一 : 中国古代酒器
中国古代酒器
◆ 爵 jué——是一种三脚、大腹、有把、饰有禾纹的酒器，或饰有鸟雀图形的敞口酒器。最早出现的青铜礼器，用以饮酒，兼可温酒。《说文》："爵，礼器也"。爵这种酒器的命名，是由于它的造型象一只雀鸟，前面有流，好象雀缘，后面有尾，腹下有细长的足，古代"爵"与"雀"同音通用。地下发掘出来的有陶制和青铜制，但《左传》上却说是玉制酒器。现在看到的都比爵要大一些，古书上说可容酒6升。爵是一种典礼时用的酒器，君王赐酒给臣下用。所以它和“爵禄”、“爵位”有联系。
◆ 尊 zūn ——它一般为侈口，高颈，鼓腹或筒腹，圈足。在礼器中的地位仅次于鼎。在新石器时代就出现了陶尊，形制则为大口或兼尖底。山东大汶口文化遗址中一些为人注目的刻划符号，就是刻在大口尊上的。这种尊可能是用来酿酒的。商代以后的铜尊，则为盛酒器。在郑州铭功路和黄陂盘龙城商代中期的遗址中，出土了我国目前已知最早的釉陶尊。这种釉陶尊，主要为敞口、折肩、深腹、凹底的形制，个别已有圈足的。商末周初还有一种特大侈口、筒状的尊，学者或称之为“觚形尊”。西周中期的尊，有体卑、短颈、垂腹的特点。此外，有的尊或有盖，或有鋬（把手），或方形，或圆口方体，不一而足。著名的四羊尊，就是方尊的优秀代表。战国早期的曾侯乙墓，曾出土一件尊盘，尊立于盘上，二者合为一体，尊的口、腹及盘的周身，均有极其繁缛的透雕纹饰，它不仅造型精美，而且是我国早在公元前5世纪即掌握了熔模技术的确证。还有一种形制更特殊的鸟兽形尊，即尊的整体为一立体的鸟兽形状，有盖、有流，且盖、流处理极
巧妙。如夔纹象尊的口盖，设於象背，而盖纽又是一只小象，形成大象驮小象的艺术造形，十分生动。此外，还有鸟尊、鸮尊、驹尊、犀尊、羊尊、虎尊，不胜枚举。尊又是酒礼器的通名，所以有些礼器，常自铭为“尊彝”。
古人说“决胜于樽（尊）俎之间”，就是与谈判对方在饮酒食肉的酒宴上取胜。俎是盛肉器。由于它使用普遍，后人简直将“尊”作为酒杯的代称。
◆ 觥 gōng ——是一种平底、有把、口上刻有牛凹图形的大口酒器。《诗.周南. 卷耳》有“我姑酌彼凹觥”的诗句，旧注说：“觥大七升，以凹角为之。”但并不一定是角制的，考古家发现有铜凹，容量确比通常酒杯为大，所以后人常泛称大酒杯曰觥。
◆ 觚 gū ——觚字古与“瓠”通，即是葫芦，古人常用葫芦壳当作飘盛水浆，当然也可以盛酒，这种酒器的名称大概由此而来。觚是大口、底部缩入的酒器，它的容量，据《仪礼》郑玄注：“爵，一升；觚，二升； 觯（也是大口酒器），三升；角，四升。”但也有说是角可容三升的。
◆ 卮 zhī ——是一种扁圆形的大肚酒器。〈史记〉
记载项羽在鸿门宴上赐给刘邦的武
卫樊哙喝的酒就用卮，可见是一种大容量的酒器。〈史记〉说项羽给樊哙“则与斗卮酒”，当是特别的大卮，可容一升。
