一 : 陕师大学远程教育学院
1. I'd like to take __________ of this opportunity to thank all of you for your
co-operation.
A. profit B. benefit C. occasion D. advantage
2. In copying this paper, be careful not to leave __________ any words.
A. out B. alone C. off D. behind
3. People who cannot __________ between colors are said to be color-blind.
A. compare B. separate C. establish D. contrast
4. We finally __________ an agreement after a lot of hard bargaining.
A. reached B. did C. arrived D. drove
5. How could he __________ from believing that she was changing her mind?
A. avoid B. stop C. prevent D. keep
6. It is desirable that the airplane _____________ as light as possible.
A. is B. were C. be D. had been
7. We came finally ___________ the conclusion that she has been telling lies all
the time.
A. of B. into C. to D. at
8. I am not used to speaking ______________ public.
A. in B. at C. on D. to
9. He didn't live up to ____________ had been expected of him.
A. what B. which C. that D. all
10. She did not feel ______________ going out, as she had a slight headache.
A. about B. like C. after D. for
11. The price of gold rose again, partly __________ news about war.
A. result in B. go with C. because D. due to
12. Responsibilities _________________ becoming a father.
A. charge for B. go with C. save for D. go through
13. If you ___________ in your rent again, you may get thrown out.
A. fall behind B. account for C. charge for D. come to
14. The country has ___________ too many wars in the past few decades; its people
are longing for peace so much.
A. prevented from B. resulted in C. gone through D. gone with
15. She wouldn't even take a drink, _____________ stay for dinner.
A. much more B. much few C. much lesser D. much less
16. The first popularly chosen president has ________ the political
representatives over the slow pace of economic change.
A. prevented from B. charged for C. accounted for D. clashed with
17. Unless we get more money, we'll be ____________ finishing this enquiry program.
A. separated from B. recovered from C. prevented from D. charged from
18. The painter lived more than a decade in Europe, ______ he could be in close
contact with other cubists(立体派艺术家).
A. where B. in which C. that D. in that
19. _______ Tom is supposed to make an appointment with the dentist, he says he is too busy.
A. However B. Whomever C. Whenever D. Whatever
20. Every organism produces waste products no longer useful to itself and which
______ to accumulate would in fact be harmful.
A. if they allowed B. if were allowed C. if was allows D. if allowed
21. This boy is able to repeat from memory ______ 200 short poems.
A. up to B. up till C. as to D. as far
22. In Shanghai, city planners have made many places for green belts and garden
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_____.
A. places B. lots C. spaces D. strips
23. Though we have spent two nights in _______ the problem, we still can't find a solution.
A. working on B. working out C. working up D. working in
24. It was such a wonderful day that they decided to take a day _____ to the mountain.
A. away B. voyage C. boat trip D. excursion
25. With the increasing of environmental awareness, many green belts _______ all over the country.
A. spring off B. spring up C. spring in D. spring out
26. Because of its large number of bamboo trees and comfortable climate, Sichuan is home _____ the panda.
A. to B. of C. for D. by
27. Sunglasses are used to _____ people's eyes from the light of the sun.
A. prevent B. protect C. stop D. save
28. The boss ______ his employees' idea of an early holiday in the spring.
A. frowned at B. frowned off C. frowned down D. frowned on
29. The company offered him high pay as an ______ to accept the job.
A. inducement B. aim C. invitation D. apple
30. He himself is very uncertain ________ whether it is the right job for him, although everybody else thinks he is highly competent.
A. as of B. as to C. as from D. such as
31. No one imagined that the apparently _______ business man was really a criminal.
A. respective B. respectable C. respectful D. reverent
32. "Do you think that the labor bill will be passed?" "Oh, yes. It's _______ that it will."
A. almost surely B. very likely C. near positive D. quite certainly
33. David may _______, but we must go at once.
A. stay lately B. have stayed very late
C. stay a little D. stay late
34. "When can we come to visit you?" "Any time you feel _______."
A. so B. for it C. to D. like it
35. Small arms _______ often carried by the soldiers.
A. are B. has C. was D. have
36. Every means _______ been tried to solve the difficult problem.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
37. Mrs. Barry is beginning to lose her _______.
A. look B. looking C. lookings D. looks
38. Modern machinery _______ been installed in this newly-built factory.
A. has B. have C. is D. are
39. They have never heard any _______.
A. a customer complaint B. the customer's complaints
C. customer's complaint D. the customers' complaints
40. In many colleges, students don't have sufficient access _______ the library.
A. to B. at C. in D. from
41.After she became a lawyer, she decided to ___________ in contract law.
A. study B. specialize C. learn D. contribute
42. Mr. Edward was not in, so his brother acted as _______ at the party.
A. actor B. guest C. host D. ghost
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43. ________ students often find it difficult to live in China at first.
A. Chinese B. Overseas C. Domestic D. Abroad
44. His company promised to pay for his health _______ in addition to other benefits.
A. examination B. certificate C. check D. insurance
45. She is very nice, but because she has a _________ way she is slow in making friends.
A. forbid B. forbidding C. forbade D. forbidden
46. As so many overseas and domestic business people have come to invest and build
new businesses, the place looks much more _________ than it did a few years ago.
A. propertied B. tedious C. prosperous D. unremarkable
47. The girl has made up her mind to go abroad with her boyfriend despite her parents' _________.
A. agreement B. allowing C. letting D. objection
48. My bag looks ________ to Mary's, so I often take hers by mistake.
A. same B. identical C. different D. like
49. I don't have courage to tell him the bad news to his face, so I have to do it in a(n) _______ way.
A. direct B. courageous C. indirect D. brave
50. I can hardly believe my eyes. This _______ man is actually a scientist who once won the Nobel Prize.
A. remarkable B. unusual C. magnificent D. unremarkable
51. She bought a blue and yellow bat to _______ her new blue dress.
A. match B. shade C. combine D. marry
52. When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay them _______.
A. off B. aside C. out D. down
53. In case of emergency, please ________ the orders of the ship crew.
A. post B. transfer C. confirm D. obey
54. I will repair this new TV set without charging because it is under _______.
A. initial B. trial C. guarantee D. maximum
55. A completely new situation is likely to ________ when the school leaving age is raised to 16.
A. affect B. rise C. arise D. happen
56. This ticket ________ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.
A. gives B. grants C. entitles D. credits
57. She ________ her new dress with red ink.
A. messed about B. messed around C. messed up D. messed with
58. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any ________ on what he promises.
A. faith B. belief C. credit D. reliance
59. After that they drove to the Guest House at ________ speed.
A. top B. head C. whole D. every
60. It might be asked what the author's basic ________ were; then we could understand his works better.
A. talents B. intentions C. educations D. symbols
61. We should lay money up for a _________ day. We may need it some day.
A. sunny B. rainy C. cloudy D. cold
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62. Some people apparently have an almost unbelievable ability to_________ with the right answer.
