. historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.

历史学家故意编造了Jefferson的生活故事。

D. political compromises are easily found throughout the US history.

美国整个历史中很容易发现政治妥协。

本题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定段落的主题句。第二段主题句是But recently many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. 但是最近，许多历史学家都开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用。A. DNA technology has been widely applied to history research. DNA技术已经被广泛应用到历史研究中，与相关信息句动作“许多历史学家开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“DNA技术被广泛应用到历史研究中”；选项B. in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations. 在早些时候，美国面对的形式很脆弱，与相关信息句动作“许多历史学家开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“美国早写时候的形式”；选项C. historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life. 历史学家故意编造了Jefferson的生活故事，与相关信息句动作“许多历史学家开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“历史学家编造故事”；选项D. political compromises are easily found throughout the US history. 美国整个历史中很容易发现政治妥协，与相关信息句动作“许多历史学家开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“政治妥协”。显然，这一主题句与四个选项没有直接联系，确定该题目为细节推断题。细节推断题需要利用段落中所有语句的动作内容综合作出推断。段落中That's far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.与多数人记得的历史课本上提到的砍樱桃书的华盛顿的形象相差甚远。 But recently many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. 开始关注奴隶在建国那代人的生活中的作用。They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, 1998年发现的DNA证据驱使他们从事该研究。which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. 证实了Thomas Jefferson 和他的奴隶Sally Hemings至少生过一个孩子。And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up.从上至下的审视历史。 Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. 揭示了美国早期领袖们在道德方面所做的妥协。More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong---and yet most did little to fight it.辩解到许多国父知道奴隶制是错误的，但是多数人却没做什么来反对它。不难发现，在众多的动作中，只有“许多国父知道奴隶制是错误的，但是多数人却没做什么来反对它”能与选项B有联系。因此正确答案为B. in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.在早些时候，美国面对的形式很脆弱。

38.细节题What do we learn from Thomas Jefferson?

选项A. His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

他的政治观点改变了他对奴隶制的态度。（www.61k.com)

B. His status as a father made him free the child slaves.

他作为父亲的身份使他给了他作为奴隶的孩子的自由。

C. His attitude towards slavery was complex.

他对待奴隶制的态度是复杂的。

D. His affair with a slave stained his prestige.

他与一个奴隶的事件毁了他的名声。

本题目作为细节题，要利用定位词在文章中定位相关信息句。利用定位词Thomas Jefferson 定位到第二段They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his

这项研究证实了Thomas slave Sally Hemings. 1998年发现的DNA证据驱使他们从事该研究。

Jefferson 和他的奴隶Sally Hemings至少生过一个孩子。选项A. His political view changed his attitude towards slavery. 他的政治观点改变了他对奴隶制的态度，与定位的语句动作“DNA证据驱使他们从事该研究，证实了Thomas Jefferson 和他的奴隶Sally Hemings至少生过一个孩子”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“政治观点”；选项B. His status as a father made him free the child slaves. 他作为父亲的身份使他给了他作为奴隶的孩子的自由，与定位的语句动作“DNA证据驱使他们从事该研究，证实了Thomas Jefferson 和他的奴隶Sally Hemings至少生过一个孩子”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“给了他作为奴隶的孩子自由”；选项C. His attitude towards slavery was complex. 他对待奴隶制的态度是复杂的，与定位的语句动作“DNA证据驱使他们从事该研究，证实了Thomas Jefferson 和他的奴隶Sally Hemings至少生过一个孩子”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“对奴隶的态度”；选项D. His affair with a slave stained his prestige. 他与一个奴隶的事件毁了他的名声，与定位的语句动作“DNA证据驱使他们从事该研究，证实了Thomas Jefferson 和他的奴隶Sally Hemings至少生过一个孩子”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“毁掉名声”。显然，该句子的信息与四个选项没有任何联系。作为细节题，定位词所在的语句没有足够信息确定答案时，向下一句一句的确定信息，直到找到相关信息句。向下找到段落尾句More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong---and yet most did little to fight it. 意义更为深远的是，他们辩解到许多国父知道奴隶制是错误的，但是多数人却没做什么来反对它。不难发现Thomas Jefferson作为国父对待奴隶制的态度是矛盾的。因此，正确答案为C. His attitude towards slavery was complex.他对待奴隶制的态度是复杂的。（补充：1、细节题利用定位词在段落中定位后，如果没有充足的客观信息确定答案，应该向下一句一句搜寻信息，知道最终确定相关信息句；）