◆ 角 jué——是一种圆形的酒器，同时也是量器。《吕氏春秋.仲秋》：“正钧石，齐升角”意思是要校正给一量器和衡器。注说：“石、升、角、皆量器也”。依次序排列，角在升之后，显然比升要小，后世酒肆里卖酒用来从坛里舀酒的长柄酒提子就是角。《水浒》传里的梁山泊好汉到酒店里常喊酒家打几角酒，可见宋元明时代已经如此。现行的酒店的酒提子（角）有半斤提，4两（现制为市秤2.5两）提两种。
◆ 豆 dòu——原先是一种高脚木制器，后各种材质均有。豆其实是古代盛肉盛菜的器皿，常用以装酱、醋之类的有汁调味品，但也用来盛酒。《考工记》有“食一豆肉，饮一豆酒”的记载，有人说豆和斗字通，斗也是盛酒器。斗——也是酒器，不能和量器升之斗相混。但它确实是容量比较大的酒器。《诗.大雅.行苇》有“酌以大斗”的诗句，京剧《珍常寨》里李克用的唱词也有“太保传令换大斗”的句子。斗酒大概是平常人的适宜酒量，一斗是一大盏。
◆ 卣 yǒu
——它一般为小口，有盖，长颈，椭圆鼓腹，圈足，有提梁，挂于两肩。
卣的体形近似扁壶。因卣为中等盛酒器，最高统治者常用盛着酒的卣赏赐给有功的贵族。金文中每见赐品中有“矩鬯一卣”的话。卣出现于商代晚期，初形较圆，商周之际盛行，多为大口，形扁，腹下垂。卣也有方形、直筒形、鸟兽形等。约在西周末，卣在礼器中即不常见。河南信阳蟒张乡商代墓葬出土的铜卣中，保存了目前所知我国最早的酒。湖南湘潭荆州乡出土的鼍龙纹提梁铜卤是目前所见最大的铜卤。
上面所列出的斗和角两种，即是酒器，又是量器，角（酒提子）今天运酒量酒之用，斗在古代也是量酒之具。
◆罍lei——是大型的盛酒器，又可盛水，在青铜礼器中占有重要的地位，《诗经.周南.卷耳》中即有"我姑酌彼金罍"之语，《周礼.春官》载："凡祭祀?...用大罍。"函皇父簋铭亦云"两罍两壶"，说明罍和壶是容量不同的一组容酒器。罍从商代晚期出现，流行于西周和春秋。罍有方形和圆形两种，方形罍出现于商代晚期，圆形罍商代和周初都有。 对罍是西周中期的盛酒器，原器通高46厘米、口径23厘米、腹深38.5厘米、重18公斤，1973年陕西省凤翔县劝读村出土，现藏于陕西凤翔县文化馆。平折沿，方唇，颈部内敛，肩上有一对兽首衔环耳，弧腹斜收，圈足较高。颈饰一周夔龙纹，龙昂首，上唇特长，卷曲下垂，歧尾内卷上扬。肩部六枚大圆涡纹与变体夔纹相间排列。腹饰下垂的蕉叶纹，每片蕉叶均以两条相向的立式夔龙组成。圈足饰两周弦纹。对罍的铸造时期，正是周人逐渐摆脱殷商神秘繁缛的美术传统，形成庄重素雅的自身风格的历史阶段。从器型上来看，已由商代的瘦高形渐变为矮粗形，肩部丰满，同时通过加宽沿部和圈足，使全器达到一个比商罍更加稳定的造型。在纹饰方面，浮雕都较低，没有商器上那些耸出器表的锐角巨目。虽然全器多处以夔龙为饰，但变形得非常厉害，除目纹外其它的细节都在蜕化，成为一种装饰意味很强的图案，显然狰狞的夔龙在周人的信仰世界中已经淡出了。
◆【绹索龙纹壶】
壶为古代盛酒或盛水器，最早出现在商代早期。壶的形制在商代多为圆形、扁形、瓠
形三类，周代以后又增加了方自名为钟，汉代时方壶自名壶是春秋晚期的盛酒器，原器浑源李峪村出土，现藏于美国颈部置一对兽形耳，口沿下饰状饰五道，均以绹索纹带为界纹饰为夔凤纹，第四道纹饰为