A. come up B. look up C. put up D. bring up
63. I ________ to him because he called me up soon after.
A. didn't need write B. needn't to write
C. couldn't have written D. needn't have written
64. He was a much older tennis player but he had the great _________ of experience.
A. value B. hand C. priority D. advantage
65. He has left his book here on ________ so that you can read it.
A. purpose B. aim C. intention D. sense
66. Be careful with those fireworks; they are __________ to go off unexpectedly.
A. available B. presumably C. easy D. able
67. The holidays are over; we must ___________ to the work again.
A. get across B. get down C. get in D. get over
68. He lost his parents at ten and had to live at his uncle's ____________.
A. cost B. charge C. expense D. pay
69. This food has been kept at a ____________ low temperature for a long time.
A. relatively B. roughly C. remarkable D. readily
70. He said he would sooner die ____________ the cause of his people.
A. instead of revealing B. than reveal C. rather than reveal D. but reveal
71. Since the matter was extremely ________, we dealt with it immediately.
A. tough B. tense C. urgent D. instant
72. The National Industrial Recovery Act was designed to _________ industry, to make it develop more quickly.
A. tax B. stimulate C. control D. trap
73. In my opinion, you can widen the ________ of these improvements through your active participation.
A. dimension B. volume C. magnitude D. scope
74. The fastest these animals can run is about 65kph and ________ the relative hunting methods have to be very efficient indeed.
A. at any rate B. at this rate C. in the end D. in consequence
75. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this ________ produces artificial cold surrounding it.
A. consumption B. transition C. absorption D. interaction
76. Lightning is a ________ of electrical current from a cloud to the ground or from one cloud to another.
A. rush B. rainbow C. rack D. ribbon
77. It is well known that knowledge is the ________ condition for expansion of mind.
A. incompatible B. incredible C. indefinite D. indispensable
78. New York ________ second in the production of apples, producing 850,000, 000 pounds this year.
A. ranked B. occupied C. arranged D. classified
79. When he tried to make a ________, he found that the hotel he wanted was completely filled because of a convention.
A. complaint B. claim C. reservation D. decision
80. The public opinion was that the time was not ________ for the election of such a radical candidate as Mr. Jones.
A. reasonable B. ripe C. ready D. practical
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Passage 1
Charlie Chaplin has broken all records in making people laugh. No one has so set a whole world laughing as the little man with the walking stick and the overlarge shoes.
Much has been written about Chaplin's art and his career, and opinions have ranged widely. But perhaps those who called him "the most general human being of our time" came closest to the truth. Those who have called him a genius stress the timeless and common qualities in his work. It is an art filled with sad elements and deep human feeling, with which an audience cannot help but become involved. It is for these reasons, I believe, that the figure of Charlie has attracted generation after generation. All the writers who give accounts of Chaplin's life agree that Charlie's unhappy early years in the area in London where houses were dirty and worn had a great influence on his development and on the type of films he made. Chaplin himself emphasizes it in his memoirs (回忆录). The more one reads about his earliest period, the more one tends to agree. Indeed, his suffering youth had a lasting influence on him.
Chaplin was never afraid to deal with subjects causing much disagreement in his films. He gave a humorous performance on war only a few weeks before the American soldiers came home from World War I in 1918. This was regarded as madness, but the performance was well received. So perfectly did it hit the nail on the head that even the returning soldiers found it impossible to hate it and deeply appreciated this short and humorous performance on what for them had been unpleasant reality. Chaplin gave numerous performances attacking capital governments, satirizing (讽刺) the cruelty of the machine age and even making fun of Hitler.
Years after his death, the funny films of motion picture actor and director Charlie Chaplin continue to be popular. He is particularly well known for his success as a creator of humorous presentations that make fun of people, the establishment, or networks.
1. All of the following about Charlie Chaplin are true except __________.
A. he was born in the USA B. he was a great film actor
C. he had an unhappy early life D. he made fun of Hitler in his films
2. According to the author, Charlie Chaplin has been popular with generation after generation because _________.
A. he set the whole world laughing B. his performances get people involved
C. his works appeal to people in different periods D. both B and C
3. According to Charlie Chaplin's life history writers, _________ had a strong influence on the type of films he made.
A. the society in which he lived B. the audience who praised and admired him
C. those who called him a genius D. his unhappy early years in the poor area in London
4. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. There are timeless qualities in Chaplin's work because he didn't involve himself in political affairs.
B. Chaplin became popular years after his death.
C. Chaplin's performance is funny without any sad elements.
D. Chaplin's films are the combinations of funny and sad elements.
5. This passage was ____________.
A. written by Charlie Chaplin B. written about Charlie Chaplin
C. advertising one of Charlie Chaplin's films D. written for students to learn film-making
Passage 2
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Only special plants can survive the terrible climate of a desert, for these are regions where the range of the soil temperature throughout the year can be over 75℃. Furthermore, during the summer there are few clouds in the sky to protect plants from the sun's rays. Another problem is the fact that there are frequently strong winds that drive small, sharp sands into the plants, tearing and damaging them. The most difficult problem for all forms of plant life, however, is the fact that each year the entire amount of rainfall occurs during a few days or weeks in spring.
Grasses and flowers in a desert survive from one year to the next by existing through the long, hot, dry season in the form of seeds. These seeds remain inactive unless the right amount of rain falls. If no rain falls, or if there is not enough rainfall, they wait until the next year, or even still the next.Another factor that helps these plants to survive is the fact that their life cycles are short. By the time that the water from the spring rains disappears - just a few weeks after it falls - such plants no longer need any.
The perennials (多年生植物) have special elements which enable them to survive as plants for several years. Thus, nearly all desert perennials have extensive root systems below ground and a small shoot (枝叶) system above ground. The large root network enables the plant to absorb as much water as possible in a short time. The small shoot system, on the other hand, considerably limits water loss by evaporation (蒸发).
Another characteristic of many desert perennials is that after the rainy season they lose their leaves as they prepare for the long, dry season, just as trees in wetter climates lose theirs as they prepare for the winter. This reduces their water loss by evaporation during the dry season. Then, in the next rainy season, they come fully alive once more, and grow new branches, leaves and flowers, just as the grasses and flowers in a desert do.
1. According to the passage, ordinary plants cannot survive the desert weather as a result of the following factors except _____.
A. the strong wind B. too much sun
C. too much rainfall D. the special temperature
2. Why can grasses and flowers in desert survive according to the passage?
A. They need little water. B. They like dry weather.
C. They stay in the form of seeds during the difficult seasons.
D. With long roots, they do not depend on the rain to get enough water.
3. What is talked about the shoot system of the perennials (多年生植物) in the passage?
A. The shoot system can help the perennials survive in a desert.
B. The shoot system decides the appearance of the perennials in a desert.
C. The shoot system limits the function of the perennials' branches.
D. The shoot system may lose the amount of water the roots can absorb.
4. According to the passage, spring is the best time for plants in desert _________.
A. to find a shady place B. to get water for the year
C. to reduce water loss D. to enjoy the sun's rays
5. What is the main point of the last paragraph?
A. A comparison between the plants in different areas.
B. The growth of new leaves in the rainy season.
C. Water loss by evaporation in the dry season.
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D. The survival of the perennials in deserts.
