一 : LSAT考试全真试题一SECTION2

section ⅱ

time-35 minutes

26 questions

directions: the questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. for some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. however, you are to choose the best answer, that is the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. you should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. after you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

　　1.an office building at state university contains a concrete stairway, the carpet on which has become worn and frayed. despite numerous warnings by the occupational safety and health administration, the university has not replaced a burned-out light in the stairway. fred, a student, recently caught his heel in the torn carpet, tripped, and fell down the stairway. he was hospitalized for a severe concussion and other injuries. after his release from the hospital, he required much more medical attention and medication and had to withdraw from the university for a semester. he　brings suit against the university.

　　which one of the following is the best ling of causal analysis for fred's attorney to pursue in the personal injury case?

　　(a) the concrete steps, because they were hard, worsened fred's injuries.
　　(b) the university is responsible for the condition of the carpet.
　　(c) the burned-out light constitutes negligence.
　　(d) the distance fred fell worsened his injuries.
　　(e) the occupational safety and health administration has no jurisdiction over the university.

　　2.research shows that exercise has a beneficial effect on health. after much testing with many different types of persons, it has been shown that, in most cases, exercise definitely helps to prevent illnesses caused by viruses. the common cold is caused by a virus. therefore._________

　　which one of the following is the best completion of the argument above?

　　(a) exercise alone will not prevent the common cold
　　(b) exercise is no more effective than antibiotics in preventing the common cold
　　(c) exercise is probably not effective in preventing colds caused by bacteria
　　(d) exercise helps the body to destroy invading viruses
　　(e) exercise may help to prevent the common cold

　　3.just a few years ago salmon could not survive in the oxygen-starved and polluted thames. nor could many other species. but now, after years of determined effort, the salmon have returned, and that is a sure sign that the river is pollution-free.
　
　　each of the following indicates a possible flaw in the reasoning in the passage above eexcept:

　　(a) the salmon that have returned may be of a strain that is unaffected by the pollutants.
　　(b) the pollution may have been reduced to a level at which the salmon can survive.
　　(c) oxygen starvation is often a consequence of pollution, and this may have killed the salmon.
　　(d) the salmon may have been killed by one particular pollutant, which has now been removed while others remain.
　　(e) there may still be pollution, but its nature may have changed to a form that saimon can tolerate.
　
　　4.the state's licensing procedures for day-care providers are inadequate.used to leave my son with a wonderful woman who kept a group of neighborhood children, but she quit rather than put up with the licensing paperwork. and a friend of mine tells me that he cannot recommend the day-care center that he uses, even though it is licensed, because the care providers are not interested in doing anything beyond meeting the minimum　requirments of health and safety.

　　the author of the passage argues by

　　(a) providing examples to support two opposing positions
　　(b) basing a conciusion on specific cases
　　(c) disputing evidence cited by those with an opposing point of view
　　(d) predicting personal experience from a general principle
　　(e) using a generalization based on observation to undermine a theoretical principle

　　5.all 250 of the city's democratic ward leaders were polled about the number of registered republicans who became registered democrats during the year. from the reports of the 20 leaders who replied to the questionnaire, we know that altogether they received a total of 500 former republicans into the democratic party within the year. projecting from this sample, we conclude that at least 6,000 republicans became democrats　during the year.

　　which one of the following statements, if true, most clearly undermines the conclusion?

　　(a) several years ago, 5,000 members of the republican party registered as democrats.
　　(b) the more than 90 percent of ward leaders not replying had no former republicans registering as democrats.
　　(c) because they were too busy, more than 90 percent of the ward leaders did not reply percent of the ward leaders did not reply
　　(d) a number of the newly registered democrats returned to the republican party at a later date.
　　(e) similar figures can be produced from past years for registrationchanges from the democratic party to the republican party

　　6.a linguist recently argued that all human languages must have a common origin because some concepts are universal; that is they appear in all languages. for example, all languages are capable of describing lightness and darkness.

　　which one of the following, if true would most senously weaken the argument?

　　a) the bernese language does not contain basic nouns like automobile and airplane.
　　(b) no one linguist could possibly speak all known languages.
　　(c) all speakers, regardless of their languages are confronted with similar stimuli like lightness and darkness.
　　(d) the similarity between human language and dolphin language has not been attributed to a common origin.
　　(e) some languages include concepts of which speakers of other languages are not even aware.

　　7.all psychiatrists are doctors. only psychiatrists were invited to the conference. all who were invited to the conference stayed at the hefford hote. therefore, only psychiatrists stayed at the hefford hotel.
　
　　which one of the following statements, if added as a premise to the argument, would make the conclusion valid?

　　(a) only those who were invited to the conference stayed at the hefford hotel.
　　(b) all who were invited to the conference were psychiatrists.
　　(c) all psychiatrists were invited to the conference.
　　(d) no one who was invited to the conference failed to stay at the hefford hotel.
　　(e) only doctors stayed at the hefford hotel.
question 8-9

　　a thing is "nauseous" if it makes one sick to the stomach; the unfortunate victim of this malaise is "nauseated" . the common misuse of "nauseous" can be illustrated with the following sentence: "when he sits too long, turns his head too abruptly, or walks any distance, he gets dizzy, loses balance, and becomes nauseous." he doesn't become nauseous unless he turns other people's stomachs; he becomes nauseated. a person who is nauseated is no more nauseous than a person who has been poisoned is poisonous.

　　8.based on the passage above, which phrase does not provide a logical completion to the following sentence?

　　a person who is nauseated is no more nauseous than a person who has been_______.