形、椭圆形等。战国以后，大腹的圆壶钫，扁壶在战国时自名为钾。绹索龙纹通高44.6厘米，宽26.6厘米，传山西弗利尔美术馆。 高体束颈鼓腹，内填一对夔龙的垂叶纹带。颈腹部有带纹。第一、三道纹饰为夔龙纹，第二道鸟兽纹，第五道纹饰为内填夔龙的垂叶
纹。圈足饰垂叶纹带和变形龙纹带。全器通体纹饰，极为精美。
◆【凤柱斝】
斝是(jia)是青铜礼器的一种，盛行于商周时期，一般为盛酒行裸礼（古代酌酒灌地的祭礼）之器，兼可温酒。凤柱斝铸于商代晚期，原器通高41厘米，口径19.5厘米，重2.9公斤，1973年出土于陕西省馆。同墓葬出土青铜器共35件，口沿立双柱，三个三棱锥足，器的凤鸟。鸟作站立状，冠耸立，的身躯和姿态，寓意着生命的活腹部纹饰分上下两段，均为云雷的断面呈丁字形，与殷墟第二期鸟中之王，向来被人们当作祥瑞
歧山县贺家村，现藏于陕西省历史博物凤柱斝是其中最为精美的。该斝侈口，底略向外鼓，两柱项端各置一圆雕高冠圆目鼓睛，正在举目远眺，那娇美健壮力，具有很强的装饰效果和艺术造型。纹组成的饕餮纹。这种分段式的斝，足同类器物相似，惟纹饰略有变化。凤是幸福的象征和爱情的比喻，早在三千多
年前，已被人们理想化，并赋予种种神秘的色彩。凤鸟作为青铜器纹饰很多，这些纹饰变化多样，神态各异，显示出凤鸟不凡的风姿。但这些纹饰多为线雕，而凤柱斝双柱上的凤鸟则是圆雕，在这类酒器中颇为罕见，反映了三千多年前商代青铜造型艺术的高深造诣。
◆【铜冰鉴】
铜冰鉴是战国时期的一件冰酒器，原器1977年出土于湖北随县曾侯乙墓中。曾侯乙墓出土了大量的青铜器，其造型和纹饰在继承商周以来的中原青铜文化传统的基础上有
很大的创新。铜冰鉴便是曾侯乙墓青铜器的代表器物，集中表现了曾侯乙墓青铜器新颖、
奇特、精美的特征。铜冰鉴的四足是四只动感很强，稳健有力的龙首兽身的怪兽。四个龙头向外伸张，兽身则形看起来好象正在努力鉴身为方形，其四面、攀伏状。这些龙的尾部的小花点缀其上。在中不伤脾胃。夏季也嗜喝鉴是一件双层的器皿，
以后肢蹬地作匍匐状。整个兽向上支撑铜冰鉴的全部重量。四角一共有八个龙耳，作拱曲都有小龙缠绕，还有两朵五瓣国古代，人们喜欢温酒，温酒冷酒，冷酒可以避酷暑。铜冰鉴内有一缶。夏季，鉴缶之间
装冰块，缶内装酒，可使酒凉。所以说铜冰鉴是迄今为止发现的最早的、最原始的"冰箱"。当然亦可以在鉴腹内加入温水，使缶内的美酒迅速增温，成为冬天时饮用的温酒。
◆【鸟纹爵】
爵是最早出现的青铜礼器，用以饮酒，兼可温酒。《说文》："爵，礼器也"。爵这种酒器的命名，是由于它的造型象一只雀腹下有细长的足，古代"爵"与"雀"器，原器通高22厘米，口径17.4入藏故宫博物院。宽流，帽形长柱，流、腹均饰凤纹，高冠长尾，造型少。
◆【晨肇宁角】
角是从爵演化出来的一种新周之际。其用途与爵相同，亦是祭，尊者举觯，卑者举角"。《考曰爵，二升曰觚，三升曰觯，四出土的酒器是觚、爵组合，但有墓就是十觚与十角相配，在河南现象。虽然角与爵用途相同，但样带盖的角就更少见了。现在所