Passage 3
Although Beethoven could sit down and compose easily, his really great compositions did not come easily at all. They cost him a great deal of hard work and he always found it hard to satisfy himself. When he was 28, he began to notice a strange noise in his ears. As it grew worse, he went to see doctors, and was told that he was going deaf. This was too much for any composer to bear. Beethoven was without hope; he was sure that he was going to die. He went to the countryside where he wrote a long good-bye letter to his brothers, describing how sad and lonely his deafness made him. He longed to die, and said to death, "Come when you will; I shall meet you bravely."
In fact, Beethoven did something braver than dying. He gathered his courage and went on writing music, though he could hear what he wrote more and more faintly. He wrote the music for which we remember him best after he became deaf. This music was very different from any that had been composed before. Instead of the artistic and grand music that earlier composers had written for their rich listeners, Beethoven wrote stormy, exciting music which reminds us of his troubled and courageous life. His Heroic Symphony (交响乐) and Fifth Symphony both show his courage in struggling with his fate.
In time he went completely deaf, but he wrote more creatively than ever, for he could "hear" his music in his mind. He was lonely and often unhappy but in spite of this, he often wrote joyful music, such as his last symphony, the Ninth. Because of his courage and strong will to triumph, his music has given joy and encouragement to millions of people.
1. How did Beethoven's deafness affect him?
A. It killed him. B. It stopped his writing music.
C. It drove him mad. D. It helped him create good music.
2. Which of the following music works written by Beethoven was joyful?
A) No 3 Symphony. B) No 5 Symphony. C) No 7 Symphony. D) No 9 Symphony.
3. Beethoven longed to die because ____________.
A. he had told death he would meet it bravely
B. he felt his deafness was too much for him to bear as a composer
C. he wouldn't be able to write music for rich listeners after becoming deaf
D. he wouldn't be able to support his family
4. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?
A. Music and Musicians B. The Music of Fate
C. Hard to Satisfy D. Deafness in Music
5. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. When he was partly deaf, Beethoven's music became more and more gentle and faint.
B. His music became more and more artistic although he was deaf.
C. He wrote fainter and fainter music after he went deaf.
D. He composed exciting and encouraging music that reflected his struggle with his fate.
Passage 4
Earthquake (地震)! People all around the world fear earthquakes because they cause so much damage and death. Consider the following facts: One earthquake struck San Fernando Valley region of Southern California on January 17, 1994. The earthquake caused 57 deaths, over 5,000 injuries, and extensive building damage. In fact some people estimate that the earthquake caused millions of dollars in property
陕师大网络教育学院 陕师大学远程教育学院
damage. That earthquake qualifies as one of the worst natural disasters in U.S. history.
On January 17, 1995, the Kobe earthquake struck south-central Japan. This earthquake resulted in over 5,400 deaths and many thousands of injuries. The damage costs were estimated at 150 million dollars. Although this earthquake was only rated as a medium earthquake, it caused so much damage because it produced a fault break straight through the business area of the city.
These statistics are very frightening. Many people wonder if the number of earthquakes is increasing. In reality, the number of earthquakes has actually decreased in recent years. However, because of improved world communication, people receive more news and information than ever before. For example, in the last 20 years, we have been able to locate more earthquakes a year because there are more earthquake measuring stations in the world. These additional stations help us to locate many small earthquakes, which were not noticed years ago.
Many scientists are trying to predict earthquakes, but these predictions are very uncertain. Scientists cannot figure out the exact location, time, or force of an earthquake. Furthermore, the predicted earthquake may not take place. As a result, scientists do not think it is a useful idea to announce that an earthquake will take place on a certain day. Instead, most people are trying to design structures such as buildings, dams, and bridges that can survive earthquakes. People can reduce loss of life, injuries, and property damage by properly preparing themselves, their homes, work places, and communities for a major earthquake. After all, it is possible to survive an earthquake.
1. Why was the earthquake that struck the region of Southern California on January 17, 1994 considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in U. S. history?
A. It caused 157 deaths. B. It caused 5,000 more injuries.
C. It caused 57 deaths, over 5,000 injuries, and extensive building damage.
D. It caused damages not known.
2. Why did the earthquake on January 17, 1995 result in such huge damage in Japan?
A. It caught the people there unprepared. B. It was a very serious earthquake.
C. It struck Japan at midnight. D. It struck the business area of the city.
3. How many people died in the earthquake that struck south-central Japan in 1995?
A. More than 5,400. B. About 150.
C. Many thousands of deaths. D. About 5,000.
4. What is the reason why people have heard more about earthquakes in recent years?
A. The number of earthquakes is increasing.
B. We have been able to locate more earthquakes than before.
C. We have built many earthquake-measuring stations.
D. World communication has been improved so that people receive more news than before.
5. How can people reduce loss from earthquakes according to the passage?
A. Make earthquake predictions more precise.
B. Design structures that can survive earthquakes.
C. Get ourselves prepared for earthquakes.
D. Rely more on communities.
Passage 5
Tonga is made up of about 150 islands located just north of the Tropic of Capricorn. There are three main groups of islands — Vava'u in the north; Ha'apai in the middle; and Tongatapu in the south. Most of
陕师大网络教育学院 陕师大学远程教育学院
the eastern islands are low-lying coral atolls. The higher islands in the west are volcanic. Large areas on these islands are too steep and mountainous to be used for crops. Some of the volcanoes are still active. Many of the smaller islands are uninhabited. There are only two large towns — Nukualofa, the capital, and Neiafu. These towns are Tonga's chief ports.
Tonga has few natural resources. The most important resources are a pleasant tropical climate and scenic beauty, which attract growing numbers of tourists. Because of its location, Tonga is sometimes hit by tropical storms. One such storm, in 1982, caused high winds and huge waves that destroyed many homes, including almost all of the buildings in Nuku'alofa.
Tonga was a British protected state from 1900 until 1970, when it became fully independent again. Britain was responsible for Tonga's foreign affairs, but the Tongan nobles still controlled local matters. For most of this period, Tonga was ruled by Queen Salote Tupou III. During her long reign, education and health care were expanded, and women were given the right to vote. The Tongan government is a mixture of Polynesian tradition and Western democracy. The legislature is made up of seven-member cabinet appointed by the king, seven nobles elected by all the hereditary nobles, and seven persons elected by all adult citizens.
Tonga's small size, lack of resources, and growing population have created problems. But the country is well governed, and sound plans for the future are being made.