（2、细节题利用定位词定位语句后，要遵循动作决定论的原则与选项比较。例如，

句子They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. 1998年发现的DNA证据驱使他们从事该研究。这项研究证实了Thomas Jefferson 和他的奴隶Sally Hemings至少生过一个孩子。

选项D. His affair with a slave stained his prestige.他与一个奴隶的事件毁了他的名声。 虽然文中语句提到Thomas Jefferson和他的一个奴隶的事件，但是选项的动作“毁了他的名声”却与句子动作无关。）

39. 推断题Which of the following is true according to the text?

选项A. Some Founding Fathers benefit politically slavery.

在政治方面一些国父从奴隶制中受益。

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

B. Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.

在过去，奴隶没有选举权。（www.61k.com)

C. Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.

奴隶主通常拥有大额存款单。

D. Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.

奴隶制被认为是一种独特的制度。

本题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定段落的主题句。由于推断题题干没有任何细节信息提示来定位段落，所以一般在其他四道题目完成后遵循“空白处定位”的原则。不难发现，第36题定位在第一、二段；第37题定位在第二段；第38题定位在第二段；第40题定位在

第五段。所以，第39题对应第三、四、五段。第三段没有主题句。第四段For one thing, the South could not afford to part with his slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God; George Washington, His Staves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution”, including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. 显然，段落中间句前没有转折词，段落尾句体现了统计数字，是细节。因此第四段主题句为段首句For one thing, the South could not afford to part with his slaves.一方面，南方无法放弃奴隶。第五段And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states. 显然，段落中间句前没有转折词，段落尾句体现了时间转移的具体事实，是细节。因此，第五段主题句为And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery.政治家们的政治生活依赖奴隶制。不难发现，奴隶制度对南方地区很重要，而且决定政治家的政治生活。因此，正确答案为A. Some Founding Fathers benefit politically slavery. 在政治方面一些国父从奴隶制中受益。

40.细节题Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his____.

选项A. moral considerations. 道德考虑。

B. military experiences 军事经历。

C. financial conditions. 财政状况。

D. political stand. 政治立场。

本题目作为细节题，要利用定位词在文章中定位相关信息句。利用定位词Washington’s decision 最后一段第二句Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.华盛顿在看到独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇表现并开始相信人人平等后，克服了亲属们的强烈反对，按照自己的意愿，让他的奴隶们获得了自由。选项A. moral considerations. 道德考虑，与相关信息句动作“看到独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇表现并开始相信人人平等”没有任何关联，相关信息句中没有涉及“道德问题”；选项B. military experiences 军事经历，与相关信息句动作“看到独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇表现并开始相信人人平等”直接关联；选项C. financial conditions. 财政状况，与相关信息句动作“看到独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇表现并开始相信人人平等”没有任何关联；D. political stand. 政治立场，与相关信息句动作“看到独立战争中黑人士兵的英勇表现并开始相信人人平等”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为B. military experiences 军事经历。

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

年，52岁的乔治华盛顿成为美国总统的前5年，牙齿就几乎掉光了。[www.61k.com］于是他雇了一名牙医，在他下颚移植了9颗牙，而这9颗牙是从他的奴隶的嘴里拔出来的。

