一 : 英语开题报告范文

　Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their r
elationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

2.2 Methodolgy

I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

2.4 Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

2.5 Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)

开题报告范文 ·英语开题报告范文 ·论文开题报告格式 ·会计开题报告

二 : 关于对外汉语专业开题报告

1.1 选题背景

笔者在上海外国语大学国际交流学院教书的过程中，时常会遇到一些因儿化而引起的小问题。比如学生会问“为什么课文中是‘聊天儿’，而练习中却是‘聊天’，到底应该怎么读?”诸如此类的问题。这些问题引起了笔者的注意，发现教材中儿化的不规范，给外国学生在学习时造成了不小的困扰。

从 1950 年清华大学设立了第一个专门从事对外汉语教学的机构——东欧交换生语文专修班以来，中国对外汉语教学已经走过了六十多年的风雨历程。尤其是改革开放以来，随着外国学生来华学习汉语的热潮的到来，以及海外孔子学院的设立，我们在传播汉语和汉文化方面取得了很大的成就。在这期间，对外汉语教材也一直伴随着对外汉语教育的发展和中国的国情而产生了几次更迭。研究教材的人也层出不穷，但是单独将儿化细化出来的却很少。

虽然相对于对外汉语教学中的声母，韵母和声调，儿化只能算是对外汉语语音教学中的一个小配角。但是正如一台大戏，配角也要起到调节演出气氛和演出节奏的作用一样，语言中的配角也起着重要的调节作用，我们要本着“主角虽主，次角不次”的原则来看待语言中的小角色。

1.2 研究现状和不足

由于儿化教学在对外汉语教学中一直没有引起大家足够的重视，学界目前的主要研究成果还集中在儿化的本体方面，对外汉语方面涉及的并不多。总结上述文献，我们不难发现，很多关于儿化研究的成果仅限于对儿化本体的研究，有些并不适用于对外汉语教学，甚至有些地方对教学带来一些负面作用。比如《现代汉语词典》中规定 “书面上有时儿化，有时不儿化，口语里必须儿化的词”，这种词汉语里称作必读儿化词。《现代汉语词典》是当今最权威的辞书之一，也是我们编纂各种对外汉语教材的依据之一，正是因为必读儿化词被定义为“书面上有时儿化，有时不儿化”，所以很多对外汉语教材中对必读儿化词的处理就显得有些随意，这种处理方式对以汉语为母语的学生来说，并不为过，但是对于刚刚接触汉语的外国学生来说，显然不太妥当。

1.3 研究目的与研究方法

研究目的：本论文写作的目的主要通过多种材料的统计、分析和对比，以及对两所高校的 50 名初中级留学生进行的口头调查，总结现有教材中儿化词的收录情况和存在的问题，以及教材中儿化的不规范现象对学习效果的影响，并对现有教材在儿化词收录和编排方面提出一些建议，使留学生能有效、快速地掌握汉语中的必读儿化词。

本论文的完成需要大量的资料。主要统计的资料有《现代汉语词典》第 5版，杨寄洲主编的《对外汉语教学初级阶段教学大纲》①，国家对外汉语领导小组办公室汉语水平考试编辑部编制的《汉语水平词汇与汉字等级大纲》②(即 hsk词汇大纲)，hsk 样题和模拟题，以及北京语言大学出版社出版杨寄洲主编的《汉语教程》③本科系列教材，北京语言大学出版社出版的《成功之路》④，北京语言大学出版的《发展汉语》⑤和华东师范大学出版的《基础汉语 40 课》⑥。

研究方法：本文主要采用了统计法和分析法。在本开题报告的写作中查阅了大量的文献，并对辞书和教材中出现的儿化词进行了统计，分析并总结了前人儿化词编排的经验和不足。

三 : 汉语言文学专业开题报告范文

                    汉语言文学    专业      XX      届
论李贺的生命意识
指导
教师  专业职称  所属
教研室  研究
方向 
课题论证：
李贺的诗歌在文学史上有着独特的地位。他生活在战乱频繁的中唐时期，入仕不济、多病缠身等诸多因素聚集于一身，因此他比其他任何一个诗人对生命的感受都更为强烈，他的诗歌中倾注了强烈的生命意识。本文计划从他的诗歌和生平中窥探诗人李贺的心灵和精神，从而领悟到了李贺诗歌和生命的价值。
本课题研究所需材料，如李贺的诗集校注等作品以及其他相关材料已初步搜集完毕，本人通过四年的学习，已经具备了完成该课题研究所需要的古代文学知识。此外，本人有充裕的时间完成该项课题研究。

方案设计：
    本文计划以李贺的生命意识为纲，在分析研究的过程中，从社会历史、人生际遇、自身个性等方面思考李贺强烈的生存忧患感、强烈的时间紧迫感等生命意识的凸显。再以此深入到李贺的诗歌中，透视诗人内心强烈的生命意识，将其强烈的现世感和作品结合起来研究他的生命意识。
本研究属于归纳、递进型的研究，研究方法应用除了重视主体思维与科学方法之外，将特别注重文献材料，运用辩证思维的方法（归纳与演绎，分析与综合，抽象与具体），通过对有关材料进行有效地比较与整理，最终能够得出结论。

进度计划：
 阶段 起止日期
1 搜集材料、开题阶段 XX年12月——XX年1月
2 初稿写作阶段 XX年1月——XX年4月
3 论文修改、定稿阶段 XX年4月——XX年5月

指导教师意见：

指导教师签名：             年    月   日
教研室意见：

                       

教研室主任签名：             年    月   日
 

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