　　(a) murdered is murderous
　　(b) corrupted is corruptible
　　(c) awed is awesome
　　(d) irritated is irritating
　　(e) scared is scary

　　9.the author's approach in the passage includes all of the following except

　　(a) explaining how a word is misused
　　(b) drawing an analogy
　　(c) providing an example
　　(d) relying on a word's ambiguous meaning
　　(e) defining key terms

　　10. therapy, whether physical or social, is a counterirritant that aids in　that equilibrium of the physical organs that protects the central nervous system. whereas pleasure is a counterirritant (for example, sports, entertainment, and alcohol), comfort is the removal of irritants. both pleasure and comfort are strategies of equilibrium for the central nervous system.

　　it can be concluded from the statements above that the exile of a deviant member of a group can be

　　(a) therapeutic for the rest of the group
　　(b) irritating for the rest of the group
　　(c) pleasurable for the rest of the group
　　(d) comforting for the rest of the group
　　(e) counterirritating for the rest of the group
　
　　11. the situation has gotten worse. unless elizabeth goes i must go. but she will not to if i stay so we will both have to go.

　　what is the flaw in the reasoning above?

　　(a) the first claim, that the situation has gotten worse, is irrelevant.
　　(b) a possible course of action is overlooked
　　(c) it is assumed that staying is the same as not going.
　　(d) the conclusion refers to a possibility that is not explicitly referred to in any of the premises.
　　(e) insufficient information is given about the circumstances.
　　
　　12. student x: i'm worried about failing the course.

　　student y: don't worry. as the professor said, any student who fails to submit a term paper will fail the course. so just make sure that you submit a term paper, and you will not fail the course.

　　which one of the following exhibits the same logical flaw as that exhibited in student y's remark?

　　(a) any restaurant that serves paella without saffron is not authentic　so if the restaurant serves paella with turmeric instead of saffron, it is authentic.
　　(b) any native fishers who earn their livings by fishing the local rivers and lakes are worth hiring as guides. so a person who is a native fisher is worth hiring as a guide.
　　(c) anyone who can consistently bowl over 200 points per game should become a professional bowler. if you can consistently bowl over 200 points per game, you should become a professional bowler.
　　(d) any engineer who cannot solve the equation in a reasonable amount of time will not get a license. so if you are an engineer who can solve the equation in a reasonable amount of time, you will get a license.
　　(e) any cook who is in a hot kitchen will have the kitchen. if you are a cook in a kitchen that is hot, you will be forced to leave the kitchen.

　　13. trade protection is bad policy. take the case of the microcomputer industry. the united states government attempted to restore the computer chip market to united states manufacturers, who had ceased production in the face of an abundant supply of cheap chips from foreign manufacturers. under trade protection, it was expected that, as government-imposed quotas and excise taxes forced the price of foreign chips to rise, united states manufactures would reenter the market. they did, but at only slightly lower prices that the now-high prices of foreign firms. the lesson has been simple: trade protection means that united states manufactures gain while united states manufactures gain while united states consumers lose.

　　which one of the following is an assumption on which the author's argument relies?

　　(a) it is unreasonable to expect that government-imposed quotas and excise taxes will reduce prices for united states consumers.
　　(b) united states manufacturers of computer chips are more concerned with high profits that are foreign manufacturers.
　　(c) the united states government's primary purpose in trade protection is to restore markets and profits to united states manufacturers.
　　(d) with respect to trade protection, the microcomputer industry is representative of united states industry in general.
　　(e) the quality of the chips produced by united states manufacturers is better than the quality of the chips produced by foreign manufacturers.
questions 14-15

　　until now, this painting was believed to be a self portrait of the artist, but it probably is not. true, the heavy gold chain worn by the gentleman in the picture is similar to one presented to the artist by the queen of england after he had painted her portrait. but the sword hanging at the gentleman's hip suggests that he was a knight, a rank higher than any the artist ever attained.

　　14. the argument above depends on assuming that the self-portrait would

　　(a) include objects that are important to the artist
　　(b) not exaggerate the rank achieved by the artist
　　(c) be similar to portraits of others whom the artist had painted
　　(d) be verifiable only through the examination of objects in the painting
　　(e) not portray the artist engaged in the activity of painting

　　15. which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author's argument?

　　(a) historians cannot determine whether the artist was ever knighted.
　　(b) the artist painted only one self-portrait in his entire life.
　　(c) several gentlemen of the artist's day wore heavy gold chains like the one in the painting.
　　(d) the gentleman in the painting resembles portraits of the artist painted by other artists.
　　(e) the artist was the only gentleman of his day who received a heavy gold chain from the queen of england.

　　16. colleges boast about the great sizes of their libraries. they quote figures in the hundreds of thousands of volumes, but how many books can a student read in four years-a thousand? what good, then, are all the rest?

　　which one of the following statements most accurately expresses the author's main point?

　　(a) college librarians do not have anything about which they can boast.
　　(b) no student can read more than a thousand books in four years.
　　(c) it is silly to boast about a library's size, regardless of whether the library is large or small.
　　(d) unused books are a waste of taxpayers' money.
　　(e) college libraries are unnecessarily large.
　
17. eli:according to many scientists the widespread production and use of chlorofluorocarbons (cfcs)-e.g., to provide coolant for air conditioners-inevitably leads to their escape into the atmosphere where they destroy the vital ozone layer. in my opinion, the continued use of cfcs by humans is like a harmful habit, which, if unchecked, could have disastrous effects on the user, namely self-destruction. the obvious and necessary cure, therefore, is a complete ban on cfc production and use.

　　mark: the cure you propose would kill, not save, the user. a ban on cfc production and use would cause the destruction of the air conditioning industry.

　　the source of mark, and eli's dispute is their lack of agreement on which one of the following terms?
　
　　(a) cure
　　(b) user
　　(c) ban
　　(d) production
　　(e) destruction

　　18. if there is a decrease in the number of homeless families, then either the number of available jobs has increased or else the cost of renting or purchasing housing has decreased. if the cost of renting or purchasing housing has decreased, then the supply of housing must be greater than the demand.
　
　　assume that there is a decrease in the number of homeless families. 　　according to the passage, which one of the following statements. cannot be true?

　　(a) the number of jobs has been decreasing.
　　(b) the cost of renting or purchasing housing has been decreasing, and housing has been decreasing, and housing supply exceeds demand.
　　(c) the number of jobs has been increasing, and the cost of renting or purchasing housing has been stable.
　　(d) the number of jobs has been decreasing, the cost of renting or purchasing housing has been decreasing, and housing demand exceeds supply.
　　(e) the number of jobs has been increasing, the cost of renting or purchasing housing has been increasing, and housing supply exceeds demand.

