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发布时间：2017-09-11 所属栏目：photoshop教程

一 : qq邮箱诺基亚6300同步手机联系人举例

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OBJECTIVES
After studying Chapter 4, the reader should be able to:
1. Prepare for ASE Engine Performance (A8) certification test content area “C” (Fuel, Air Induction, and Exhaust Systems Diagnosis and Repair). Explain how a diesel engine works. Describe the difference between direct injection (DI) and indirect injection (IDI) diesel engines. List the parts of the typical diesel engine fuel system. Explain how glow plugs work. List the advantages and disadvantages of a diesel engine. Describe how diesel fuel is rated and tested. Hydraulic Electronic

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINES
? In 1892, a German engineer named Rudolf Diesel perfected the compression-ignition engine that bears his name. ? The diesel engine uses heat created by compression to ignite the fuel, so it requires no spark ignition system.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINES
? The diesel engine requires compression ratios of 16:1 and higher. ? Incoming air is compressed until its temperature reaches about 1,000°F (540°C). ? This is called heat of compression. ? As the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke, fuel is injected into the cylinder, where it is ignited by the hot air
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

FIGURE 4-1 Diesel combustion occurs when fuel is injected into the hot, highly compressed air in the cylinder.
? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINES

FIGURE 4-2 A typical injector-pump-type automotive diesel fuel injection system.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINES
Indirect and Direct Injection
? In an indirect injection (abbreviated IDI) diesel engine, fuel is injected into a small prechamber, which is connected to the cylinder by a narrow opening. ? The initial combustion takes place in this prechamber. ? This has the effect of slowing the rate of combustion, which tends to reduce noise.
FIGURE 4-3 An indirect injection diesel engine uses a prechamber and a glow plug.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINES
Indirect and Direct Injection

FIGURE 4-4 A direct injection diesel engine injects the fuel directly into the combustion chamber. Many designs do not use a glow plug.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderm

an and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINES
Diesel Fuel Ignition

? Ignition occurs in a diesel engine by injecting fuel into the air charge, which has been heated by compression to a temperature greater than the ignition point of the fuel or about 1,000°F (538°C).

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

THREE PHASES OF COMBUSTION
? There are three distinct phases or parts to the combustion in a diesel engine.
– Ignition delay. – Rapid combustion. – Controlled combustion.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINE CONSTRUCTION
? Diesel engines must be constructed heavier than gasoline engines because of the tremendous pressures that are created in the cylinders during operation. ? The torque output of a diesel engine is often double or more than the same size gasoline powered engines.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINE CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 4-5 The common rail on a Cummins diesel engine. A highpressure pump (up to 30,000 PSI) is used to supply diesel fuel to this common rail, which has cubes running to each injector. Note the thick cylinder walls and heavy-duty construction.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINE CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 4-6 A rod/piston assembly from a 5.9-liter Cummins diesel engine used in a Dodge pickup truck.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

FUEL TANK AND LIFT PUMP
? A fuel tank used on a vehicle equipped with a diesel engine differs from the one used with a gasoline engine in several ways, including:
– A larger filler neck for diesel fuel. – No evaporative emission control devices or charcoal (carbon) canister.

? The diesel fuel is drawn from the fuel tank by a lift pump and delivers the fuel to the injection pump. ? Between the fuel tank and the lift pump is a waterfuel separator.
– Water is heavier than diesel fuel and sinks to the bottom of the separator.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

FUEL TANK AND LIFT PUMP

FIGURE 4-7 Using an ice bath to test the fuel temperature sensor.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control

Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM
Injection Pump
? A diesel engine injection pump is used to increase the pressure of the diesel fuel from very low values from the lift pump to the extremely high pressures needed for injection.