1. According to the passage, Tonga is ______.
A. a small country to the North of the United States
B. a country with very rich natural resources
C. is a country made up of hundreds of small islands
D. is a country dependent on Britain
2. Which one of the following statements about Tonga is not true?
A. Tonga attracts large numbers of tourists every year.
B. Tonga is subject to natural disasters because of it location.
C. The islands in Tonga are quite fit for growing crops.
D. Tonga doesn't have many large cities.
3. What is true about Tonga's political status?
A. Tonga's foreign affairs is still controlled by the British.
B. Tonga won its independence thirty years ago.
C. Tonga is a republic.
D. Tongan women have very high social status.
4. Which one of the following is the problem that Tonga is facing now?
A. The lack of natural resources and its small size.
B. Hunger.
C. Severe environmental pollution.
D. Social instability.
5. This passage is most probably taken from ______.
A. a geographical textbook
B. a book on human civilization
C. a book on world economy and politics
D. a book on environmental protection
Passage 6
陕师大网络教育学院 陕师大学远程教育学院
If you want to stay young, sit down and have a good think. This is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise , and as a result, we are aging unnecessarily soon.
Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy fanners in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of aging could be slowed down.
With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.
Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect and emotion, and determine the human character. (The rear section of the brain, which controls functions like eating and breathing, does not contract with age, and one can continue living without intellectual or emotional faculties.)
Contraction of front and side parts --- as cells die off-was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty-and-seventy-year-olds.
Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple remedy to the contraction normally associated with age --- using the head.
The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. Those least at risk, says Matsuzawa, are lawyers, followed by university professors and doctors. White-collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.
Matsuzawa's findings show that thinking can prevent the brain from shrinking. Blood must circulate properly in the head to supply the fresh oxygen the brain cells need. "The best way to maintain good blood circulation is through using the brain." He says, "Think hard and engage in conversation. Don't rely on pocket calculators."
1. The team of doctors wanted to find out _____.
A. why certain people age sooner than others
B. how to make people live longer
C. the size of certain people's brains
D. which people are most intelligent
2. Which of the following is true?
A. Generally, people work in the government doesn't age as soon as people in the town.
B. The back of the brain is in charge with people's eating.
C. The easy way to prevent brain from aging is to supply fresh oxygen the brain cells need.
D. We look young because we have enough physical exercises.
3. The doctor's tests show that ______.
A. our brains shrink as we grow older
B. the front section of the brain does not shrink
C. sixty-year-olds have better brains than thirty-year-olds
D. some people's brains have contracted more than other people's
4. According to the passage, which group of people seem to age more sooner than the others?
A. Lawyers. B.Professors. C. Doctors.
5. The article is possibly written for _____. D. White collars.
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A. the junior students B. the ordinary readers
C. the doctors and nurses in hospitals D. the university professors
Passage 7
Have you ever felt your mind getting confused after a sleepless night? You couldn't come up with an original thought no matter how hard you tried.
You were probably right if you thought that was caused by a lack of sleep. Dr. Home, a sleep researcher in England, studied 24 college students. One group got their normal eight hours of sleep. The other group didn't get the smallest amount of sleep-they stayed awake all night. The next day, Dr. Home tested the students. He asked them questions that required creative and original thinking. One of the questions was "How many uses can a cardboard box be put to?"
The results? The wide-awake students did well on the tests. The tired students did poorly.
Research has already shown that tired people can do okay on tests of routine thinking, like simple addition. But Dr. Home tested creative thinking only.
As part of his study, he offered an amount of money as a reward to the sleepy students if they did well. But even this encouragement wasn't enough to help the students overcome their tiredness. They still did poorly. Dr. Home believes that the cerebral cortex-the part of the brain where thinking takes place - may get worn out during waking hours. Sleep may help to repair the brain overnight. Without any sleep, he emphasizes, "even if you concentrate harder, you cannot do better."
This study gives people something to think about, especially people like hospital workers and airline pilots, who must stay awake all night and then make emergency decisions.
1. According to the passage, the confusion of your mind is possibly due to _____.
A. the lack of sleep
B. the difficult question
C. the requirement of your creative thinking
D. the requirement of your original thinking
2. Tired people can do everything EXCEPT_____.
A. doing simple addition B. doing okay on tests of routine thinking
C. answering the creative question well D. telling other people their names
3. The purpose for Dr. Home to offer a lot of money to the sleepy students is to _____.
A. help them repair their brains
B. stimulate their interests of the question
C. buy some medicine which can make them exciting
D. encourage them to do better
4. Who might be better instructed in their work after reading this passage?
A. Nurses. B. Children. C. Students. D. Businessmen.
5. We can learn from the passage that _____.
A. a foolish man with good sleep may answer creative question well
B. a pilot should fly the aircraft after having good sleep
C. enough sleep is good for your emergency decisions
D. both B and C
Passage 8
Sylvester and I are watching television advertisements because we need information for a class
陕师大网络教育学院 陕师大学远程教育学院
research project. We have to discuss realism and fantasy in television advertising, and so we are looking for examples of distortions and falsehoods in television commercials. The question we are asking is, "Is the commercial true to life, or does it offer an unreal picture of the product?"
Sylvester is keeping track of the distortions, and he already has quite a long list. He says that all housewives seem to live in lovely homes, dress beautifully, and love their household chores, they smile and boast about floor waxes and proudly display their dirty laundry, dusty tabletops and filthy ovens. In addition, he has never seen men doing housework. Sylvester thinks that this view of family life is filled with distortions.
I am keeping track of the people who appear in the advertisements. I have found handsome men courting the All-American Girl, and they are always recommending brand X toothpaste or brand Y cologne (科隆香水). I see teenagers and children surrounded by their friends, having wonderful time at parties and at school, and they are usually enjoying large harmonious family gatherings. I think that these advertisements are also filled with fantasy.
Sylvester and I have concluded that much of American life is pictured unrealistically in commercials. Teenagers do not always have fun at parties, and very few people love doing chores. People do have problems but few of these are ever shown in commercials. Instead, we watch Cinderella discover a miracle floor wax, finish the kitchen chores, and waltz off to the ball. Our heads are filled with these fantasies, and they also suggest that, for any problem, brand Z will provide the instant cure. Sylvester and I will have very few facts and a lot of fantasy to write about in our research reports.
1. Judging from the context, the relationship between the author and Sylvester is most probably that of _____.
A. research workers B. a professor and a student
C. a father and a son D. classmates
2. According to Sylvester, what can be inferred about housewives in advertisements?
A. sad and tired B. enjoy doing their housework
D. never touch dirty things
C. true to life D. boring C. have their husbands help them A. incomplete B. unrealistic
A. truly reflect American life
B. lack in fantasy
C. seldom give expression to people's problems
D. give great fun to children
5. The most suitable tide for the passage is
A. Class Research Project by TV B. American Life to Be Shown
C. Children Like to See Advertisements D. Distortions in TV Advertising
3. The author thinks that life of teenagers shown in commercials is_____. 4. Sylvester and the author have come to the conclusion that commercials
陕师大网络教育学院 陕师大学远程教育学院
1.他知道他们永远不会再见了。(www.61k.com)
He knows that they will never meet each other.
