一 : 直接引语变间接引语专项练习题(有答案)
直接引语变间接引语专项练习题 一、将所给直接引语变为间接引语,每空一词:
1. “I am having supper,” he said.
He said that _______ _______ having supper.
2. “I’ve seen the film,” Gina said to me.
Gina _______ me that she _______ _______ the film.
3. “I went home with my sister,” she said.
She said that _______ _______ _______ home with her sister.
4. The teacher said, “The sun is bigger than the moon.”
The teacher said that the sun _______ bigger than the moon.
5. “I met her yesterday,” he said to me.
He told me that he _______ met her the day _______.
6. “You must come here before five,” he said.
He said that I _______ to go _______ before five.
7. “I bought the computer two weeks ago,” she said.
She said that she _______ bought the computer two weeks _______.
8. “Did you read the book last week?” he said.
He _______ _______ I had read the book the week _______.
9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.”
He _______ Jim that he _______ sit there
10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?”
He asked her mother _______ _______ _______ found it.
11. “Where have you been these days?” he asked.
He asked me _______ _______ _______ been _______ days. 12 “Do you know where she lives?” he asked.
He asked _______ _______ knew where she _______.
13. “Keep quiet, children.” he said.
He _______ the children _______ _______ quiet.
14. “Don’t look out of the window,” she said.
She told me _______ _______ _______ out of the window.
15. “Are you interested in this?” he said.
He _______ _______ I was interested in _______.
二、将直接引与改为间接引语
1.He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”
2.She said: “He will be busy.”
3.She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”
4.She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”
5.The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?”
6.The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.”
7.The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”
8.The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”
9.My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”
10.The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”
11.He said, “We are still students.’
12.He said to me, “I was born in 1978.
13.The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”
14.He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.”
15.She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.
16.Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”
17.He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.18.She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”
19.I said to him, “I have finished it.”
20.She said to us,“ I’ll come here tomorrow.”
【参考答案】 1. he, was。在直接引语变为间接引语时,代词I要变为he;主句为过去时态,宾语从句通常要将时态往后推一个,即现在进行时am having变为过去进行时was having。
2. told, had, seen。直接引语中的said to sb在变为间接引语时应改为told sb;现在完成时have seen改为过去完成时had seen。
3. she, had, gone。直接引语变为间接引语时,人称代词I 应变为she;一般过去时went改为过去完成时had gone。
4. is。直接引语变为间接引语时,若直接引语为客观真理,则变为间接引语时时态不变。
5. had, before。直接引语是一般过去时met,变为间接引语时应改为过去完成时had met;时间状语yesterday应改为the day before(from www.61k.com。
6. had, there。如直接引语中的谓语动词含有情态动词must,变为间接引语时用had to;地点状语here 相应地改为there。
7. had, before。直接引语是一般过去时bought,变为间接引语时应改为过去完成时had bought;时间状语two weeks ago应改为two weeks before。
8. asked, if (whether), before。当直接引语是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时said应改为asked,然后加上连接词if或whether;时间状语last week 改为the week before。
9. told, could。根据句意第一空应用动词told;直接引语中含有情态动词can,变为间接引语时应改为 could。
10. how, she, had。如果直接引语是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时仍用how引导,疑问句语序改为陈述句语序,一般过去时改为过去将来时。
11. where, I, had, those。直接引语是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时仍用where引导,疑问句语序改为陈述句语序,现在完成时改为过去完成时,指示代词these相应地变为those。
12. if (whether), I, lived。直接引语是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时应用if或whether引导,人称you和动词时态lives也相应地变为I 和lived(from www.61k.com。
13. told, to, keep。如直接引语为肯定的祈使句时,在变为间接引语时,可使用ask [tell, order] sb to do sth这一结构进行转换。
14. not, to, look。如直接引语为否定的祈使句时,在变为间接引语时,可使用ask [tell, order] sb not to do sth这一结构进行转换。
15. asked, if (whether), that。根据所给的句子,直接引语是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,主句谓语动词应用asked;再用if或whether引导宾语从句,批示代词this相应地变为that。
附答案:
1. He told me that he had left his book in his room.
2. She said that he would be busy.
3. She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.
4. She asked me whether that book was mine or his.
5. The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.
6. The teacher told the students not to waste their time.
7. The mother asked Tom to get up early.
8. The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
9. My father said practice makes perfect.
10. The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day
11. He said they are still students.
12. He told me that he was born in 1978.
13. The engineer said he was at college in 1967.
14. He said he had studied English since he was a boy.
15. She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus.
16. Mr. Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job.
17. He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately.
18. She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.
19. I told him I had finished it.
20. She told us she would come here tomorrow
21. The young man asked Karen where her chemistry teacher lived.
22. The little boy said happily that he had gained the first place in the mathematics competition.
23. The physics teacher told the boys and girls that light travels faster than sound.
24. Mary asked me if / whether I would go to the concert with her that evening.
25. The old man asked my brother what he had done there the day before.
巩固练习答案:
1—5DBDAB; 6—10CDBCC;11—15BBAAD;16—20BCACC
答案:
1.She said her mother had took her to an exhibition the day before .
2.They said they were going to study in Australia the next month.
3.His mother said she was checking his homework then .
4.The man asked the policeman if he could tell him how to get to the nearest restaurant.
5.He asked whether my son was going to Shanghai that day or the next day.
6.Li ping's father asked him if he rememberred what his aunt had told him the night before.
7.He asked the conductor where he could get off to change to a No.3 bus.