多数人记得的是历史课本中提到的砍樱桃树的华盛顿的形象，与上述形象相差甚远。但是最近，许多历史学家都开始关注奴隶制在建国那代人的生活中的作用。1998年发现的DNA证据是趋势他们从事该研究的部分原因，该证据基本确定的证实托马斯杰斐逊和他的奴隶Sally Hemings至少生过一个孩子。仅仅在过去的30多年间，学者们就已经从上至下地审视了历史。几位历史学家的著作揭示了美国早期的领袖们在道德方面所做的妥协，以及美国在建国初期的脆弱本质。意义更为深远的是，他们声称，许多国父知道奴隶制是错误的，但是多数人却没做什么来反对它。

历史学家说，这些创始人们主要受制于当时的文化。尽管华盛顿和杰斐逊私底下也表示过对奴隶制的反感，但同时他们也理解对于他们帮助创建的这个国家而言，奴隶制是其政治和经济基础的一部分。

一方面，南部无法放弃奴隶制。《不完美的上帝：乔治华盛顿，他的奴隶及美国的建立》一书的作者Wieneck说，拥有奴隶就像是“拥有一个大的银行账户”。如果没有“特别条款”的保护，其中包括为了一会代表的席位，将一名奴隶视为五分之三个人的条款，南部各州就不会签署《美国宪法》。

政治家们的政治生活以来奴隶制。五分之三代表权的规定让杰斐逊在1800年的总统选举中以微弱的优势胜出，该规定使得选举团中支持他的南部各州人数增多。杰斐逊当权期间，曾通过1803年购买路易斯安那州进一步拓展了奴隶制的存在范围：新大陆被分成13个州，包括3个实行奴隶制的州。

虽然Hemings本人及其他约150名奴隶没有得到自由，杰斐逊还是给了她的孩子们自由。在看到独立战争中黑人士兵英勇表现并开始相信人人平等后，华盛顿克服了亲属的强烈反对，按照自己的意愿，让他的奴隶们获得了自由。而仅仅十年前，这一行为在弗吉尼亚还必须要得到立法机关批准才行。

Part B

Directions:

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one front the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, of lie down to write. (41)____________________

Be flexible, Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point the next, but do not permit to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft

(42) _____________ Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.

(43)____________Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.

If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements to your writing. (44)_____________ These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

work on revisions.

Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to you thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “the A&P as a state of mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sarnmy displays chauvinistic attitude toward women. (45)_________________

Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times ---and then again---working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transition should connect one paragraph to the text so that thare are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing of unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.

[A]To make revising easier, leave wide margins extra space between lines so that you easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.

[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.

[C]It's worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers’ prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.

[D]It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.

[E]Although this is an interesting it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the settng influences Sammy's decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P. “policy” he enforces.

[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.

[G]By using the first draft as means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not Attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.

解题原则分析：

承上启下原则：供选句子的前或后相邻语句能够与供选择的句子之间体现出紧密的逻辑关系，即，前面语句引出话题，供选语句承接话题，后面语句延续话题。(www.61k.com］因此，在供选语句的前面要确定相邻语句，判断所提及的话题。然后，利用话题与选项比较确定答案。如果多个选项与该话题有关，利用后面相邻的语句验证并最终选择答案。

解题步骤分析：

一、理解选项含义，确定选项所叙述的话题

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

[A]To make revising easier, leave wide margins extra space between lines so that you easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.为了方便修改，写作时边距留大些，两行之间留空行，这样方便添加单词、句子，方便修正错误。(www.61k.com］只在纸的一面写字。

[B]After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.在你清楚完整地完成了文章的正文后，特别注意文章的首段和结论段。最好是在你准确的了解你要介绍的内容后再写介绍的段落内容。结论段也要同等重视，因为他留给读者最后的印象。

[C]It's worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers’ prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.但是，需要记住的是，虽然刚刚打印出来的一份整洁的文章可能看起来棒极了，但打印机打印出来的只是输入进去的想法和书写进去的内容。许多作家谨慎地将数据储存在磁盘里。每完成一稿都将各页打印出来。以免由于电力瘫痪或其他问题造成的材料丢失。