2.他们同意出版他的第一本书后，他终于感到自己快要成功了。
When they agreed to publish his first book, he felt that he was on his way to success.
3.他们忙着填写各种表格。
They were busy filling all kinds of forms.
4.我想在还车之前把油箱(fueltank)加满。
I want to fill up the fuel tank before returning the car.
5.如果你要投诉，最好遵循正确的程序。
If you want to make complaints, you’d better follow the procedure.
6.他已经从失败中汲取教训，不会犯同样的错误。
He has learnt a lesson from the failure and will never make the same mistake.
7.我对你的能力很有信心，相信你一定能成功。
I have faith in your ability and I believe you will succeed.
8.我醒过来，发现自己躺在医院的床上。
I woke up and found myself lying on the bed in hospital.
9.你应该自己判断行事，别总跟在你哥哥的后面。
You should act on your own judgment; don’t always follow the lead of your brother
10.我希望全班同学都能参加这些讨论。
I wish all the students in this class could participate in the discussion.
11.如果我们能帮得上忙，请尽管和我们联系。
If we could offer help, please contact us without hesitation.
12.虽然她的新书没有上一本好，但我还是很喜欢它。
Although his newly published book is not quite as good as the last one, I still like it very much.
13.我从未见过如此善良的人。
I have never seen so kind a person before.
14.公共汽车放慢速度让那位乘客上车。
The bus slowed down to let the passenger get on.
15.请从草地上走开。
Please get off the grass.
16.既然你不能回答这个问题，我们最好问问别人。
Since you couldn’t answer the question, I’d better ask someone else.
陕师大网络教育学院 陕师大学远程教育学院
17.那件工作很难完成，不过我想试试看。（www.61k.com］
No matter when I arrive at home, my parents are always waiting for me.
18.那件工作很难完成，不过我想试试看。
It’s difficult to finish that job, but I want to have a try.
19.这是一本关于商务实践的书。
This is a book on business practice.
20.许多语言教师常常讲的太多。
Many language teachers are inclined to instruct too much.
1、 Smoking Hurts Our Health. 抽烟伤害了我们的健康。
It has been estimated that smokers have made up half of the population in China. And the smokers are becoming younger and younger, even ineluding some middle school students.
Nowadays more and more people have realized smoking can do harm to people'shealth. However, some people still enjoy smoking. Why? Because some of them think it is a kind of fashion, think that smoking can refresh themselves.
In fact, smoking is a bad habit. It can cause a lot of diseases. For example of the stomach, lung, etc, in addition, originally had chronic disease of heart head blood-vessel of patients, it is apt to cause the blood supply deficiency, the brain anoxia, even sudden death... For people who don't smoke damage is great, smoke contains a lot of toxic substances, long-term drain secondhand smoke people also very susceptible to disease. Meanwhile smoking is a waste of money. Besides, careless smokers may cause dangerous fires.
Smoking is harmful and it is not only bad for smokers themselves, but also bad for non-smokers.
Therefore, I hope all the smokers can give up smoking for themselves and also for the people around them.
2、 Environmental Protection. 环境保护
Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world.
With the development of industry and agriculture, cars make great noises and give off poisonous gas. Because of population expansion and over development, resources has become less and less. Trees on the hills have been cut down, and waste water is being poured continuously into rivers. The whole ecological balance of the earth is changing. Massive destruction of environment has brought about negative effects and even poses a great threat to man’s existence. To protect the environment, governments of many countries have done a lot. Legislative steps have been introduced to control air pollution, to protect the forest and sea resources and to stop any environmental pollution. Therefore, governments are playing the most important role in the environmental protection today.
We must face the situation that exists and take actions to solve our environmental problems. We hope that all these measures will be effective and bring back a healthful environment.
3、 How to Get Along with Others. 如何与人相处。
In our daily life, we have to come into contact with people in every walk of life.Therefore, it is very important for us to know how to get along with other people. To get well along with others and win their friendships, we must observe strictly the following words.
To begin with, we need to be honest with others and shouh{ always say what we mean. Lies will surely make people stay far away from us in the long run. After all,honesty is the best policy. Second, we have to be humble enough. If we are proud in public, we can hardly win other's respect, not to mention "friendship" Finally, we must not be selfish. We should learn how to show concern for others.
As long as we abide by what is mentioned above, we will find it easy to get along well with others
陕师大网络教育学院 陕师大学远程教育学院
4、Failure and Success. 成功和失败
Everybody will have failure. The failure is a successful mother, if there is no failure, that will not have results to show an achievement. Really, the successful man is very happy, they own fresh flowers, applause.But the person, who fail, own of only have lonesome with unfrequented.In fact, we should go to more honorific is those person of failures. Because, there is failure, just have results to show an achievement.
Fail don‘t mean you is a for failed, fail to just mean you haven‘t succeeded; Fail don‘t mean you a have no become, fail to mean you get experience;Fail don‘tmean you are a stupid person who don‘t know to improvise, failing to mean you have attic faith; Fail don‘t mean you have to has been suppressing not and quickly, failing to mean you take pleasure in trying.......
Sometimes people have to cope with many mistakes and failures in order to reach the successful finals. While others might succumb to failure, they tend to retreat and give in their efforts. Success often provides confidence and satisfaction, nevertheless failure companies with bitter, saddness, and suffering. It seems people have to learn through each experience,Of course, success brings confidence and victory. But, life is not always easy and comfortable. There are more difficulties than eases in the real life. It is likely that we have to face some failures ahead. Therefore, those who learn how to deal and endure failures will taste their success eventually.
选择题：
1---- 5：D A B A D 6---10：C C A A B
11----15：D B A C D 16---20：D C A C D
21----25：A B A D B 26---30：A B D A B
31----35：C B D D A 36---40：B D A C A
41----45：B C B D B 46---50：C D C B D
51----55：A A D C C 56---60：C C D A B
61----65：B A D D A 66---70：D B C A B
71----75：C B D D C 76---80：A D A C B
短文阅读：
1、A D D D B 2、C C A B D 3、D D B B D
4、C D A D B 5、C C B A A 6、A B D D B
7、A C D A D 8、D A B C D
陕师大网络教育学院 陕师大学远程教育学院
A
"Moveaheador(1)(falling,fall,fell)behind"istheAmericanattitudethat
leadstoresearching,experimentingandexploring.Timeisa(2)(really,real,much),preciousresourcetothemsoe
veryminutemustcount.Citypeopleare alwayshurryingtoget wheretheyaregoing,seekingattentionandracing(3) (through,though,past) meals.Smiles,briefconversations,littleexchangeswithstrangers,relaxedbusiness chatsovercoffeeorawelcomingcupofteadon't(4) (occurs,occur,happened)becausepeople hate"wasting"
toomuch time.Americansassessothersprofessionally ratherthansocially,sothey starttalking business
immediately(5) (since,although,so)theyarealways consciousoftime.Becausetheyworkhardat(6) (saving,save,except)time, they have meetings (7)(through, in, for) communication equipment like televisionscreensandtelephonesratherthanpersonalcontacts.InAmerica,telephonessavetimeand energy because telephone service is excellent (8) (whereas, moreover, furthermore) mail is less
efficient. Usually, the more important a job is, the (9) (most, more, much) effort will be poured (10) (onto,into, for)itto "getit moving".