8.He asked me how many car factories had been built in my country.
巩固练习:
1. Our teacher asked us _____ our dictionaries to school.
A. bring B. brought C. bring D. to bring
2. The teacher told the boy students ______ football on the grass.
A. not play B. not to play C. played D. playing
3. ____ Tom didn’t go to school?
A. Do you know how B. Why do you know C. How you know why D. Do you know why
4. She looks sad. Could you please tell me _____ that prevents her from being as happy as before?
A. what it is B. it is what C. how it is D. it is how
5. Betty asked her sister ____ to the railway station to see her off.
A. not to come B. not to go C. to not come D. to not go
6. The pupil asked his teacher _____ round the earth.
A. weather the moon goes B. that the moon went
C. whether the moon goes D. whether the moon went
7. Mr. Li ____ Wang Ling ____ a taxi to the airport.
A. asked; take B. asked; taking C. told; take D. told; to take
8. She asked him ____.
A. whose dictionary this is B. whose dictionary that was
C. whose dictionary is this D. whose dictionary that is
9. Mary’s mother asked her _____.
A. that whether she had finished her homework B. if she has finished her homework
C. if she had finished her homework D. that if she had finished her homework
10. Do you know ____?
A. what is he doing B. what he doing
C. what he is doing D. what does he do now
11. I don’t know ____ to learn English.
A. when did he begin B. when he began C. he when began D. when he begins
12. He asked me ____.
A. how would the weather be like tomorrow B. what the weather would be like the next day
C. how the weather would be like tomorrow D. what would the weather be like the next day
13. You can’t imagine ____ when they received these nice Spring Festival presents.
A. how excited they were B. how excited were they
C. how they were excited D. they were how excited
14. She told me that she ____ by her relatives at the bus stop.
A. had been seen off B. have seen off C. have been seen off D. had seen off
15. Do you remember how many times ____ to Australia?
A. had you been B. did you go C. have you been D. you have been
16. Can you guess ____?
A. what is that man B. who that man is C. whom that man is D. who is that man
17. More and more students and teachers have began to know ____.
A. how important the foreign language are B. how the foreign language is important
C. how important the foreign language is D. how important is the foreign language
18. The hostess said that it ___ time that they ___ supper.
A. was; had B. was; had had C. is; have D. is; have had
19. The boss asked his secretary ____ he had finished typing the report ____.
A. if; or not B. if; not C. whether; or not D. whether; not
20. I wonder how much _____.
A. does he spend on his car B. did he spend on his car
C. he spent on his car D. he spent in his car
1."my mother took me to an exhibition yesterday."she said.
2."we are going to study in Australia next month."they said.
3."i'm checking your home work now."his mother said.
4."can you tell me how to get to the nearest restaurant?"the man asked the policeman
5."is your son going to Shanghai today or tomorrow?"he asked.
6."do you remember what your aunt told you last night?"Li ping's father asked him.
7."where shall i get off to change to a No.3 bus?"he asked the conductor. 8."how many car factories have been built in your country?"he asked me.
二 : 直接引语与间接引语相互转换的方法指导及练习题(修改稿)
直接引语与间接引语相互转换的方法指导及练习题方育龙方法:
“直接引语变间接引语”这种题型在小学中、高年级语文试卷中常常出现,有一定的难度,很多学生容易出错。其实,直接引语是直接引用别人的话,而间接引语则是转达别人说的话。“直接引语变间接引语”就是要求把别人说的原话进行转述。答题时,只要注意以下几个方面,便不会出问题了。
一、只改变引语部分,提示语不变;
例如:妈妈说:“我今天加班。” 需要改变的只是:“我今天加班。”这一部分。
二、标点符号要作相应改变,即把冒号、前引号(:“)变成逗号( ,),后引号(”)删除;
三、引语中,人称要变成相应的指代者:说话人即第一人称“我” 、“我们”要改为第三人称“他”、“她”或“他们”;
例如:妈妈说:“我今天加班。” 其中“我”指代的是妈妈。所以,要变成“她”。改后为:妈妈说,她今天加班。
当转述内容涉及其他人称时也要发生相应变化。
如:姐姐对我说:“你说得对,我就这样做。”
改:姐姐告诉我,我说得对,她就这样做。
上面的例句中涉及了第二人称,在改为转述句时就应改为第一人称。
四、有称呼语的,称呼语要去掉;
例如:老红军说:“小鬼,你骑上我的马吧!”其中,“小鬼”要删除。变后为:老红军说,小鬼骑上他的马吧!
五、引语是疑问句的,要变成陈述的语气。
例如:明明问我:“今天放学后,到我家写作业,行吗?”变后为:明明问我,今天放学后,到他家写作业,行不行。
六、间接引语改为直接引语的方法正好相反,上面的五点都适用,如第三人称“他”或“她”应改为第一人称“我”,说话内容涉及第一人称应改为第二人称。
如:
1. 小华对小强说,他明天把钢笔还给小强。
小华对小强说:“我明天把钢笔还给你。”
2. 妹妹告诉爸爸,哥哥说他晚上有事不回来吃饭了。
妹妹对爸爸说:“哥哥让我转告你,它晚上有事不回来吃饭了。”
3. 老师对小丽说,她的表现最出色。
老师对小丽说:“你的表现最出色。”
4.老班长告诉我们,他没有完成任务,没把我们照顾好。
改:老班长对我们说:“我没有完成任务,没把你们照顾好。”
练习题一:把直接引语变成间接引语。
1.老师对我说:“我教你毛笔字的写法。”
2.梅花兴奋地说:“我是中国人,我怎么能忘掉祖国的语言呢?”