[D]It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.你写作的方式无关紧要，重要的是写。既然已经将一个主题拓展成一篇临时性的论文，你就可以整合笔记内容，丰富自己拟订的提纲。

[E]Although this is an interesting it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the settng influences Sammy's decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P. “policy” he enforces.尽管这个问题很有意思，但与主题无关。那篇文章的主题是解释环境如何对Sammy决定放弃工作产生影响。删除了该段后，他添加了一段，该段描述Lengel对女孩们表现暴躁，这样她就可以把话题引向Lengel所坚持的A&P政策。

[F]In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.在最后一段，关于A&P的内容安排，这个学生通过提及他拒绝接受Lengel的店规的方式增加了为什么Sammy辞职的原因。

[G]By using the first draft as means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not Attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.通过将初稿当作思考内容的方法，你很有可能发现比最初看笔记时多发现更多的东西。许多好作家根本不拟提纲，但是会在写作时找到顺序原则。不要一开始就试图写一篇毫无错误的文章。

不难发现，本文是围绕叙述如何写文章来展开的。

二、提炼文章对应语句信息，确定下文叙述的话题

41.为选择该题目的答案，要在前面确定相邻的语句，以便确定所叙述的话题。前面相邻语句叙述到The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, of lie down to write.只有当你不再回避无法回避的事情：坐着，站着或者躺着写作，初稿才会跃然纸上。不难发现，这是写作前所做出的准备工作。因此，41题目应该是写作的开始。因此，正确答案为D。

42. 为选择该题目的答案，要在前面确定相邻的语句，以便确定所叙述的话题。前面相邻语句

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

叙述到If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.如果现在有一个相关的重要想法，将它写进草稿里。[www.61k.com）不难发现，写作的步骤更进一层，引出了草稿，初稿。因此，正确答案为G。

43. 为选择该题目的答案，要在前面确定相邻的语句，以便确定所叙述的话题。前面相邻语句叙述到Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.通常一气呵成更容易写出好文章，而不是小心翼翼的修正错误。不难发现，该句子引出了写作过程中没有必要着急修正错误这个话题。因此，正确答案为A。

44. 为选择该题目的答案，要在前面确定相邻的语句，以便确定所叙述的话题。前面相邻语句叙述到Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements to your writing.一些软件程序还可以检查你文章中的拼写及某些语法问题。不难发现，该句子引出了电脑软件对于写作的帮助。因此，正确答案为C。

45. 为选择该题目的答案，要在前面确定相邻的语句，以便确定所叙述的话题。前面相邻语句叙述到The student who wrote “the A&P as a state of mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sarnmy displays chauvinistic attitude toward women. 那个写“The A&P是一种思想状态”的学生很明智地删除一段，该段质疑Sammy是否表现出对女性的大男子主义。不难发现，该句子引出了删除段落内容这一话题。因此，正确答案为E。

削铅笔，整理桌子，做所有其他的事情，而不动笔写的时代已经结束了。只有当你不再回避无法回避的事情，坐着、站着或躺着写作，初稿才能跃然纸上。你写作的方式无关紧要，重要的是写。已经将一个主题拓展成一篇临时性的论文，你就可以整合笔记内容，丰富自己拟订的提纲。

要具有灵活性。提纲要能够引领你顺畅地上下贯通，但又不会让你草草而就。如果当时有一个相关的重要想法，将它写进草稿里。通过将初稿当作思考内容的方法，你很有可能发现比最初看笔记时多发现更多的东西。许多好作家根本不拟提纲，但是会在写作时找到顺序原则。不要一开始就试图写一篇毫无错误的文章。语法、标点符号、拼写问题留到修改时解决。要关注你所写的内容。通常，一气呵成更容易写出好文章，而不是小心翼翼地修正错误。