　　19. everyone knew that if the team's star player were too badly injured to play in saturday's game, the team would lose. since the team won, the star player must have played
　
　　which one of the following is most similar in logie to the argument above?

　　(a) red spots on the feet are a symptom of a disease called borosis. this patient has green spots on his feet, therefore, he does not have borosis.
　　(b) if the frost comes late, the farmer has a good crop. because the frost was late, the farmer must have a good crop.
　　(c) the instructor in a course ruled that if a student received an a on either the term paper or the final exam, then the student would receive an a for the course. anne received an a on the term paper and a c on the final exam. therefore, anne received an a for the course.
　　(d) people in driving school realized that if pete had another auto accident, he would be expelled from the driving school, pete was not expelled from the driving school. therefore, he must not have had another auto accident.
　　(e) if swenson pays a $100 fine, he will not be expelled from the country club. because swenson has not been expelled, he must have paid the fine.

　　20. an examination of corruption provides the basis for rejecting the view that an exact science of society can ever be constructed. as with all other social phenomena that involve deliberate secrecy, it is intrinsically impossible to measure corruption, and this is not merely due to the fact that social science has not yet reached its goal, achievable to be sure, of developing adequate quantifying techniques. if people were ready to answer question about their embezzlements and bribes, it would their embezzlements and bribes, it would mean that these practices had acquired the character of legitimate, taxable activities and had ceased to be corrupt. in other words, corruption must disappear if it is to be measurable.

　　which one of the following most accurately states a hidden assumption that the author must make in order to advance the argument above

　　(a) some people believe that an exact science of society can be constructed.
　　(b) the primary purpose of an exact science to quantify and measure phenomena
　　(c) an intrinsic characteristic of social phenomena that involve deliberate secrecy is that they cannot be measured.
　　(d) an exact science of social phenomena that involve deliberate secrecy cannot be constructed.
　　(e) an exact science can be constructed only when the phenomena it studies can be measured.
question 21-22

　　this country does not need any more restrictions on pollution. in fact, we should abolish those that are currently on the books. in spite of various restrictions, pollution levels have actually increased over the past 40 years. most importantly, dramatic statistics show that, as pollution levels have increased over this period, the general health of the population has improved rather than deteriorated.

　　21. which one of the following assertions, if true, provides the most effective challenge to the author's conclusion?

　　(a) the general health of this country's population has improved over the past 40 years primarily because of new advances in medicine and nutrition, not because of pollution.
　　(b) there are several countries in the would in which there have been no restrictions on which there have been no restrictions on pollution over the past 40 years, and pollution levels have actually increased.
　　(c) similar statistics show that, in several countries, the general health of the population has improved over the past 40 years, while pollution levels have actually decreased.
　　(d) pollution levels would have increased even more than they have and the general health of the population would not have improved as much as it has without the restrictions that have been on the books.
　　(e) in the period prior to the past 40 years, pollution restrictions were nonexistent in this country and the general health of the population improved at a far slower rate than it did during the past 40 years.

　　22. the author concludes that there should be no restrictions on pollution partly because
　　
　　(a) they are no longer needed to improve the general health of the population
　　(b) they reduce the positive effect that pollution has on the general health of the population
　　(c) statistics show that as pollution restrictions have increased so have pollution levels
　　(d) pollution has not yet reached levels that are detrimental to the health of the general population
　　(e) they are ineffective in lowering pollution levels.
　　
　　23. in metropolitan areas, almost 60 percent of all fires are set by children, while in rural areas about 40 percent are a psychological survey discovered that all children who play with fire believe that there will be no consequences if their parents catch them doing it.
　
　　which one of the following inferences can be most reliably drawn from the passage above?
　
　　(a) most children who believe there will no consequences if they are discovered playing with fire do play with fire.
　　(b) parents who discover their children playing with fire will prevent those children from playing with fire in the future.
　　(c) if parents have successfully instilled in their children the belief that there will be consequences if they are caught playing with fire, these children have not been among those playing with fire.
　　(d) children who play with fire attach no sense of right or wrong to this action.
　　(e) most children who do not play with fire believe there will be consequences if their parents discover them playing with fire.
　
　　24. somewhere, somehow, what was once a perfectly good rule by which to live was twisted into the false and sinister idea that "money is the root of all evil" to the contrary, the proper use of money provides us with the food, clothes, health care, and shelter that we all need to sustain our lives.
　
　　the author's argument is logically flawed in that it
　　
　　(a) uses examples that do not refute the generalization that all evil is rooted in money
　　(b) uses inappropriate examples to demonstrate the proper use of money
　　(c) ignores some of the evil things that money can buy
　　(d) fails to acknowledge that food, clothes, health care, and shelter can sometimes lead to evil
　　(e) fails to recognize that money can be sued for a lot of other good things besides sustenance
　
　　25. in a recent experiment, a high school english teacher interspersed real,commonly used proverbs with several nonsensical proverbial-sounding statements that he had made up. he then asked his students to evaluate all of the statements on the list. in general, the students found the bogus proverbs and the real proverbs to be equally full of wisdom and meaning,. the teacher concluded that proverbs attain their status as proverbs more through frequent usage than through their inherent wisdom.
　
　　which one of the following if true, would most effectively challenge the teacher's conclusion?
　
　　(a) some proverbs are used more frequently than others.
　　(b) there were more real proverbs than bogus proverbs in the list of statements.
　　(c) there are stylistic differences between proverbial and proverbial-sounding statements.
　　(d) some students view a statement in one way and other students view the same statement in a very different way.
　　(e) the students selected as evaluators were too inexperienced to judge the wisdom of the statements.
　
　　26. it is commonly accepted that we should be concerned about our own physical health. the desire to take responsibility for all aspects of our physical condition, however, produces a number of negative consequences. by focusing exclusively on our physical health, we tend to ignore out mental health. therefore, although we can derive physical benefits from our preoccupation with physical health, we often do so at the expense of our mental health.