3.他站起来对大家说:“孩子们,我要去开会了。你们要听话。”
4.奶奶问我:“今天我还给你送饭吗?”
5.妈妈说:“小明,今晚我加班,你自己做饭吃!”
6.诸葛亮对鲁肃说:“你借给我二十条船,我自有妙用。”
7.小红军对陈赓说:“将军,我还要等我的同伴呢!”
8.妈妈气喘吁吁地说:“我今晚有急事,你去姥姥家。”
9.江姐回答说:“上级的姓名地址,我知道,下级的姓名地址,我也知道。”
10.小明和小红在一起写作业,小明对小红说:“你能教我怎样写作文吗?”
11.父亲坚决地对母亲说:“不是常对你说吗?我是不能轻易离开北京的。你要知道现在是什么时候,这里的工作多么重要。我哪能离开呢?”
12.妈妈对小红说:“你这么小,一个人出门我不放心?”
13.鲁肃对诸葛亮说:“都是你自己找的,我怎么帮得了你的忙?”
14.“周瑜长叹一声,说:“诸葛亮神机妙算,我真比不上他!”
15.刘明问小华:"你什么时候还我那本《故事会》?”
16.老班长说:“我快不行了。小梁,你要坚强些,带领两个小战士走出草地。”
17.李勤沮丧地对我说:"我的钢笔丢了,你能借我一支吗?”
18.他凑到我耳边轻轻地问:“记者,你见过电灯吗?”
练习题二:
1.小红军对陈赓说:“我还要等我的同伴呢。”
2. 老师对我说:“我教你怎么写。”
3. 雨来摇摇头说:“我在屋里什么也没看见。”
4. 李楠小声告诉我:“我家在少年宫附近。”
5. 小姑娘说:“我要去北京,我要去看看北京的名胜古迹。”
6. 老师对王芳说:“学校让你明天出席区小学生座谈会。”
7. 罗蒙诺索夫摇摇头对爸爸说:“我也要一本书!”
8. 雷锋对大嫂说:“我送你一程吧!”
9. 小鸟对青蛙说:“朋友,不信请你跳出井口看一看!”
10. 有一家外国报纸轻蔑地说:“能在南口以北修筑铁路的中国工程师还没有出世呢!”
11. 老师说:“你今天放学之前必须完成作业。”
12. 有句俗话说:“磨刀不误砍柴工。”
13. 楚王瞅了他一眼,冷笑一声,说:“难道齐国没有人了吗?”
14. 他惊讶地说:“原来是你!”
15. 妈妈对我说:“你今天晚上不能看电视。”
16. 爸爸说:“今天晚上你和妈妈先吃饭,我有事。”
17. 一个同学对我说:“借我一只笔。”
18. 外婆问我:“你在干什么?”
19. 老师解释说:“梦里飞行,说明你们是在长身体呀。”
20. 老汉从队伍里揪出一个小伙子,吼道:“你还是个党员吗?”
21. 小伙子推了老汉一把说:“你先走。”
22. 王强说:“老师,是我不对,您批评我吧!”
23. 我看祖父还在笑,就说:“你不信,我到屋里拿来给你看。”
24. 大孩子说:“爸爸,你看那树多高。”
25. 爸爸说:“我星期天 去旅游。”
26. 外公说:“这是向天椒,特别辣。”
27. 我说:“我这个老班长下岗了。”
28. 爸爸感冒了,他说:“明天我要去医院看病。”
29. 他说:“我明天去电影院看电影。”
30. 房东太太说:“我的儿子今天回家,从学校回来,我高兴得不得了……但我的儿子一直没有回来。”
练习题一答案:
1.老师对我说,他(老师)教我毛笔字的写法。
2.梅花兴奋地说,她是中国人,她怎么能忘掉祖国的语言呢。
3.他站起来对大家说,他要去开会了。大家(孩子们)要听话。
4.奶奶问我,今天她(奶奶)还给我送饭吗。
5.妈妈说,今晚她加班, 小明自己做饭吃。
6.诸葛亮对鲁肃说,鲁肃借给他(诸葛亮)二十条船,他(诸葛亮)自有妙用。
7.小红军对陈赓说,小红军还要等小红军的同伴呢。
8.妈妈气喘吁吁地说,她今晚有急事,我去姥姥家。
9.江姐回答说,上级的姓名地址,她知道,下级的姓名地址,她也知道。
10.小明和小红在一起写作业,小明对小红说,小红能教他(小明)怎样写作文吗。
11.父亲坚决地对母亲说, 不是常对母亲说吗,(。)父亲是不能轻易离开北京的。母亲要知道现在是什么时候,这里的工作多么重要。父亲哪能离开呢。
12.妈妈对小红说,小红这么小,一个人出门她(妈妈)不放心。
13.鲁肃对诸葛亮说,都是诸葛亮自己找的,他(鲁肃)怎么帮得了诸葛亮的忙。
14.周瑜长叹一声,说,诸葛亮神机妙算,他(周瑜)真比不上诸葛亮。
15.刘明问小华,小华什么时候还他(刘明)那本《故事会》。
16.老班长说,他快不行了。小梁要坚强些,带领两个小战士走出草地。
17.李勤沮丧地对我说,他的钢笔丢了,我能借他一支吗。
18.他凑到我耳边轻轻地问,我见过电灯吗。
小学语文复习资料总汇(不断更新)