为了方便修改，写作时边距留大些，两行之间留空行，这样方便添加单词、句子，方便修正错误。只在纸的一面写字。这样，你就很容易了解每页纸的内容，而且，如果你想剪下一段，把它放到别处，你也不会丢失那张纸另一面上的文字。

如果你用文字处理器写作，可以利用其添加、删除、移动整段的功能，只需要发送几个简单的键盘指令即可。一些软件程序还可以检查你文章中的拼写及某些语法问题。但是，需要记住的是，虽然刚刚打印出来的一份整洁的文章可能看起来棒极了，但打印机打印出来的只是输入进去的想法和书写进去的内容。许多作家谨慎地将数据储存在磁盘里。每完成一稿都将各页打印出来。以免由于电力瘫痪或其他问题造成的材料丢失。

一旦你写出初稿，就可以删除于论文无关的材料，补充用以阐述的观点，让论文更有说服力的必须材料。那个写“A&P是一种思想状态”的学生很明智地删除一段，该段质疑Sammy是否表现出对女性的大男子主义。尽管这个问题很有意思，但与主题无关。那篇文章的主题是解释环境如何对Sammy决定放弃工作产生影响。删除了该段后，他添加了一段，该段描述Lengel对女孩们表现暴躁，这样她就可以把话题引向Lengel所坚持的A&P政策。

记住你的初稿仅此而已。你应该反复多次阅读文章，不断充实内容，让论述更清楚。可能最后你的论文十几个不同的版本。这样的话就重写。段落中的每句话都要与一个主题有关，两段之间要有过渡，这样不会有一个突然跳跃或让读者感到困惑。要毫不留情地挑出那些糟糕的、废话连篇的用词或不清楚的句子和段落，仔细打磨。

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2, (10points)

In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that be never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. “Origin of Species ”is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men . No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense of judgment. Such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree” Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion hat in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable and music very great delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for picture or music.”

(46) He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. [词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义

believe “相信”

forcing him to think long “迫使他考虑”

detect “探测”引申为“发现”

[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句

1、，and原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分）

he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence

, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

2、which/that原则（用来区分主句和从句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等标志词区分主句和从句）

he believes

that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence

, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.

这个句子结构比较复杂，这是一个复合句。（www.61k.com]He believes 是主句部分。that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence与and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.是宾语从句。在并于从句中and连接两个并列成分。

[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序

he believes他认为

that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence正是这个困难起了弥补能力欠缺的作用，迫使他长时间专注的考虑每一个句子

, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. 从而在推理和自己的观察中发现错误。

[参考译文] 他认为，正是这个困难起了弥补能力欠缺的作用，迫使他长时间专注的考虑每一个句子，从而在推理和自己的观察中发现错误。

(47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. [词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义

assert “断言”

follow “跟随”引申为“理解”

succeed“成功”

[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句

1、which/that原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分） He asserted, also,

that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited

, for which reason he felt certain

that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.

这是一个复合句。He asserted, also, that his power was very limited是主句。不定式短语to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought修饰名词“power”。定语从句for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.用来分析前面句子的原因。

[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序

He asserted, also, 他还断言

that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited在理解冗长且完全抽象的观点上，他的能力有限

, for which reason he felt certain 正是由于这个原因他确信

that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.他在数学方面不会有成就。

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

[参考译文] 他还断言，在理解冗长且完全抽象的观点上，他的能力有限。［www.61k.com]正是由于这个原因，他确信自己在数学方面不会有成就。

(48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer he had no power of reasoning. [词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义

accept “接受”

charge “指责”

power of reasoning “推理能力”

[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句

1、，and原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分）

On the other hand

, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer

, he had no power of reasoning.

2、which/that原则（用来区分主句和从句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等标志词区分主句和从句）

On the other hand

, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics

that, while he was a good observer

, he had no power of reasoning.