　　the author establishes her position in the passage by doing which one of the following?
　
　　(a) she defends her position and then extencls it into a second area.
　　(b) she reveals a contradiction in a position commonly held to be correct.
　　(c) she supports a commonly held point of view by providing additional evidence
　　(d) she first states her position and then qualifies it with a number of concessions

二 : LSAT考试全真试题一SECTION1

section 1

time-35 minutes

23 questions

directions: each group of questions in this section is based on a set of conditions. in answering some of the questions, it may be useful to draw a rough diagram. choose the response that most accurately and completely answers each question and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

questoins 1-6

　　a man buys three outfits-x, y, and z-each of which consists of two articles of clothing.

　　each of the articles of clothing is either brown gray or navy.

　　at least one of the outfits is made up of two articles different in color from one another.

　　no more than two of the outfits contain the same combination of colors.

　　outfit x contains at least one navy article of clothing.

　　outfit x contains at least one brown article of clothing and does not contain a gray article.

1. which one of the following can be the colors of the man's outfits?
　　
　　(a) x: gray and navy; y: brown and gray; z: gray and gray
　　(b) x: brown and gray; y: brown and navy; z: gray and gray
　　(c) x: navy and navy; y: brown and brown; z: brown and navy
　　(d) x: brown and navy; y: brown and navy; z: brown and navy
　　(e) x: navy and navy; y: brown and brown; z: navy and navy

2. if outfits x and y each consist of one brown article and one navy article 　 of clothing, what combinations for outfit z?

　　(a) 2
　　(b) 3
　　(c) 4
　　(d) 5
　　(e) 6

3. if outfit z does not contain two brown items of clothing, what is the maximum number of items of clothing in the three outfits that can be navy?

　　(a) 1
　　(b) 2
　　(c) 3
　　(d) 4
　　(e) 5

4. if outfit y consists of two brown articles of clothing and outfit z consists of two navy items, what is the total number of possible color combinations for outfit x?

　　(a) 1
　　(b) 2
　　(c) 3
　　(d) 4
　　(e) 5

5. which one of the following color combinations for outfit z would be acceptable under any of the acceptable color combinations for outfits x and y?

　　(a) gray and gray
　　(b) brown and gray
　　(c) brown and brown
　　(d) brown and navy
　　(e) navy and navy

6. if no two outfits contain the same color combination but each contains at least one navy item, which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of the possible combinations for outfit x?

　　(a) gray and navy
　　(b) brown and navy
　　(c) navy and navy
　　(d) gray and navy; brown and navy
　　(e) gray and navy; navy and navy

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question 7-11

　　five seats on a train are arranged in two rows that face each other. the seats in row 1 are seat 1 and seat 2. the seats in row 2 are seat 3, seat 4, and seat 5 in that order. seat 1 is directly across from seat 3. seat 2 is directly across from seat 4. seat 5 is not directly across from any other seat. three women-, betty, and carol-and two men-david edmund-each must be seated in one of me five seats, one person to a seat.

　　betty sits in seat 4.

　　carol sits next to neither betty nor david.

　　alice does not sit directly across from carol.

7. if edmund sits directly across from betty, which one of the following must be true?

　　(a) alice does not sit directly across from anyone.
　　(b) alice sits directly across from david.
　　(c) alice sits next to edmund.
　　(d) david sits next to alice.
　　(e) david sits next to edmund.

8. if edmund does not sit directly across from anyone, which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of those (other than edmund) who cannot sit in seat 1?

　　(a) betty
　　(b) carol
　　(c) david
　　(d) betty and carol
　　(e) betty and david

9. if none of the five passengers sits directly across from a passenger of the same sex, how many seating arrangements of the five passengers are possible?

　　(a) exactly 0
　　(b) exactly 1
　　(c) exactly 2
　　(d) exactly 3
　　(e) exactly 4

10. how many of the seats could be the one alice selects as her seat?

　　(a) 1 only
　　(b) 2 only
　　(c) 3 only
　　(d) 4 only
　　(e) 5 only
　
11. how many different seating arrangements of the passengers might there be for row 2?

　　(a) 2
　　(b) 3
　　(c) 4
　　(d) 5
　　(e) 6

question 12-17

　　six people-julio, kevin, may, norma, olivia, and tamio-participate in a track meet. two of them enter the marathon, two enter the relay, and two enter the sprint.

　　each participant enters only one event.

　　if kevin enters the marathon, then both julio and

　　may enter the relay, and if both julio and may enter the relay, then kevin enters the marathon.
　
　　if norma does not enter the sprint, then tamio enters the relay.

　　if olivia enters the relay, then julio does not enter the relay.

　　olivia and tamio do not both enter the relay.

12. if kevin enters the marathon, then which one of the following cannot be　true?

　　(a) julio enters the relay and norma enters the sprint.
　　(b) olivia enters the marathon and norma enters the sprint.
　　(c) tamio enters the marathon and olivia enters the sprint.
　　(d) tamio enters the relay and olivia enters the sprint.
　　(e) tamio enters the marathon and may enters the sprint.

13. if norma enters the marathon, then which one of the following cannot be true?

　　(a) both kevin and olivia enter the sprint.
　　(b) kevin enters the relay and olivia enters the sprint.
　　(c) kevin enters the marathon and may enters the relay.
　　(d) julio enters the marathon and may enters the relay.
　　(e) julio enters the marathon and kevin enters the relay.

14. if both kevin and olivia enter the relay, then which one of the following must be true?

　　(a) julion and tamio enter the marathon.
　　(b) may enters the marathon.　　
　　(c) may enters the sprint.
　　(d) tamio enters the sprint.
　　(e) norma enters the sprint.

15. if both julio and kevin enter the same event, then which of the following can be true?

　　ⅰ.julio enters the relay.
　　ⅱ. may enters the marathon.
　　ⅲ. olivia enters the relay.