句子练习1(缩句、修改病句、陈述句与反问句互换、修辞)
病句的若干类型修辞方法专练及答案 句子专项训练2三 : 成语练习。1.成语接龙。
成语练习。 1.成语接龙。 万众一心→心想事成→( )→( )→( )→( )→( ) →( )→( )→( )…… 一马当先→先声夺人→( )→( )→( )→( )→( ) →( )→( )→( )…… 发扬光大→大失所望→( )→( )→( )→( )→( ) →( )→( )→( )…… 2.在“________”填上合适的成语。(不重复) 明明是个爱学习的孩子,课堂上他总是_________地听讲,________地盯着黑板,对于老师提出的问题从不乱说一气,总是说得__________,连老师听了也频频点头。写起作业总是_________,作文更是______________。 |
1.成千上万→万国来朝→朝闻夕死→死缠硬磨→磨砺自强→强作解人→人面兽心→心亿则乐…… 人仰马翻→翻天覆地→地久天长→长话短说→说三道四→四通八达→达官贵人→人财两空…… 望穿秋水→水到渠成→成千上万→万事如意→意料之外→外强中于→千云蔽日→日积月累…… 2.专心致志 目不转睛 头头是道 全神贯注 一丝不苟 文从字顺 出类拔萃 |
考点:
考点名称:成语成语:小学常用成语集锦:
一、描写人的品质:
平易近人 宽宏大度 冰清玉洁 持之以恒 锲而不舍 废寝忘食
大义凛然 临危不俱 光明磊落 不屈不挠 鞠躬尽瘁 死而后已
二、描写人的智慧:
料事如神 足智多谋 融会贯通 学贯中西 博古通今
出类拔萃 博大精深 集思广益 举一反三 才华横溢
三、描写人物仪态、风貌:
憨态可掬 文质彬彬 风度翩翩 相貌堂堂 落落大方
意气风发 威风凛凛 容光焕发 神采奕奕 斗志昂扬
四、描写人物神情、情绪:
悠然自得 眉飞色舞 喜笑颜开 神采奕奕 欣喜若狂
喜出望外 垂头丧气 无动于衷 勃然大怒 呆若木鸡
五、描写人的口才:
能说会道 巧舌如簧 能言善辩 滔滔不绝 伶牙俐齿
语惊四座 娓娓而谈 妙语连珠 口若悬河 出口成章
六、来自历史故事的成语:
三顾茅庐 铁杵成针 望梅止渴 完璧归赵 四面楚歌
负荆请罪 精忠报国 手不释卷 悬梁刺股 凿壁偷光
七、描写人物动作:
走马观花 欢呼雀跃 扶老携幼 手舞足蹈 促膝谈心
前俯后仰 奔走相告 跋山涉水 前赴后继 张牙舞爪
八、描写人间情谊:
恩重如山 深情厚谊 手足情深 形影不离 血浓于水
志同道合 风雨同舟 赤诚相待 肝胆相照 生死相依
九、说明知事晓理方面:
循序渐进 日积月累 温故知新 勤能补拙 笨鸟先飞
学无止境 学海无涯 滴水穿石 发奋图强 开卷有益
十、来自寓言故事的成语:
自相矛盾 滥竽充数 画龙点睛 刻舟求剑 守株待兔
叶公好龙 亡羊补牢 画蛇添足 掩耳盗铃 买椟还珠
小学生励志成语故事:
一、古人刻苦学习的成语故事
映雪囊(náng)萤
晋朝时候,有一个人名叫孙康,非常好学。他家里很穷买不起灯油,夜晚不能读书,他就想尽办法刻苦地学习。冬天夜里,他常常不顾天寒地冻,在户外借着白雪的光亮读书。(孙康映雪苦读)
当时还有一个人,名叫车胤(yin),也和孙康一样,没有钱买灯油。夏天夜晚,他就捉了许多萤火虫,盛在纱袋里,用萤光照亮,夜以继日地学习。(车胤囊萤夜读)
负薪(xīn)挂角
汉朝时候的朱买臣,小时候,家里很穷。为了维持生活,他每天都得上山砍柴,没有时间读书。但是他好学不倦,常常背着柴一边走,一边看书。(朱买臣负薪读书)
隋朝有一个叫李密的人,小时候给人家放牛。每天出去都要带几本书挂在牛角上,趁牛吃草的时候,他就坐在草地上用心读书。(李密牛角挂书)
悬梁刺股
东汉时候,有个人名叫孙敬,是著名的政治家。他年轻时勤奋好学,经常关起门,独自一人不停地读书。每天从早到晚读书,常常是废寝忘食。读书时间长,劳累了,还不休息。时间久了,疲倦得直打瞌睡。他怕影响自己的读书学习,就想出了一个特别的办法。古时候,男子的头发很长。他就找一根绳子,一头牢牢的绑在房梁上。当他读书疲劳时打盹了,头一低,绳子就会牵住头发,这样会把头皮扯痛了,马上就清醒了,再继续读书学习。(孙敬悬梁苦读)
战国时期,有一个人名叫苏秦,也是出名的政治家。在年轻时,由于学问不多不深,曾到好多地方做事,都不受重视。回家后,家人对他也很冷淡,瞧不起他。这对他的刺激很大。所以,他下定决心,发奋读书。他常常读书到深夜,很疲倦,常打盹,直想睡觉。他也想出了一个方法,准备一把锥子,一打瞌睡,就用锥子往自己的大腿上刺一下。这样,猛然间感到疼痛,使自己清醒起来,再坚持读书。这就使苏秦"刺股"的故事。(苏秦刺股苦学)