FIGURE 4-8 A typical distributortype diesel injection pump showing the pump, lines, and fuel filter.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM
Distributor Injection Pump
? A distributor diesel injection pump is a high-pressure pump assembly with lines leading to each individual injector. ? The high-pressure lines between the distributor and the injectors must be the exact same length to ensure proper injection timing.
FIGURE 4-9 A schematic of a Stanadyne diesel fuel injection pump assembly showing all of the related components.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM
High-Pressure Common Rail

? Newer diesel engines use a fuel delivery system referred to as a high-pressure common rail (HPCR) design.
– Diesel fuel under high pressure, over 20,000 PSI (138,000 kPa), is applied to the injectors, which are opened by a solenoid controlled by the computer.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM
High-Pressure Common Rail

FIGURE 4-10 Overview of a computer-controlled high-pressure common rail V-8 diesel engine.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM
HEUI System
? Ford 7.3- and 6.0-liter diesels use a system Ford calls a Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injection system, or HEUI system.
– The components that replace the traditional mechanical injection pump include a highpressure oil pump and reservoir, pressure regulator for the oil, and passages in the cylinder head for flow of FIGURE 4-11 A HEUI injector from a Ford fuel to the injectors.
PowerStroke diesel engine. The grooves indicate the location of the O-rings.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL INJECTOR NOZZLES
? Diesel injector nozzles are spring-loaded closed valves that spray fuel directly into the combustion chamber or precombustion chamber. ? Injector nozzles are threaded into the cylinder head, one for each

cylinder, and are replaceable as an assembly. ? The top of the injector nozzle has many holes to deliver an atomized spray of diesel fuel into the cylinder. ? Parts of a diesel injector nozzle include:
– – – – Heat shield. Injector body. Diesel injector needle valve. Injector pressure chamber.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL INJECTOR NOZZLE OPERATION
? The electric solenoid attached to the injector nozzle is computer controlled and opens to allow fuel to flow into the injector pressure chamber.

FIGURE 4-12 Typical computer-controlled diesel engine fuel injectors.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

GLOW PLUGS
? Glow plugs are always used in diesel engines equipped with a precombustion chamber and may be used in direct injection diesel engines to aid starting. ? A glow plug is a heating element that uses 12 volts from the battery and aids in the starting of a cold engine. ? As the temperature of the glow plug increases, the resistance of the heating element inside increases, thereby reducing the current in amperes needed by the glow plugs.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

GLOW PLUGS

FIGURE 4-13 A schematic of a typical glow plug circuit. Notice that the relay for the glow plug and intake air heater are both computer controlled.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

ENGINE-DRIVEN VACUUM PUMP
? Because a diesel engine is unthrottled, it creates very little vacuum in the intake manifold. ? Several engine and vehicle components operate using vacuum, such as the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve and the heating and ventilation blend and air doors. ? Most diesels used in cars and light trucks are equipped with an engine-driven vacuum pump to supply the vacuum for these components.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

WHAT ARE DIESEL ENGINE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES?

FIGURE 4-14 Roller lifter from a GM Duramax 6.6-liter V-8 diesel engine. Notice the size of this lifter compared to a roller lifter used in a gasoline engine.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL FUEL
? Diesel fuel must meet an entirely different set of standards than

gasoline. ? The fuel in a diesel engine is not ignited with a spark, but is ignited by the heat generated by high compression. ? All diesel fuel must be clean, be able to flow at low temperatures, and be of the proper cetane rating.
– Cleanliness. – Low-temperature fluidity. – Cetane number.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL FUEL SPECIFIC GRAVITY TESTING
? The density of diesel fuel should be tested whenever there is a driveability concern. ? The density or specific gravity of diesel fuel is measured in units of API gravity. ? API gravity is an arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products devised jointly by the American Petroleum Institute and the National Bureau of Standards.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL FUEL SPECIFIC GRAVITY TESTING

FIGURE 4-15 A hydrometer is used to measure the API specific gravity of diesel fuel. The unit of measure is usually the American Petroleum Institute (API) scale.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL FUEL HEATERS
? Diesel fuel heaters help prevent power loss and stalling in cold weather. ? The heater is placed in the fuel line between the tank and the primary filter. ? Some coolant heaters are thermostatically controlled, which allows fuel to bypass the heater once it has reached operating temperature.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

HEATED INTAKE AIR
? Some diesels, such as the General Motors 6.6-liter Duramax V-8, use an electrical heater wire to warm the intake air to help in cold weather starting and running.