B
EasternEuropeisconsideredthemostpolluted(1) (at,for,of)allthe world'sindustrializedareas
becauseheavymetals(2) waters.Manyrivers,land, andforests are biologically (3) (dead, died, relieved) from pollution. Ghana's forest protection program has succeeded (4) (for, on,
in)strengtheningthe country'sagricultural baseand(5) (recovered, bringing, destroyed)anewsource (6) (by,in,of)wealth tovillagers. Itremains to beseen(7) (weather,what,whether)thesemeasureswillhave enoughimpactto(8) (promote,rise,slow)therateofremovingtheforests.Indonesiais facing the serious problems of providing enough food, shelter and employment (9) (with, that, for) its large population, and (10) (toexercise, encouraging, stopping)birthcontrol.
C
Everyyearanaverageof78,000foreignhighschoolstudents(1) (are,goes, go) to study in the United States. Their reasons for studying overseas include: (2) (toimprove,toimproveon,improving)theirEnglish,finishinghigh school,andlearning(3) (asmuchas,aswellas,asgoodas)possibleabout a different culture. Among the definite difficulties they face are finding a host family to live (4) (on,by,with)andcoveringallpersonalitemslikeclothingand long distance calls and some medical bills. These teenagers suddenly have to learn to adapt
(5) (themselves,tothemselves,bythemselves),butparentsalwayshelp astheirchildren arenot whatsoeveraccustomed(6)(for,with,to)travelingby themselves.LeavingbehindtheirfamiliesWhen getting aboardtheplanedepartingforAmericaistheirmostchallengingexperience;nextisawaitingtheir domestic
flights to their temporarydestinations throughoutAmerica.Aftertheyhavesettled,studentscomplain(7) (for,on,about) unusualfoods, painful longingsfor home orregulations (8) (such as, established, drawn up) how early to be home on weekend nights or risk (9) (tobepunished, punished,being punished).
Students with little command of English must take private language lessons and,(10)
(however,although,inturn),increasetheirtotalstudyexpenses.
D
Stresscankillyou.(1) (Being,Be,Because)tensecandamageyourheart soitiswisetotakecharge(2) (by,at,of)yourlifeandrealizeyou cannotcontroleverything.Butyoucancontrolstress(3) (what, which,when)iscaused(4)(by,for,as)fear,uncertainty,doubtandlack(5)(for,of,out)confidence.Angermaybetherootofthisstress,(6) (essentially,efficiency,especially)forhard-working
陕师大网络教育学院 陕师大学远程教育学院
professionalwomena www.61k.com ,trytheNICEfactors:new,interesting,challengingexperiences.(7) (Also,Moreover,However) followBenFranklin'sexamplebywriting(8)
(up,down,through)themajor goals you want to achieve in your life. For the problems (9) before,under,over) which youhaveno control,youmust learntogo(10) (for, at,with) the flow.
选词填空：
（一）
1. fall 2. real 3. through 4. occur 5. since 6. saving
7. through 8. whereas
1. of 2. from
7. whether 8. slow
1. go 2. improving
6. to 7. about
1. Being 2. of
6. especially 7. Also 9. more （二） 9. for （三） 3. as much as 8. such as （四） 3. which 8. down 10. into 4. in 5. bringing 6. of 10. encouraging 4. with 5. by themselves 9. being punished 10. in turn 4. by 5. of 9. over 10. with 3. dead
二 : 《陕西师范大学远程教育学院毕业论文写作日志》
陕西师范大学远程教育学院
毕业论文（设计）写作日志
所属学习中心：
系，以及通过沟通、交流的结果和论文完成情况。
三 : 中国远程教育学院专访：陕西师范大学张举范
网络教育的理想期待是网络学院的消亡，当网络教育成为人们1种普遍的学习方式时，网络学院为谁而存在？
陕西师范大学《信息化教学2013-2020行动计划》主要起草人，
陕西师范大学远程教育学院院长 张举范
在MOOC大潮中，不但东部及沿海地区的高校迅速行动起来，西部地区也是如此。2013年春，陕西师范大学出台了《信息化教学2013—2020行动计划》（以下简称《行动计划》），并为此投入专项启动经费1000万元。这标志着MOOC建设在该校正式启动，也标志着在西部地区点起了MOOC的星星之火。
在接受本刊记者采访时，《行动计划》主要起草人、陕西师大远程教育学院院长张举范表示：“陕西师大的MOOC建设得益于学校领导对教学信息化建设的高瞻远瞩。我们的指导思想是积极促进现代信息技术与校内教学的深度融合，提高教师教学的积极性和创造性以及学生学习的自主性和创造性。我们的目标是， 到2020年，学校人才培养主要学科基本形成信息化教学和传统教学相结合的混合式教学体系以及与之相适应的教学管理制度，从而全面提高人才培养质量、加快国际化建设和高水平大学建设。”
关注MOOC首先要准确把握其本质属性
记者：您在几次演讲中都提到，要充分关注MOOC的学习属性。请谈谈您对MOOC学习属性的理解？