[注]:从孙敬和苏秦两个人读书的故事引申出"悬梁刺股"这句成语,用来比喻发奋读书,刻苦学习的精神。他们这种努力学习的精神是好的,但是他们这种发奋学习的方式方法不必效仿。
凿壁借光
匡衡年轻时十分好学。他家里很穷,买不起蜡烛,匡衡晚上想读书的时候,常因没有亮光而发愁。后来,他想了一个办法,就在墙壁上悄悄地凿了一个小孔。让隔壁人家的烛光透过来。就这样,他经常学到深夜,后来成了西汉著名的学者,曾做过汉元帝的丞相。从凿壁借光的事例可看出:外因(环境和条件)并不是决定性的因素,匡衡在极其艰难的条件下,通过自己的努力学习和坚强毅力,终于一举成员。这就说明内因才是事物发展、变化的根据和第一位的原因,外头因只是影响事物变化的条件,它必须通过内因才能起作用。(匡衡凿壁偷光)
以荻画地
欧阳修先生四岁时父亲就去世了,家境贫寒,没有钱供他读书。太夫人用芦苇秆在沙地上写画,教给他写字。还教给他诵读许多古人的篇章。到他年龄大些了,家里没有书读,便就近到读书人家去借书来读,有时接着进行抄写。就这样夜以继日、废寝忘食,只是致力读书。从小写的诗、赋文字,下笔就有成人的水平,那样高了。(欧阳修以荻画地)
二、教你做人的成语故事
精诚所至,金石为开
西汉时期,有一个着名将领叫李广,他精于骑马射箭,作战非常勇敢,被称为“飞将军”。有一次,他去冥山南麓打猎,忽然发现草丛中蹲伏着一只猛虎。李广急忙弯弓搭箭,全神贯注,用尽气力,一箭射去。李广箭法很好,他以为老虎一定中箭身亡,于是走近前去,仔细一看,未料被射中的竟是一块形状很像老虎的大石头。不仅箭头深深射入石头当中,而且箭尾也几乎全部射入石头中去了。李广很惊讶,他不相信自己能有这么大的力气,于是想再试一试,就往后退了几步,张弓搭箭,用力向石头射去。可是,一连几箭都没有射进去,有的箭头破碎了,有的箭杆折断了,而大石头一点儿也没有受到损伤。
人们对这件事情感到很惊奇,疑惑不解,于是就去请教学者扬雄。扬雄回答说:“如果诚心实意,即使像金石那样坚硬的东西也会被感动的。”“精诚所至金石为开”这一成语也便由此流传下来。
囫囵吞枣
有个人曾经对人们说:“吃一点梨,对人的牙齿有好处,但是吃多了,会伤脾的;枣呢,正好与之相反,虽然可以健脾,但吃多了会对牙齿有害。”
听的人中一个人听了,想了想,说:“吃梨时,只嚼不咽,还会伤脾吗?吃枣时,我不嚼,一口吞下去,这不就可以保护牙齿了吗?”
另一个年轻人听他这么一说,就想开个玩笑:“你这不是囫囵吞下枣吗?”周围在场的人都笑了。
读后:我们学习知识时不能囫囵吞枣,首先把要学的知识理解清楚,然后再认真去掌握它。如果学知识只是笼统地学,就不会学到真正的知识。
狗猛酒酸
宋国有个卖酒的人,为了招来生意,他总是将店堂打扫得干干净净,将酒壶、酒坛、酒杯之类的盛酒器皿收拾得清清爽爽,而且在门外还要高高挂起一面长长的酒幌子,上书“天下第一酒”几个大字。远远看去,这里的确像个会做生意的酒家。然而奇怪的是,他家的酒却很少有人问津,常常因卖不出去而使整坛整坛的酒搁酸了,变质了,十分可惜。
这个卖酒的宋国人百思不得其解,他于是向左邻右舍请教这好的酒竟然卖不出去的原因。邻居们告诉他:“这是因为你家养的狗太凶猛了的缘故。我们都亲眼看到过,有的人高高兴兴地提着酒壶准备到你家去买酒,可是还没等走到店门口,你家的狗就跳将出来狂吠不止,甚至还要扑上去撕咬人家。这样一来,又有谁还敢到你家去买酒呢?因此,你家的酒就只好放在家里等着发酸变质啊。”您看,一匹恶狗看门,就能把一个好端端的酒店弄得门庭冷落,客不敢入;如果一个国家让坏人控制了某些要害部门,其后果必然是忠奸颠倒,社会腐败,百姓遭殃。
居安思危
洪水未到先筑堤,豺狼未来先磨刀。
一只野狼卧在草上勤奋地磨牙,狐狸看到了,就对它说:"天气这么好,大家在休息娱乐,你也加入我们队伍中吧!"野狼没有说话,继续磨牙,把它的牙齿磨得又尖又利。狐狸奇怪地问道:"森林这么静,猎人和猎狗已经回家了,老虎也不在近处徘徊,又没有任何危险,你何必那么用劲磨牙呢?"野狼停下来回答说:“我磨牙并不是为了娱乐,你想想,如果有一天我被猎人或老虎追逐,到那时,我想磨牙也来不及了。而平时我就把牙磨好,到那时就可以保护自己了。”
提示:做事应该未雨绸缪,居安思危,这样在危险突然降临时,才不至于手忙脚乱。"书到用时方恨少",平常若不充实学问,临时抱佛脚是来不及的。也有人抱怨没有机会,然而当升迁机会来临时,再叹自己平时没有积蓄足够的学识与能力,以致不能胜任,也只好后悔莫及。