FIGURE 4-16 A wire wound electrical heater is used to warm the intake air on some diesel engines.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

ACCELERATOR PEDAL POSITION SENSOR
? Some light truck diesel engines are equipped with an electronic throttle to control the amount of fuel injected into the engine. ? Because a diesel engine does not use a throttle in the air intake, the only way to control engine speed is by controlling the amount of fuel being injected into the cylinders. ? Instead of a mechanical link from the accelerator pedal to the diesel injection pump, a throttle-by-wire system uses an accelerator pedal position sensor. ? To ensure safety, it consists of three separate sensors t

hat change in voltage as the accelerator pedal is depressed.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

ACCELERATOR PEDAL POSITION SENSOR

FIGURE 4-17 A typical accelerator pedal position (APP) sensor uses three different sensors in one package with each creating a different voltage as the accelerator is moved.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

SOOT OR PARTICULATE MATTER
? Soot particles may come directly from the exhaust tailpipe or they can also form when emissions of nitrogen oxide and various sulfur oxides chemically react with other pollutants suspended in the atmosphere. ? Particulates are generally categorized as follows:
– TSP, Total Suspended Particulate. – PM10. – PM2.5.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL OXIDATION CATALYST (DOC)
? Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) consists of a flowthrough honeycomb-style substrate structure that is washcoated with a layer of catalyst materials, similar to those used in a gasoline engine catalytic converter.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICULATE FILTER (DPF) ? The heated exhaust gas from the DOC flows into the diesel particulate filter (DPF), which captures diesel exhaust gas particulates (soot) to prevent them from being released into the atmosphere. ? This is done by forcing the exhaust through a porous cell which has a silicon carbide substrate with honeycombcell-type channels that trap the soot.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICULATE FILTER (DPF)

FIGURE 4-18 A diesel exhaust particulate filter on a Cummins 6.7-liter diesel engine.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICULATE FILTER (DPF) ? ? ? ? ? Exhaust Gas Temperature Sensors DPF Differential Pressure Sensor (DPS) Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration DPF Regeneration Process Types of DPF Regeneration
– Passive Regeneration. – Active Regeneration.

? DPF Service Regeneration ? Conditions for Running a DPF Service Regeneration
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Up

per Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICULATE FILTER (DPF)

FIGURE 4-19 A differential pressure sensor showing the two hoses from the diesel exhaust particulate filter.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

ASH LOADING
? Regeneration will not burn off ash. ? Only the particulate matter (PM) is burned off during regeneration. ? Ash is a noncombustible by-product from normal oil consumption. ? Ash accumulation in the DPF will eventually cause a restriction in the particulate filter. ? To service an ash loaded DPF, the DPF will need to be removed from the vehicle and cleaned or replaced.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

DIESEL EXHAUST SMOKE DIAGNOSIS
? Black Smoke ? White Smoke ? Gray or Blue Smoke

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

SCAN TOOL DIAGNOSIS
? All light truck diesels since 1996 have also adhered to on-board diagnostic systems (second generation [OBD-II]). ? The use of a scan tool to check for diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) and to monitor engine operation is one of the first diagnostic steps.
FIGURE 4-20 A scan tool is used to retrieve diagnostic trouble codes and to perform injector balance tests.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

COMPRESSION TESTING
? A compression test is fundamental for determining the mechanical condition of a diesel engine. ? Worn piston rings can cause low power and excessive exhaust smoke.

FIGURE 4-21 A compression gauge designed for the higher compression rate of a diesel engine should be used when checking the compression. In most newer diesel engines the glow plug is removed and the compression tester is threaded into the glow plug hole to measure the compression.
Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder ? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

GLOW PLUG RESISTANCE BALANCE TEST
? Glow plugs increase in resistance as their temperature increases. ? All glow plugs should have about the same resistance when checked with an ohmmeter. ? A similar test of the resistance of the glow plugs can be used to detect a weak cylinder.

Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systems, 2/e By James D. Halderman and Jim Linder

? 2009 Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

INJECTOR POP TESTING
? A pop tester is a device used for checking a diesel injector nozzle for