　　(a) ⅰonly
　　(b) ⅱ only
　　(c) ⅲ only
　　(d) ⅰand ⅱonly
　　(e) ⅰ,ⅱ,and ⅲ

16. if norma and olivia each enter different events, then which one of the following cannot be true?

　　(a) kevin and olivia enter the marathon.
　　(b) julio and norma enter the relay.
　　(c) may and olivia enter the relay.
　　(d) norma and tamio enter the relay.
　　(e) olivia enters the sprint and tamio enters the relay.

17. if both julio and kevin enter the relay, then which one of the following　must be false?
　
　　(a) may and norma enter the marathon.
　　(b) may and olivia enter the marathon.
　　(c) norma and tamio enter the sprint.
　　(d) may and norma enter the sprint.
　　(e) may enters the sprint and tamio enters marathon.

questions 18-23

　　seven lights-j, k, l, m, n, o, and p-have only two possible settings: on or off. they are arranged on a particular electric circuit as follows.

　　if k is on, l is off; if k is off, l is on.

　　j and n cannot both be on.

　　if m is off, either j or n is on; if either j or n is on, m is off.

　　if p is on, l is on.

　　if o is off, n is off; if o is on, n is on.

　　assume that the circuit is working as designed.

18. any of the following can be true except:

　　(a) j and o are both off.
　　(b) k and n are both off.
　　(c) k and p are both on.
　　(d) l and m are both on.
　　(e) n and o are both on.

19. if l and o are on, which one of the following must be true?

　　(a) j is and k is off.
　　(b) j is off and n is on.
　　(c) k is off and m is on.
　　(d) k is off and p is on.
　　(e) m is off and p is on.

20. which one of the following can be true?

　　(a) only j, k, and m are off.
　　(b) only j, l, and m are off.
　　(c) only k, m, and o are off.
　　(d) only l, n, and o are off.
　　(e) only m, n, and o are off.

21. if p is on, what is the maximum number of lights that can be off?

　　(a) 2
　　(b) 3
　　(c) 4
　　(d) 5
　　(e) 6

22. what is the minimum number of lights that must be on?

　　(a) 0
　　(b) 1
　　(c) 2
　　(d) 3
　　(e) 4
　
23. if j is on, which one of the following could be a complete and accurate list of the remaining lights that are also on?

　　(a) k, l, and m
　　(b) l, n, and p
　　(c) l, o, and p
　　(d) m, n, and o
　　(e) l and p

三 : LSAT考试全真试题五SECTION3

section iii

time—35 minutes

25 questions

directions: the equestions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. for some questions more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. however, you are to choose the best answer that is the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. you should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. after you have chosen the best answer blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.

1. if a country s manufacturing capacity is fully utilized, three can be no industrial growth without new capital investment. any reduction in interest rates produces new capital investment

　　which one of the following can be properly concluded from the statements above?

(a) interest rates might in exceptional cases be reduced without there being 　　any subsequent investment of new capital.
(b) a reduction in interest rates might cause a precondition for industrial growth 　　to be met.
(c) if a country s manufacturing capacity is underutilized, interest rates should 　　be held sonstant.
(d) new capital investment that takes place while interest rates are rising 　　cannot lead to industrial growth.
(e) manufacturing capacity newly created by capital investment needs to be 　　fully utilized if it is to lead to industrial growth.

2. a certain type of insect trap uses a scented lure to attract rose beetles into a plastic bag from which it is difficult for them to escape. if several of these traps are installed in a backyard garden, the number of rose beetles in the garden will be greatly reduced. if only one trap is installed, however, the number of rose beetles in the garden will actually increase

　　which one of the following, if true most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy?

(a) the scent of a single trap s lure usually cannot be detected throughout a 　　backyard garden by rose beetles
(b) several traps are better able to catch a large number of rose beetles than is 　　one trap alone, since any rose beetles that evade one trap are likely to 　　encounter another trap if there are several traps in the garden.
(c) when there are several traps in a garden, they each capture fewer rose 　　beetles than any single trap would if it were the only trap in the garden
(d) the presence of any traps in a backyard garden will attract more rose 　　beetles than one trap can catch, but several traps will not attract 　　significantly more rose beetles to a garden than one trap will.
(e) when there is only one trap in the garden, the plastic bag quickly becomes 　　filled to capacity, allowing some rose beeties to escape

3. the current move to patent computer programs is a move in the wrong direction and should be stopped. the patent system was originally designed solely to protect small-time inventors from exploitation. not to give large corporations control over a methodology. any computer program is merely the implementation of a methodology.

　　which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(a) computer programs should be developed not only be large corporations but 　　by small-time inventors as well.
(b) implementing a methodology always requires less creative effort than does 　　true invention
(c) the issue of whether or not to patent computer programs presents the 　　patent system with problems that have never before arisen
(d) large corporations should not hold patents for implementations of 　　methodologies
(e) small-time inventors who support the move to patent computer programs 　　act contrary to their own best interests

questions 4-5

walter: for the economically privileged in a society to tolerate an injustice perpetrated against one of society s disadvantaged is not just morally wrong but also shortsighted: a system that inflicts an injustice on a disadvantaged person today can equally well inflict that same injustice on a well-to-do person tomorrow

larissa: in our society the wealthy as well as the well-educated can protect themselves against all sorts of injustices suffered by the less well-off allowing such injustices to persist is bad policy not because it places everyone at equal risk of injustice but because it is a potent source of social unrest.

4. larissa responds to walter by doing which one of the following?

(a) giving reason to doubt the truth of walter s conclusion
(b) drawing implausible consequences from walter s assumptions
(c) questioning walter s authority to address matters of social policy
(d) providing an alternative reason for accepting the truth of walter s conclusion
(e) charging walter with stopping short of recognizing the full implications of his 　　position

5. walter and larissa are logically committed by what they say to disagreeing about which one of the following?