开卷有益
“开卷有益”这则成语的意思是打开书本,总有益处。常用以勉励人们勤奋好学,多读书就会有得益。
这个成语来源于《渑水燕谈录》,太宗日阅《御览》三卷,因事有缺,暇日追补之。尝曰:“开卷有益,朕不以为劳也。”
宋朝初年,宋太宗赵光义命文臣李防等人编写一部规模宏大的分类百科全书——《太平总类》。
这部书收集摘录了一千六百多种古籍的重要内容,分类归成五十五门,全书共一千卷,是一部很有价值的参考书。
这部书是宋太平兴国年间编成的,故定名为《太平总类》。对于这么一部巨着,宋太宗规定自己每天至少要看两、三卷,一年内全部看完,遂更名为《太平御览》。
当宋太宗下定决心花精力翻阅这部巨着时,曾有人觉得皇帝每天要处理那么多国家大事,还要去读这么部大书,太辛苦了,就去劝告他少看些,也不一定每天都得看,以免过度劳神。
可是,宋太宗却回答说:“我很喜欢读书,从书中常常能得到乐趣,多看些书,总会有益处,况且我并不觉得劳神。”
于是,他仍然坚持每天阅读三卷,有时因国事忙耽搁了,他也要抽空补上,并常对左右的人说:“只要打开书本,总会有好处的。”
宋太宗由于每天阅读三卷《太平御览》,学问十分渊博,处理国家大事也十分得心应手。当时的大臣们见皇帝如此勤奋读书,也纷纷努力读书,所以当时读书的风气很盛,连平常不读书的宰相赵普,也孜孜不倦的阅读《论语》,有“半部论语治天下”之谓。
后来,“开卷有益”便成了成语,形容只要打开书本读书,总有益处
三、孝敬父母的成语故事
鹿乳奉亲
郯子,春秋时期人。父母年老,患眼疾,需饮鹿乳疗治。他便披鹿皮进入深山,钻进鹿群中,挤取鹿乳,供奉双亲。一次取乳时,看见猎人正要射杀一只麂鹿,郯子急忙掀起鹿皮现身走出,将挤取鹿乳为双亲医病的实情告知猎人,猎人敬他孝顺,以鹿乳相赠,护送他出山。
卧冰求鲤
晋朝的王祥,早年丧母,继母朱氏并不慈爱,常在其父面前数说王祥的是非,因而失去父亲之疼爱。继母朱氏时常想吃鲤鱼,但因天寒河水冰冻,无法捕捉,王祥便赤身卧于冰上祷告,忽然间冰裂,从裂缝处跃出两尾鲤鱼,王祥喜极,持归供奉继母。
他的举动,在十里乡村传为佳话。人们都称赞王祥是人间少有的孝子。有诗颂曰:继母人间有,王祥天下无;至今河水上,留得卧冰模。
黄香温席
黄香小时候,家中生活很艰苦。在他9岁时,母亲就去世了。黄香非常悲伤。他本就非常孝敬父母,在母亲生病期间,小黄香一直不离左右,守护在妈妈的病床前,母亲去世后,他对父亲更加关心、照顾,尽量让父亲少操心。
冬夜里,天气特别寒冷。那时,农户家里又没有任何取暖的设备,确实很难入睡。一天,黄香晚上读书时,感到特别冷,捧着书卷的手一会就冰凉冰凉的了。他想,这么冷的天气,爸爸一定很冷,他老人家白天干了一天的活,晚上还不能好好地睡觉。想到这里,小黄香心里很不安。为让父亲少挨冷受冻,他读完书便悄悄走进父亲的房里,给他铺好被,然后脱了衣服,钻进父亲的被窝里,用自己的体温,温暖了冰冷的被窝之后,才招呼父亲睡下。黄香用自己的孝敬之心,暖了父亲的心。黄香温席的故事,就这样传开了,街坊邻居人人夸奖黄香。
夏天到了,黄香家低矮的房子显得格外闷热,而且蚊蝇很多。到了晚上,大家都在院里乘凉,尽管每人都不停地摇着手中的蒲扇,可仍不觉得凉快。入夜了,大家也都困了,准备睡觉去了,这时,大家才发现小黄香一直没有在这里。
“香儿,香儿。”父亲忙提高嗓门喊他。
“爸爸,我在这儿呢。”说着,黄香从父亲的房中走出来。满头的汗,手里还拿着一把大蒲扇。
“你干什么呢,怪热的天气,”爸爸心疼地说。
“屋里太热,蚊子又多,我用扇子使劲一扇,蚊虫就跑了,屋子也显得凉快些,您好睡觉。”黄香说。爸爸紧紧地搂住黄香,“我的好孩子,可你自己却出了一身汗呀!”
以后,黄香为了让父亲休息好,晚饭后,总是拿着扇了,把蚊蝇扇跑,还要扇凉父亲睡觉的床和枕头,使劳累了一天的父亲早些入睡。
四、有关爱国的成语故事
赤心报国
【解释】:赤:火红色,比喻真纯;赤心:忠心;报国:为国家效劳。旧指为帝王尽忠效劳。现亦形容赤胆忠心,为国效力。—汉典Zdic.net —
【出处】:《资治通鉴·陈纪文帝天嘉元年》:“堷大言曰:‘诸王反逆,欲杀忠良邪!尊天子,削诸侯,赤心报国,何罪之有
以身殉国
【解释】:忠于自己的国家而献出生命。—汉典Zdic.net —
【出处】:南朝·梁·沈约《宋书·沈文秀传》:“伯宗曰:‘丈夫当死战场,以身殉国,安能归死儿女手中乎?’”