张举范：作为基于信息技术背景的MOOC，在如此短的时间内引发了世界范围的广泛关注和重视，MOOC发展到今天，在人们热情拥抱的同时，更需要我们理性应对，这就是要准确把握MOOC的本质属性。就我个人的理解，MOOC是基于信息技术背景或者说是基于互联网背景的1种全新的学与教的方式，关注MOOC必须首先关注MOOC的网络学习特性。准确把握MOOC的理念和价值必须深刻理解信息技术学习生态环境下的学与教，必须深刻理解信息技术如何深刻地变革着传统教育。对此，我有三点基本认识：
第一、信息技术为人们今天的学习提供了1种全新的学习生态环境。包括：泛在学习环境的出现，大学和教室的围墙正在被一层一层地褪去，学习无处不在；全球校园的出现，连通全球的互联的同学、互联的老师和互联的资源；还有协作学习社区的出现，跨越时空、自由交互、“独立认知”与“共同认知”和谐融合以及信息技术的“时空再造”带来的教学情境的自由创设；再有，学习文化的变化，正规学习与非正规学习相比，非正规学习的价值更加凸显。因此，在这种全新的学习生态环境中，以网络学习为本质属性的MOOC是1个全新的学习经历。
第二、信息技术深刻地变革着传统教育概念体系的内涵。首先是认知方式的变化，由个体认知变成了人和电脑的分布式认知。其次是学习内涵以及目标价值的变化，从注重学习结果到更加重视学习经历；从获得知识为主到更加注重发现知识、创造知识、建构个人意义。这正是MOOC所倡导的连通主义学习理论。还有最后1个重要的方面，就是传统教育体系概念内涵的变化。包括对知识的价值和本质的重新定位，教师角色的重新定位，以及学校、学生、课堂、课程、教学、同学等一系列概念内涵的变化。
第三、信息技术深刻地变革着传统的教学组织结构和组织方式。信息技术让整个世界变成了“屏”的世界，和传统的教学相比，网络课程和网络学习将在特定时间、在有限空间的教室里发生的教学情境和教学事件转移到了小小的“屏”（学习终端）上，从而引发了整个教学组织结构和教学组织方式的变化。
四 : 陕师大远程教育学院35
《幼儿园课程》
一、填空题
1、没有 ，传播其的媒介或 工具。
2、从总体来看幼儿园课程：为主要形式；的特点十分突出。
3、教育过程的组织主要包括三方面的选择和组合： 4、幼儿园课程实现幼儿园的手段，是帮助幼儿获得有益的，促进其身心 的各种活动的。
5、幼儿园教育活动的组织形式： 。
6、幼儿园学科内容的 相对比较松散，只扼要地提供了某些与幼儿的 关系 密切的“有用”的知识，这些知识固然要从学科的角度考虑其 ，但更要符合幼儿的 。
7、知识包括多种形态： 。
8、课程问题是中最重要的问题之一。学校教育（包括幼儿园教育）的和
育人功能 是通过课程实现的。
9、幼儿园课程目标有多种层次，从上到下一般可分为四个层次：
目标、年龄阶段目标、 单元目标 、 教育环境目标 。
二、名词解释题
1、幼儿园课程：为实现幼儿园教育目标而组织安排的全部教育活动。亦指全部教学科目及其目的、 内容、范围和进程的总和。
2、蒙台梭利模式：意大利儿童教育家蒙台梭利为满足意大利贫困儿童而设计和发展而成的世界上第 二个学前教育方案。在蒙台梭利教育法中，感觉教育是蒙台梭利教育内容中最重要、而 且最有特色的部分；教具是有准备的环境中的必不可少的组成部分，也是蒙氏教育方法 最具吸引力的部分。
3、单元主题活动 ：是在一段时间内围绕一个中心内容（即主题）来组织的教育教学活动。它的特 点是打破了学科之间的界限，将各种学习内容围绕一个“中心”（可以是一个问题，也 可以是一个事件）有机连接起来，让学习者通过该单元的活动，获得与“中心”有关的 较为完整的经验。
4、课程编制：是一个复杂而系统的工作，包括确定课程目标、选择课程内容、组织、实施和评价 课程等主要环节。
5、课程实施：幼儿园教师根据实际情况灵活的将课程方案转化为生动的课程实践的过程。幼儿实 际感受到的课程，是这种实践形态的课程，即他们自己参与到其中、与之发生直接的 相互作用的课程。
6、支架式教学：“支架”一词原本指建筑业中的“脚手架”。在这里，它是一个比喻，形象地说明了教 师与儿童之间在最近发展区内有效的教学互动：儿童的“学”好像一个不断建构着的建 筑，而教师的“教”则像一个必要的“脚手架”，支持儿童不断建构自己的心灵世界。
7、五指课程：由五方面内容组成，而课程内容的组织又是整体的、连通的，“在儿童的生活中结成 一个教育的网”，就像人的手，虽有五指之分，但却相互联系，共存于一个手掌。
8、感觉教育：蒙台梭利教育内容中最重要、而且最有特色的部分。其内容主要是视觉、听觉、触觉、 味觉和嗅觉练习五大类，它们分别由相应的教具来完成。
9、幼儿园课程目标：幼儿园课程目标是幼教工作者对幼儿在一定学习期限内的学习效果的预期。它 是幼儿园教育目标的具体化。在课程中，目标处于核心位置：它既是课程设计的起点， 也是它的终点；它既是选择课程内容、课程组织方式和教学策略的依据，也是课程评价 的标准。课程设计的第一步，也是最关键的一步就是制定教育目标。
10、课堂文化：是一种课程实施过程中的心理气氛。它是由教师激发幼儿的学习兴趣、提供学习材 料、组织幼儿的活动、维持课堂秩序、评价学习结果的方式营造出来的。
11、幼儿园课程组织：创设良好地课程环境，使幼儿园课程活动兴趣化、有序化、结构化、，以产
生适宜的学习经验和优化的教育效果，从而实现课程目标的过程。
12、幼儿园课程评价 ：是对幼儿园课程进行考察和分析，以确定其价值和适宜性的过程。幼儿园 课程评价的主要目的在于了解课程的适宜性、有效性，以便调整、改善、选择和推广 课程，提高幼儿园教育质量。
三、简答题
1、简述幼儿园课程内容的组织形式。
（1）以学科为中心的组织形式：分科形式；广域形式；综合形式。
（2）以社会问题为中心的组织形式
（3）以儿童为中心的组织形式
2、简述过程模式设计程序和优点。
设定程序：（1）设定一般目标
（2）实施有创造性的教学活动
（3）论述
（4）评价教学活动引导的结果
优点：（1）强调课程的弹性、灵活性；
（2）重视课程实施过程；
（3）注重发挥师生的主动性、创造性。
3、简述幼儿园课程的主要特点。
（1）启蒙性：启蒙是幼儿园课程的基本任务 。
（2）生活化：幼儿园课程带有浓厚的生活化特征，课程内容要来自于幼儿的生活，课程实施更 要贯穿于幼儿的生活。
（3）游戏性：幼儿的游戏中蕴含着丰富的教育价值，能让幼儿在其中生动活泼、积极主动地学 习与发展，幼儿的游戏活动本身就是幼儿园课程整体结构中的重要形式。
（4）活动性和直接经验性：对幼儿来说，只有在活动中得学习才是有意义得学习；只有以直接 经验为基础得学习，才是理解性的学习。
（5）潜在性：幼儿园课程是蕴含在环境、材料、活动和教师的行为之中，潜移默化地发挥着促 进幼儿健康成长的作用。
4、幼儿一日活动的安排应注意哪些问题？
（1）时间不宜划分过细、过碎，尽可能减少环节的转换。
（2）根据动静交替的原则来安排一日活动。
（3）一日生活安排要相对稳定并让幼儿了解，以利于形成时间观念、秩序感和计划性。
（4）每一环节（尤其是自由活动）结束前要有明确的信号提示，让幼儿做好转换活动的准备。
（5）一旦多数幼儿完成转换环节，就立即转入下一个活动。
5、如何理解幼儿园课程的非义务性？
幼儿园课程的非义务性是指它不是适龄儿童必须学习和完成的“任务”，不具有强制性和 普遍性。认清这一点对幼儿园课程工作者是有现实意义的。有助于摆正幼儿园课程的位置；打 基础，培养基本素质；有更大的灵活性。
6、简述幼儿园教育过程的组织。
教育过程的组织分为三个方面：教育途径、活动组织形式与教与学策略。
1、教育途径：教学活动、游戏、日常生活和常规性活动、学习环境、家园合作。
2、活动的组织形式：集体活动、小组活动、个别活动。
3、教师教学策略：直接教学、间接教学、支架式教学。
7、什么是单元主题活动？
就是在一段时间内围绕一个中心内容（即主题）来组织的教育教学活动。它的特点是打破 了学科之间的界限，将各种学习内容围绕一个“中心”（可以是一个问题，也可以是一个事
件）有机连接起来，让学习者通过该单元的活动，获得与“中心”有关的较为完整的经验。
8、简述幼儿应掌握的或具有发展价值的基础知识的种类。
幼儿必须掌握的或具有发展价值的基础知识纳入课程。这样的知识包括：
1、生命活动必须的知识，如与幼儿的健康、安全有关的知识。
2、有利于幼儿解决基本的生活、交往问题的知识，如基本的社会行为规则、规则的意义等。
3、帮助幼儿认识自己生活环境的知识。如自然和社会环境中常见事物的名称、属性、幼儿能理 解的事物之间 的关系和联系等。
4、为今后学习系统的学科知识打基础的知识，比如基本的数、量、形、时间、空间概念等。 为成长为未来社会的高素质公民奠基的知识，如简单的环保知识等。
四、论述题
1、为什么说课程问题是教育系统中最重要和最繁难的问题?