(a) whether the poor and the rich are part of the same social fabric
(b) whether the most successful members of a society are that society s least 　　tolerant people
(c) whether the disadvantaged members of society suffer from injustice
(d) whether those who have the most advantages in a society are morally 　　obligated to correct that society s injustices
(e) whether the economically privileged members of a society are less exposed 　　to certain sorts of injustices than are the economically disadvantaged

6. three major laundry detergent manufacturers have concentrated their powdered detergents by reducing the proportion of inactive ingredients in the detergent formulas. the concentrated detergents will be sold in smaller packages. in explaining the change, the manufacturers cited the desire to reduce cardboard packaging and other production costs. market analysts predict that the decision of three manufacturers, who control 80 percent of the laundry detergent market will eventually bring about the virtual disappearance of old-style bulky detergents

　　which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction made by the market analysts?

(a) most smaller manufacturers of laundry detergents will consider it too 　　expensive to retool factories for the production of the smaller detergent 　　packages.
(b) many consumers will be skeptical initially that the recommended small 　　amount of concentrated detergent will clean laundry as effectively as the 　　larger amount of the old-style detergent did
(c) some analysts believe that consumers will have to pay a greater cost per 　　load of laundry to use the new concentrated detergent than they did to use 　　the old-style detergent
(d) major supermarkets have announced that they will not charge the detergent 　　manufacturers less to display their detergents even though the detergents 　　will take up less shelf space
(e) comsumers are increasingly being persuaded by environmental concerns to 　　buy concentrated detergents when available in order to reduce cardboard 　　waste

questions 7-8

political advocate: campaigns for elective office should be subsidized with public funds. one reason is that this would allow politicians to devote less time to fund-raising thus giving campaigning incumbents more time to serve the public. asecond reason is that such subsidies would make it possible to set caps on individual campaign contributions. thereby reducing the likelihood that elected officials will be working for the benefit not of the publie but of individual large contilbutors

gitle: this argument is problematie the more the caps constrain contributions the more time candidates have to spend finding more small contributors

7. the critie objects that the advocate s argument is flawed because

(a) any resourceful large contributor can circumvent caps on individual 　　contributions by sending in smaller amounts under various names
(b) one of the projected results cited in support of the proposal made is entailed 　　by the other and therefore does not constitute mdependent support of the 　　proposal
(c) of the two projected results cited in support of the proposal made one works 　　against the other
(d) it overlooks the possibility that lareg contributors will stop contributing if 　　they cannot contribute at will
(e) it overlooks the possibility that incumbents with a few extremely generous 　　contributors will be hit harder by caps than incumbents with many 　　moderately genetous contributors.

8. which one of the following prickples if established provides a basis for the advocate s argument

(a) if complete reliance on private funding of some activity keeps the public from 　　enjoying a benefit that could be provided if public funds were used such 　　public funds should be provided
(b) if election campaigns are to be fended from public funds terms of office for 　　elected officials should be lengthened.
(c) if in an election campaign large contributions flow primarily to one candidate 　　public funds should be used to support the campaigns of that candiate s 　　rivals
(d) if public funding of some activity produces a benefit to the public but also 　　inevitably a special benefit for specific individuals, the activity should not be 　　fully funded publicly but in part by the individuals deriving the special 　　benefit.
(e) if a person would not have run for office in the absence of public campaign 　　subsidies this person should not be eligible for any such subsidies.

9. novice bird-watcher 1 don t know much about animal track s but i do know that birds typically have four toes and most birds have three toes pointing forward and one toe pointing backward since this track was made by an animal with four toes of which three point forward and one points backward we can conclude it was made by some kind of bird

　　the argument is flawed because it

(a) relies on the vagueness of the term "track"
(b) does not define birds as animals with for toes
(c) fails to identify what kind of bird might have made the track
(d) does not establish that only a bird could have made the track
(e) depends on evidence about an individual bird rather than about birds in 　　general

10. psychologists have claimed that many people are more susceptible to psychological problems in the winter than in the summer, the psychologists call this condition seasonal affective disorder their claim is based on the results of surveys in which people were asked to recall how they felt at various times in the past however, it is not clear that people are able to report accurately on their past psychological states therefore these survey results do not justify the psychologists claim that there is any such condition as seasonal affective disorder

　　the author criticizes the psychologists claim by

(a) offering an alternative explanation of the variation in the occurrence of 　　psychological problems across seasons
(b) questioning whether any seasonal variation in the occurrence of 　　psychological problems could properly be labeled a disorder
(c) questioning the representativeness of the poplation sample surveyed by the 　　psychologists
(d) questioning an assumption chat the author attributes to the psychologists
(e) demonstrating that fewer people actually suffer from seasonal affective 　　disorder than psychologists had previously thought

11. unless the residents of glan hills band together, the proposal to rezone that city will be approved. if it is the city will be able to build the water and sewer systems that developers need in order to construct apartment houses there. these buildings would attract new residents. and the increased population would probably result in overerowded schools and would certainly result in roads so congested that new roads would be built. neither new roads nor additional schools could be built without substantial tax increases for the residents of glen hills, utimately this growth might even destroy the rural atmosphere that makes glen hills so attractive

　　which one of the following can be properly concluded from the passage?

(a) if the citizens of glen hills band together. developers will not build 　　apartment houses
(b) if developers build apartment houses in glen hills, there will be substantial 　　tax increases for the residents of glen hills
(c) if the rezoning proposal does not pass the rural atmosphere in glen hills will 　　not be lost
(d) if developers do not build apartment houses in glen hills, the taxes of the 　　residents of glen hills will not increase substantially
(e) if developers do not build apartment houses in glen hills. the schools of 　　glen hills will not be overerowded and roads will not be congested

12. one year ago a local government initiated an antismoking advertising campaign in local newspapers which it financed by imposing a tax on cigarettes of 20 cents per pack one year later the number of people in the locality who smoke cigarettes had declined by 3 percent clearly what was said in the advertisements had an effect although a small one on the number of people in the locality who smoke cigarettes

　　which one of the folloiwng, if true, most helps to strengthen argument?