【示例】:或是表现在不做新朝的官甚至~上。◎朱自清《论气节》
为国捐躯
【解释】:捐:献;躯:身体,指生命。为国家牺牲生命。-- 汉典Zdic.net --
【出处】:明·许仲琳《封神演义》第五十二回:“可怜成汤首相,为国捐躯。”
【语法】:偏正式;作谓语、定语;含褒义
忧国忘家
【解释】:因忧虑国事而不考虑自己的家事。-- 汉典Zdic.net
【出处】:《后汉书·来歙传》:“中郎将来歙,攻战连年,平定羌、陇,忧国忘家,忠孝彰著。”
【示例】:~,用意深远,所谓朝之耆德老成人者。◎唐·韩愈《论孔戣致仕状》
精忠报国
【解释】:为国家竭尽忠诚,牺牲一切。—汉典Zdic.net —
【出处】:《北史·颜之仪传》:“公等备受朝恩,当尽忠报国。”《宋史·岳飞传》:“初命何铸鞫之,飞裂裳以背示铸,有‘尽忠报国’四大字,深入肤理。”
【示例】:我今日祝告天地祖宗,要在你背上刺下“~”四字。◎清·钱彩《说岳全传》第二十二回
五、关于诚信的成语故事
立木为信
春秋战国时,秦国的商鞅在秦孝公的支持下主持变法。当时处于战争频繁、人心惶惶之际,为了树立威信,推进改革,商鞅下令在都城南门外立一根三丈长的木头,并当众许下诺言:谁能把这根木头搬到北门,赏金十两。围观的人不相信如此轻而易举的事能得到如此高的赏赐,结果没人肯出手一试。于是,商鞅将赏金提高到50金。重赏之下必有勇夫,终于有人站起将木头扛到了北门。商鞅立即赏了他五十金。商鞅这一举动,在百姓心中树立起了威信,而商鞅接下来的变法就很快在秦国推广开了。新法使秦国渐渐强盛,最终统一了中国。
一诺千金
秦末有个叫季布的人,一向说话算数,信誉非常高,许多人都同他建立起了浓厚的友情。当时甚至流传着这样的谚语:“得黄金百斤,不如得季布一诺。”(这就是成语“一诺千斤”的由来)后来,他得罪了汉高祖刘邦,被悬赏捉拿。结果他的旧日的朋友不仅不被重金所惑,而且冒着灭九族的危险来保护他,缍使他免遭祸殃。一个人诚实有信,自然得道多助,能获得大家的尊重和友谊。反过来,如果贪图一时的安逸或小便宜,而失信于朋友,表面上是得到了“实惠”。但为了这点实惠他毁了自己的声誉而声誉相比于物质是重要得多的。所以,失信于朋友,无异于失去了西瓜捡芝麻,得不偿失的。
曾子杀猪
是讲古时一个叫曾子的人,有一天,曾子的妻子哄骗孩子说在妈妈集市回来后杀猪给儿子吃,曾子得知后真的将猪杀了。故事告诉我们为人要诚信,答应的事一定要做到。
六、谦虚的成语故事
不耻下问
春秋时代,孔子被人们尊为“圣人”,他有弟子二千,大家都向他请教学问。他的《论语》是千百年来的传世之作。孔子学问渊博,可是仍虚心向别人求教。有一次,他到太庙去祭祖。他一进太庙,就觉得新奇,向别人问这问那。有人笑道:“孔子学问出众,为什么还要问?”孔子听了说:“每事必问,有什么不好?”他的弟子问他:“孔圉死后,为什么叫他孔文子?”孔子道:“聪明好学,不耻下问,才配叫‘文’。”弟子们想:“老师常向别人求教,也并不以为耻辱呀!”
虚心好学,肯向一切人,包括向比自己地位低的人学习,叫“不耻下问”。
不耻下问的意思:不耻:不以为耻辱;下问:降低身份请教别人。不以向比自己学识差或地位低的人去请教为可耻。形容虚心求教。
现在我们用来形容一个人谦虚、好学,真诚地向别人提问请教,不耻下问。
【卑辞重币】卑:谦恭;重:厚;币:礼物。说谦虚的话,送厚重的礼。形容对人有所求。
【不敢告劳】努力做事,不诉说自己的劳苦。比喻勤勤恳恳,不辞辛劳(多用在自己表示谦虚)。
【纳头便拜】纳头;低头。一见面就低头行下拜礼。形容人谦虚有礼貌。
【一谦四益】谦虚能使人得到好些益处。
【引玉之砖】自己表示谦虚的话。比喻为了引出别人高明的意见而发表的粗浅的不成熟的意见。
【好为人师】喜欢当别人的教师。形容不谦虚,自以为是,爱摆老资格。
【谦谦下士】下:屈己尊人。指谦虚恭敬地对待地位比自己低的人。
四 : 语法专练。将下列句子由直接引语变为间接引语1. T
语法专练。将下列句子由直接引语变为间接引语 1. The teacher said,"Don't be late again,Mary." _________________________________________ 2. The boy said,"How cool the film star is!" _________________________________________ 3. He said,"Is she your sister?" _________________________________________ 4. "You'd better start tomorrow,"Tom said to Alice. _________________________________________ 5. The lady asked me,"What are you doing this for'?" _________________________________________ |
1. The teacher told Mary not to be late again. 2. The boy said how cool the film star was. 3. He asked if she was my sister. 4. Tom advised Alice to start the next day. 5. The lady asked me what I was doing that for. |
考点:
考点名称:直接引语与间接引语定义:
直接引语:直接引用别人的原话,并在原话前后加引号。
例:He said:" It is too late."