首先，学校教育（包括幼儿园教育）的社会功能和育人功能是通过课程实现的，“没有课程，教育便没有了借以传递其要旨、转达其意义、传播其价值观的媒介或工具。”正因为其重要性，课程才被称为教育的“心脏”，教育系统中最重要的问题之一。
其次，课程问题的繁难性首先在于其概念的不确定性。每一种定义都有不同的产生背景、理论基础，也都有各自独特的看问题的角度和关注重点。同时课程所涉及的问题广，层面多，头绪纷杂。如为什么而教（或学）、教（或学）什么、怎样教（或学），如何了解和评价教（或学）等问题；再如行政的课程政策研究、学校的课程设计研究、教师的课程实施研究等问题，都使人们感到课程问题又是教育系统中最繁难的一个问题。
2、阐述布鲁姆等人《教育目标分类学》的三大领域及对幼儿园课程的意义。
布鲁姆等人的《教育目标分类学》以人的身心发展的整体结构为框架，为建立教育目标体 系提供了一个比较规范化、清晰化的形式标准，被人们广泛接受和采用。
这个框架中教育目标分为三大领域：
1.认知领域：包括知识的掌握和认知能力发展。
2.情感领域：包括兴趣、态度、习惯、价值观念和社会适应能力的发展。
3.动作技能领域：包括感知动作、运动协调、动作技能的发展。
布鲁姆等人提出的教育目标分类标准，体现了对人的发展价值的重视。对于幼儿园课程来说， 强调这一点尤为重要，因为受教育者的年龄越小，教育的着眼点越应放在促进其身心的全面发展 上，教育目标也越应体现出这一点。
3、论述项目活动与单元主题活动的相似和相异处。
项目活动与单元主题活动十分相像：都强调儿童的兴趣和经验；都主张课程要生活化，要 以完整的学习促进儿童整体的发展；课程都是围绕着一个“中心”即主题而展开。
二者区别在于贯彻“课程以儿童为中心、为儿童的学习和发展服务”思想的彻底性上。项 目活动更加强调“教”与“学”是一个互动的过程，项目活动开展的过程是由“教与学互动而来 的”。所以，课程不是教师单方面设计的，而是师生共同发展、共同建构的。
五、实践应用题
应用幼儿园课程理论，设计以“我要上小学了”或“我长大了”或“夏天”为主题的大班教育活动：
1、主题设计的出发点与设计思路。
2、主题系列活动目录或网络。
3、设计其中一个详略得当的具体教育活动。
1、出发点：主要围绕引导幼儿回忆在园三年的美好生活和激发幼儿成为小学生的愿望来进行，重点是引发幼儿体
验成长的快乐和对保教人员的感谢。
设计思路：1、围绕话题进行谈话，能用完整连贯的语言表达自己的想法；
2、感知幼儿园工作人员对自己的关心和爱护，热爱帮助自己快乐成长的人；
3、开展多种形式的毕业系列活动；
4、了解小学少先队的活动，增强入小学的愿望，同时调整作息时间，为适应小学生活做准备，帮助
孩子增强时间观念和任务意识。
2、活动目录：第一周：我要做小学生了（综合）、我的书包（社会）、小卓玛上学（舞蹈）、我上学了（美术）、 毕业献词（诗歌）、用椅子做运动（体育）、数积木（数学）
第二周：美好时光（谈话）、精彩回放（综合）、老师再见了（歌曲）、我的名片（美工）、补地板（数
学）、小鲤鱼跳龙门（体育）、我的礼物（美工）
第三周：毕业歌（歌曲）、快乐的赤脚游戏（体育）、老师谢谢你（综合）、小小音乐会（综合）、毕
业典礼（综合）、快快乐乐过暑假（综合）
3、教育活动：
我要做小学生了
目标：1、了解小学生活，萌发做小学生的向往之情。
2、留恋幼儿园生活，珍惜在园时光。
准备：1、收集从本园毕业的哥哥姐姐在小学活动的照片；
2、年历一本。
过程：1、出示哥哥姐姐在小学活动的照片；
提问：你认识他们吗？这是在哪里？他们在干什么呀？你是怎么知道的？
2、出示年历让幼儿数一数，看一看；
讨论：①我们还有几天就要离开幼儿园了？心里有什么感觉？
②你在幼儿园最难忘的事是什么？
③在剩下的时间里，我们可以做哪些事情给幼儿园留下美好纪念？
3、激发、体会做小学生的愿望；
①年历上用红笔圈出的日子代表什么意思？（9月1日）
②继续观察哥哥姐姐在小学生活的照片，进一步了解小学生活的情况。
4、组织讨论，体会做一名小学生的心情；
提供讨论内容，然后让幼儿进行选择回答：
①?? 幼儿园生活与小学生活的不同之处是什么？
②?? 你准备上哪一所小学？
③?? 你准备怎样做一名小学生？
最后，教师祝愿小朋友成为一名优秀的小学生，早日戴上红领巾。
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