这个句子结构比较清晰，这是一个复合句。On the other hand是状语，补充说明整个句子。句子he did not accept是主句部分，对应的宾语从句是that, while he was a good observer he had no power of reasoning。 as well founded the charge是方式状语。过去分词短语made by some of his critics做定语，用来修饰名词charge。

[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序

On the other hand 另一方面

, he did not accept as well founded the change made by some of his critics 他并不接受一些批评家的缺少根据的指责

that, while he was a good observer 虽然他善于观察

, he had no power of reasoning. 但是缺乏推理能力

[参考译文] 另一方面，一些批评家指责他道：虽然他善于观察，但是缺乏推理能力。达尔文并没有接受这种指责，认为这些指责缺少根据。

(49) He adds humbly that perhaps be was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully. [词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义

add “增加”引申为“补充”

noticing “注意到”

escape attention “逃跑”引申为“不注意”

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

observing “观察”

[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句

1、which/that原则（用来区分主句和从句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等标志词区分主句和从句）

He adds humbly

that perhaps be was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things

which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.

这是一个复合句。(www.61k.com]He adds humbly是主句部分，从句that perhaps be was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.是宾语从句。在宾语从句中which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.是定语从句，用来修饰things。

[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序

He adds humbly 他谦卑地补充道

that perhaps be was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things 他与普通人相比，更能够注意到事情

which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully. 这些事情别人不容易注意到，并且对其进行细致地观察。

[参考译文] 他谦卑地补充到，也许自己“和普通人比较起来，比普通人的思维方式，在对事物的观察方面，自己做的细致一些”。

(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. [词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义

was convinced “信服”

be injurious to “损伤”

[结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句

1、，and原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的and, or等并列连词要首先区分）

Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness but might possibly be injurious to the intellect

, and more probably to the moral character.

2、which/that原则（用来区分主句和从句，句子中的which, that, because, while, when等标志词区分主句和从句）

Darwin was convinced

that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness but might possibly be injurious to the intellect

, and more probably to the moral character.

这是一个复合句。Darwin was convinced that是主句部分，宾语从句为that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.

[翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序

Darwin was convinced 达尔文相信

that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness but might possibly be injurious to

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

the intellect 失去这些品位不仅意味着失去幸福，而且还可能损伤智力

, and more probably to the moral character. 并且更有可能损害道德。(www.61k.com）

[参考译文] 达尔文认为，失去这些品位不仅意味着失去了幸福，而且还可能损伤智力，更有可能损伤道德。 洁明确地表达思想。但是，他认为，正是这个困难起了弥补能力欠缺的作用，迫使他长时间专注的考虑每一个句子，从而在推理和自己的观察中发现错误。他否认自己像著名的赫胥黎一样理解力强，智利超群。他还断言，在理解冗长且完全抽象的观点上，他的能力有限。正是由于这个原因，他确信自己在数学方面不会有成就。他还说自己虽然记住很多东西，但记得不准确。从某种角度来看，很糟糕的是他对某个日期或某行诗歌的记忆最长不过几天。另一方面，一些批评家指责他道：虽然他善于观察，但是缺乏推理能力。达尔文并没有接受这种指责，认为这些指责缺少根据。他认为这些指责不可能是正确的，这是因为人们对《物种起源》从始至终争论不休，许多有能力的人都相信其观点。他指出没有推理能力的人是无法写出《物种起源》的。她更愿意相信“就像每位很成功的路是或医生一样，我又相当不错的创造力，常识及判断力，但是我认为自己这些能力并不比他们强。”他谦卑地补充到，也许自己“和普通人比较起来，比普通人的思维方式，在对事物的观察方面，自己做的细致一些”。 晚年时，他在写作中表示，在之前的二、三十年里，自己三个方面的想法发生了变化。知道30岁或30多岁，许多类型的诗歌都会给他带来极大的享受。以前，绘画和音乐都是他生活中极大的乐趣。但是在1881年，他说“现在我不能忍受哪怕只读一行诗歌，这种状况已经有好多年了。而且，我也无法欣赏绘画和音乐了。”达尔文认为，失去这些品位不仅意味着失去了幸福，而且还可能损伤智力，更有可能损伤道德。

第三部分 WRITING

Part A

51. Directions:

You have just come back from Canada found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob. your landlord there Write him a letter to

1) make an apology. and

2) suggest a solution

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the and of the “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address.(10points)

Dear Bob,

I am writing the letter to inform you that I wish to extend my sincere apology to you. I am a tenant from China who had been living in your house in Canada for two weeks.