间接引语:用自己的话转述别人的话,多数以宾语从句的形式构成。
例:He said it was too late.
直接引语与间接引语的转换:
一、人称代词的变化:
直接引语变间接引语时,人称代词的变化一般规律是:
第一人称→第三人称;
第二人称→第一人称;
第三人称→第三人称。
简记为“二一、一三、三留”。
例:"I'm thinking of changing my address." he said.
→ He said that he was thinking of changing his address.(I和he指同一个人)
Xiao Ming asked me, "Are you going to the park with us?"
→ Xiao Ming asked me if I wasgoing to the park with them.(us与them指相同的人,XiaoMing是其中的一员;me和you指同一个人)
Mr. Li said, "She will attend the meeting."
→ Mr. Li saidthatshewouldattendthemeeting.(Mr. Li和she不是同一个人) 但当说话者是第一人称,直接引语中的主语也是第一人称时,不作变化。
I said to my children, "I will give you some presents on Christmas Day."
→ I told my children I would give them some presents on Christmas Day. (I为同一说话者)
二、时态的变化:
直接引语变间接引语时,时态的变化规律是往“过去”相应的时态推移:
一般现在时→一般过去时,
一般将来时→过去将来时,
现在进行时→过去进行时,
现在完成时→过去完成时,
一般过去时/过去完成时→过去完成时。
如:My father told me, "He will come back next week."
→ My father told me that he would come back the next week.
She asked me, "Did you finish your homework?"
→ She asked me if I had finished my homework.
注意:直接引语属下列情况时,时态不作变化:
1、直接引语属真理或客观事实时:
如:The teacher said to us, "Light runs much faster than sound."
→ The teacher told us light runs much faster than sound.
2、主句谓语动词是现在或将来某个时态:
如:The old man often says, "I joined the Red Army when I was young."
→ The old man often says that he joined the Red Army when he was young.
3、直接引语带有具体的过去时间状语时:
如:The politics teacher said to us, "The party was founded in 1921."
→ The politics teacher told us that the party was founded in 1921.
4、直接引语谓语有情态动词:had better,would rather及need,must,oughtto等时:
如:He said to me, "I would rather live in the countryside."
→ He told me that he would rather live in the countryside.
5、直接引语为虚拟语气谓语时 e.g.Shesaid,"IwouldbehappyifIwereabird."→ Shesaidthatshewouldbehappyifshewereabird.
三、句型的变化:
直接引语变间接引语时,句型要作适当变化:
1、变陈述句为由that引导的从句(that常省略):
如:"I want to improve my English at school," said the child.
→ The child said(that) he wanted to improve his English at school.
2、变一般疑问句为由if/whether引导的从句:
如:"Are you sure he will come today?"Jenny asked Helen.
→ Jenny asked Helen if/whether she was sure he would come that day.
3、变选择疑问句为由whether...or.../whether...or not引导的从句:
如:"Is he a director or an actor?" she asked me.
→ She asked me whether he was a director or an actor.
4、变反意问句时,要视说话者的语气而定:
(1)表示疑问时,先需去掉后面的反意问句部分,再按一般疑问句变化。
如:"You haven't finished your composition, have you?" the teacher said to me.
→ The teacher asked me if I had finished my composition.
(2)表示提醒或警告等特别语气时,先按陈述句变化,再把间接引语前的动词更换为表示相应语气的动词remind,warn等。
如:"You're late for class, aren't you?" the teacher said angrily to me.
→ The teacher warned me that I was late for class.
5、变特殊疑问词开头的问句为原特殊疑问词引导的从句:
如:"When did you come here?" Tom asked Jim.
→ Tom asked Jim when he had gone there.
6、变祈使句为不定式短语,作动词ask,tell,order,beg,request,advise,offer,warn等的宾语补足语,宾语为说话者的对象,选什么动词,视情况而定:
如:The doctor said to the patient, "Don't eat oily food again."
→ The doctor advised the patient not to eat oily food again.
7、变感叹句为how或what引出的从句,也可用that引出从句:
如:"How clever a boy he is." the teacher said to the mother.
→ The teacher told the mother how clever a boy he was.
或:The teacher told the mother that he was clever boy.
8、直接引语是多个句子时,按其句型特点,用上面的方法分别处理,并用and连接:
如:Mrs. Smith said, "I don't know the way to the station. How can I get there?"
→ Mrs. Smith said that she didn't know the way to the station and asked me how she could get there.
9、若直接引语是What's the matter?/What has happened?/What's wrong with...? 时,变成间接引语语序不变:
如:"What's the matter?" said he.
→ He asked me what was the matter.
直接引语变间接引语词语转化对比:
直接引语 | 间接引语 |
this, these | that, those |
here | there |
now | then |
today,tonight | that day,that night |
this evening | that evening |
last week | the week before |
tomorrow | the next/following day |
yesterday | the day before |
next week/month/year | the next week/month/ year |
ago | before |
come | go |
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