(a) residents of the locality have not increased their use of other tobacco 　　products such as snuff and chewing tobacco since the campaign went into 　　effect
(b) a substantial number of cigarette smokers in the locality who did not quit 　　smoking during the campaign now smoke less than they did before it 　　began
(c) admissions to the local hospital for chronic respiratory ailments were down 　　by 15 percent one year after the campaign began
(d) merchants in the locality responded to the local tax by reducing the price at 　　which they sold cigarettes by 20 cents per pack
(e) smokers in the locality had incomes that on average were 25 percent lower 　　than those of nonsmokers

13. no projects that involve historical restorations were granted building permits this month. since some of the current projects of the firm of stein and sapin are historical restorations,at least some of stein and sapin s projects were not granted building permits this month.

　　the pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following?

(a) none of the doctors working at city hospital were trained abroad so. 　　although some hospitals require doctors trained abroad to pass an extra 　　qualifying exam, until now, at least, this has not been an issue for city 　　hospital
(b) none of the news reports from the economic summit meeting have been 　　encouraging since some other recent economic reports have showed 　　positive trends, however at least some of the economic news is 　　encouraging at this time.
(c) none of the new members of the orchestra have completed their paperwork 　　since only those people who have completed their paperwork can be paid 　　this week at least some of the new members of the orchestra are likely to 　　be paid late
(d) several films directed by hannah barker were released this season, but 　　none of the films released this season were enthusiastically reviewed 　　therefore at least some of hannah barker s films have on received 　　enthusiastic reviews
(e) some of the city s most beautiful parks are not larger than few acres and 　　some of the parks only a few acres in size are among the city s oldest 　　therefore, some of city s most beautiful parks are also its oldest parks

14. many artists claim that art crities find it is easier to write about art that they dislike than to write about art that they like. whether or not this hypothesis is correct, most art criticism is devoted to art works that fail to satisfy the critic. hence it follows that most art criticism is devoted to works other than the greatest works of art.

　　the conclusion above is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?

(a) no art critie enjoys writing about art works that he or she dislikes intensely
(b) all art crities find it difficult to discover art works that truly satisfy them
(c) a work of art that receives extensive critical attention can thereby become 　　more widely known than it otherwise would have been
(d) the greatest works of art are never recognized as such until long after the 　　time of their creation
(e) the greatest works of art are works that inevitably satisfy all crities.

15. babies who can hear and have hearing parents who expose them to speech begin to babble at a certain age as a precursor to speaking. in the same way, deaf babies with deaf parents who communicate with them and with each other by signing begin to babble in signs at the same age. that is, they make repetitive hand gestures that constitute, within the language systme of signs, the analogue of repeated syllables in speech.

　　the information above, if accurate, can best be used as evidence against which one of the following hypotheses?

(a) names of persons or things are the simplest words in a language, since 　　babies use them before using the names of actions or processes
(b) the development of language competency in babies depends primarily on 　　the physical maturation of the vocal tract a process that requires speech-　　oriented vocal activity
(c) in the absence of adults who communicate with each other in their 　　presence, babies develop idiosyncratic languages
(d) in babbling babies are unaware that the sound or gesture combinations they 　　use can be employed in a purposive way.
(e) the making of hand gestures by hearing babies who have hearing parents 　　should be interpreted as a part of their developing language.

16. each of the elements of girelli s recently completed design for a university library is copied from a different one of several historic libraries. the design includes various features from classical greek, islamic, mogul, and romanesque structures. since no one element in the design is original, it follows that the design of the library cannot be considered original.

　　which one of the following is a reasoning error made in the argument?

(a) assuming that because something is true of each of the parts of a whole it 　　is true of the whole itself.
(b) generalizing illegitimately from a few instances of a certain kind to all 　　instances of that kind.
(c) concluding that an unknown instance of a phenomenon must have all the 　　properties of the known instances
(d) presupposing that alternatives that can be true separately cannot be true 　　together
(e) deriving a factual conclusion from evidence derived from reports of aesthetic 　　preferences.

questions 17-18

　　although tales of wonder and the fantastic are integral to all world literatures, only recently has the fantasy genre had a commercial resurgence in north america. during the last 20 years, sales of fantasy-fiction books written for adults have gone from 1 to 10 percent of total adult-fiction sales. at the same time, the number of total adult-fiction sales. at the same time, the number of favorable reviews of fantasy books has increased markedly. some booksellers say that the increased sales of fantasy books written for adults can be traced to the increased favorable attention given the genre by book reviewers

17. which one of the following, if true undermines the booksellers explanation of the growth in sales of fantasy-fiction books for adults?

(a) publishers often select a manuscript on the basis of whether they think that 　　the published book will receive favorable reviews by book reviewers
(b) few readers of fantasy fiction read book reviews and even fewer select 　　books to purchase on the basis of those reviews
(c) most booksellers are aware of what major book reviewers have written about 　　recently published books.
(d) although the increase in the percentage of fantasy books sold has been 　　substantial, publishers estimate that sales could increase even further.
(e) many of the book reviews of new fantasy-fiction novels also mention great 　　fantasy novels of the past

18. which one of the following, if true, most strongly supports the booksellers explanation of the growth in sales of fantasy-fiction books for adults?

(a) many experts report that on average the reading level of book buyers has 　　declined over the past 20 years
(b) because life during the past 20 years has become complex and difficult, 　　many readers have come to prefer the happy endings that fantasy fiction 　　often provides
(c) some fantasy publishers take advantage of the popularity of certain books 　　by commissioning similar books.
(d) because few readers of mystery novels were buying fantasy fiction 10 years 　　ago the major publishers of fantasy fiction created an advertising campaign 　　directed specifically at those readers.
(e) after fantasy fiction began to be favorably reviewed by respected crities 20 　　years ago, book buyers began to regard fantasy books as suitable reading 　　for adults.

19. of all the houses in the city s historic district, the house that once belonged to the tyler family is the most famous by far since the historic district is the most famous district in the city. the tyler house must be the city s most famous house.

　　the flawed reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels the flawed reasoning in which one of the following?