First and foremost, I take this opportunity show my heartfelt appreciation to the kind assistance you render me during my stay in Canada. In addition, I borrowed one CD of Beethoven’s symphonies from you in Canada. Unfortunately, when I returned home, I found to my surprise that CD in my personal baggage due to my carelessness.

To solve the problem, I would like to send this CD to you by Express Mail Service. Once again, please accept my sincere apology for any inconveniences I have caused. I hope the settlement of the matter will meet your wishes.

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

Sincerely yours, Liming Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on Answer Sheet 2.

“你一条腿，我一条腿；你我一起，走南闯北。[www.61k.com］”

SAMPLE

What an impressive cartoon it is in describing one of the most wide-spread social phenomena concerning cooperation and communication. As is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon, supporting each other with their powerful hands, two handicapped adolescents are continuing their new journey on the ground. Crutches left behind, they have successfully cracked the hard nut of lameness which might have confused the majority of the disabled. The caption indicates, “You have merely one leg and so do I. Helping each other, we can travel extensively.” Undoubtedly, we can deduce from the portrayal that the cartoonist is trying to attract our attention to the issue cooperation makes success. According to a survey conducted among a group of people who were in the same college class 10 years ago, those who are ready to give their cooperation to others all become rich or managers of all field, while not a single young man having difficulty in getting along with their classmates becomes an executive or boss. Why those who are excellent in team work tend to be managers or own their own enterprise in their later life? The answer seems self-evident. On the one hand, if you are competent in profession, but have difficulty in getting along with your colleagues and even your boss, you can hardly survive the corporation. On the other hand, your chances of success are much higher with wide circle of friends who are willing to cooperate with you to provide information and resources.

It is my view that, first of all, we can frequently use the drawings to enlighten the juvenile to learn to cooperate successfully with each other. On the other hand, whatever difficulty or situation we are confronted with, those who have the spirit of cooperation and team work are

2008考研英语真题 2008年考研英语一真题答案解析

nearer to success.

Just as John Adams, the second U.S. president quoted from the ancient Greek Aesop’s Fables, “United we stand, divided we fall.”

第一段

What an impressive cartoon it is in describing one of the most wide-spread social phenomena concerning…… 用来引出漫画内容，并且给人以“心领神会”之感。[www.61k.com］ As is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon, ……描述漫画内容。

The caption indicates, ……描述漫画内容。

第二段

Undoubtedly, we can deduce from the portrayal that the cartoonist is trying to attract our attention to the issue…… 用来引出主题，并且顺利的强调主题的重要。

According to a survey conducted among a group of people who were in the same college class 10 years ago, …… 用来联系现实，只有将主题与现实联系到一起才能体现出主题的意义和作用。

第三段

It is my view that, first of all,…… On the other hand,…… 指出观点，符合提纲要求来展开文章。

第四段

Just as John Adams, the second U.S. president quoted from the ancient Greek Aesop’s Fables,……谚语将文章主题升华，并把文章顺利结尾。

四 : 2014年中考英语真题及答案-湖北随州英语(扫描版)【学科网】

随州教育信息网 2014年中考英语真题及答案-湖北随州英语(扫描版)【学科网】

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随州教育信息网 2014年中考英语真题及答案-湖北随州英语(扫描版)【学科网】

随州教育信息网 2014年中考英语真题及答案-湖北随州英语(扫描版)【学科网】

五 : 2010年考研英语试题分析与部分试题参考答案

本文标题：2010年考研英语真题及答案-2014考研英语二真题及答案
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