(a) of all the peaks in the coastal mountain range, mount williams is the 　　tallest. since the tallest peaks in the entire region are in the coastal 　　mountain range, mount williams must be the region s tallest peak
(b) tobacco smoking is the behavior most likely to cause lung cancer in 　　people. since more tobacco is smoked in greene county than anywhere 　　else in the world, there must be more lung cancer in greene county than 　　anywhere else in the world
(c) susan coleman is the oldest of the three children in her family since the 　　three coleman children are each older than any of the other children who 　　live in their building. susan coleman must be the oldest child now living in 　　the building
(d) of all the fish stores in the harbors area. miller s fish market has the most 　　exotic selection of fish since there are many more fish stores in the harbor 　　area than anywhere else in the city. miller s fish market must have the 　　most exotic selection of fish in the city.
(e) of all the flowers grown in the university s botanical garden, the oakland 　　roses are the most beautiful. since the university s botanical garden is the 　　most beautiful garden in the regio, the oakland roses grown in the garden 　　must be the most beautiful flowers grown in the entire region

20. morton: in order to succeed in today s society one must have a college degree. skepties have objected that there are many people who never completed any education beyond high school but who are nevertheless quite successful. this success is only apparent, however, because without a college degree a person does not have enough education to be truly successful

　　morten s argument is flawed because it

(a) assumes what it sets out to conclude
(b) mistakes a correlation for a cause
(c) draws a highly general conclusion from evidence about individual cases
(d) fails to consider the status of alleged counterexamples
(e) bases its conclusion on the supposition that most people believe in that 　　conclusion

21. even the earliest known species of land animats, known from fossils dating from the late silurian period 400 million years age show highly evolved adaptations to life on land. since neither aquatic nor amphibious animals exhibit these adaptations, early species of land animals must have evolved very rapidly after leaving an aquatic environment.

　　which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(a) known fossils of early land animals include fossils of animals that lived 　　relatively soon after the first emergence of land animals
(b) fossils from the late silurian period represent only a small number of the 　　animal species that were alive at that time
(c) no plants were established on land before the late silurian period.
(d) no present-day species of aquatic animal is descended from a species of 　　animal that once lived on land
(e) all anmals alive in the late silurian period lived either exclusively on land or 　　exclusively in the water.

22. on saturday melvin suggested that jerome take the following week off from work and accompany him on a trip to the mountains. jerome refused claiming that he could not afford the cost of the trip added to the wages he would forfeit by taking off withoud notice. it is clear, however, that cost cannot be the real reason for jerome s unwillingness to go with melvin to the mountains since he makes the same excuse every time melvin asks him to take an unscheduled vacation regardless of where melvin proposes to go

　　the reasoning is most vulnerable to which one of the following criticisms?

(a) it attmepts to forestall an attack on melvin s behavior by focusing attention 　　on the behavior of jerome.
(b) it fails to establish that melvin could no more afford to take an unscheduled 　　vacation trip to the mountains than could jerome
(c) it overlooks the possibility that jerome, unlike melvin prefers vacations that 　　have been planned far in advance
(d) it assumes that if jerome s professed reason is not his only reason then it 　　cannot be a real reason for jerome at all
(e) it does not examine the possibility that jerome s behavior is adequately 　　explained by the reason the gives for it.

23. arnold: i was recently denied a seat on an airline flight for which i had a confirmed reservation. because the airline had overbooked the flight. since i was forced to fly on the next available flight, which did not depart until two hours later, i missed an important business meeting. even though the flight on which i had a reservation was canceled at the last minute due to bad weather, the airline should still pay me compensation for denying me a seat on the flight.

jamie : the airline is not morally obligated to pay you any compensation. even if you had not been denied a seat on the earlier flight, you would have missed your business meeting anyway

a principle that, if established, justifies jamie s response to arnold is that an airline is morally obligated to compensate a passenger who has been denied a seat on a flight for which the passenger has confirmed reservations

(a) if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight is that the 　　airling overbooked the original flight
(b) only if there is a reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight other 　　than the original flight s being canceled due to bad weather
(c) only if the passenger would not have been forced to take a later flight had 　　the airling not overbooked the original flight.
(d) even if the only reason the passenger is forced to take a later flight were 　　that the original flight is canceled due to bad weather
(e) even if the passenger would still have been forced to take a later flight had 　　the airline not overbooked the original flight

24. ditrama is a federatin made up of three autonomus regions. korva. mitro, and guadar, under the federal revenue-sharing plan, each region receives a share of federa revenues equal to the share of the total population of ditrama residing in that region as shown by a yearly populatin survey last year the percentage of federal revenues korva received for its share deereased somewhat even though the population surve on which the revenue-sharing was based showed that korva s population had increased

　　if the statements above are true, which one of the following must also have been shown by the population survey on which last year s revenue-sharing in dirama was based?

(a) of the three regions korva had the smallest number of residents
(b) the population of korva grew by a smaller percentage than it did in previous 　　years
(c) the populations of mitro and guadar each increased by a percentage that 　　exceeded the percentage by which the population of korva mcreased.
(d) of the three regions. korva s numerical inerease in population was the 　　smallest
(e) korva s population grew by a smaller percentage than did the population of 　　at least one of the other two autonomous regions.

25. by examining fossilized beetles a research team has produced the most detailed description yet of temperatures in britain over the past 22,000 years fossils of species that still exist were selected and dated. whey individuals of several species found in the same place were found to date to the same period the known temperature tolerances of the existing beetle species were found to date to the same period the known temperature tolerances of the existing beetle species were used to determin the maximum summer temperature that could have existed at that place and period

　　the procedure of the researchers assumes which one of the following?

(a) beetles can tolerate warm weather better than cold weather
(b) fossils of different species found in the same place belonged to different 　　periods
(c) the process of dating is more accurate for beetles than for other organisms
(d) the highest actuai summer temperature at a place and period equaled the 　　average of the highest temperatures that could have been tolerated by each 　　of the beetle species found there and dated to that period
(e) the temperature tolerances of the beetle species did not change 　　significantly during the 22,000-year period

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