型酒器，大量出现于殷商晚期或商饮酒器。《礼记.礼器》说："宗庙之工记.梓人》引《韩诗》云："一升升曰角，五升曰散"。一般墓葬中时以角代爵，如安阳殷墟第160号鹿邑商周之际的大墓中也有类似其数量却少得多，而象晨肇宁角这说的角，
是宋代金石学家对无流而鸟，前面有流，好象雀缘，后面有尾，同音通用。鸟纹爵是西周中期的饮酒厘米×7.5厘米，重0.88公斤，1946年圆鋬，中腰微收，下承三宽形刀状足。舒展不拘。以鸟纹作为装饰的爵遗存较
具两翼若尾的爵形器的习惯称谓，其容量与爵相若。晨肇宁角是西周早期的饮酒器，原器通高28厘米，1986年8月出土于河南省信阳县浉河港乡浉河滩，现藏于信阳地区文物管理委员会。V字形口，深腹圜底，三棱锥足，兽首鋬，两翼有扉棱。盖顶有半环钮和扉棱。盖、腹饰雷纹衬底的兽面纹，鋬饰兽面纹，足外饰蕉叶蝉纹。该角构思巧妙，美观庄重，无论在造型上或是纹饰上，与同时期同类器物相比，都堪称佼佼者。 ◆【龙纹觥】
觥(gong)是一种盛酒或饮酒器，《诗经》屡见其名，如《七月》："称彼兕觥"。觥最早出现在商代中晚期，一直沿至西周中期，西周后期逐渐消失。其形制有盖，有流，有鋬(pan)，下有方座或四足。觥的纹动物花纹，在当时应是最商后期盛酒器。原器通高年出土于山西省石楼桃龙纹觥体似兽角，前端龙首双目凸起，两角上指，
饰多极精美，大多有生动的贵重的器物。 龙纹觥是19厘米，长44厘米，1959花庄，现藏于山西省博物馆。首昂起，后端宽阔平齐。龙张口露齿，形象狰狞。龙首
后的脊部有盖，盖正中有菌状钮，龙的躯体置于器盖上，左右蜿蜒，尾部卷曲，与器浑然一体。下设长方形矮圈足，纵向两侧各一缺口。腹两侧镂雕爬行的鼍和举首、吐舌、扬尾的龙，其间点缀鱼状动物和虺。此器造型奇异，在青铜器中仅此一例，鼍纹似扬子鳄，在青铜器纹饰中也极为罕见。
◆【天觚】
觚(gu)是流行于商代至西周初的饮酒器。整个觚体分为三段，上部器口与细颈为容体，中间的腹部为实心，考古学上称之为"假"腹，下面为圈足。这样的造型设计符合力学原理，使重心降低，增强了器物的稳定商代酒器最基本的组合是一爵一形制为圆柱形，器体较高且细，一般饮器，有一句成语为"不能操地位、人品、酒量相关，只有高的饮酒器，原器通高26厘米，口
性，显得精巧别致而又不失沉稳庄重。觚，用以斟饮；也有与斝成组合的。其多为喇叭形，通体呈X形。商周时觚非觚自为"，即指觚的多寡与饮者的身份品位的人方可用此器。天觚是西周前期径15厘米，现藏于中国社会科学院考
古研究所安阳工作队。敞口，束颈，厚方唇，腹部不显，高圈足。颈饰仰叶纹，有鳞纹
边饰。腹饰对称夔纹，圈足饰卷体钩鼻兽纹。全器自颈至圈足有四道三棱形棱脊，上饰人形几何纹。此觚纹饰奇丽，同类器形较为少见，属国家一级文物。
◆【四羊方尊】
商晚期偏早器。原器一九三八
已发现的较大的方尊，高五十八点
尊造型简洁优美，采用线雕、浮雕
物与动物形状有机地结合起来。整
鬼斧神工，显示了高超的铸造水平。
实地的有力形象承担着尊体的重年出土于湖南省宁乡市，是我国现六厘米，重近三十四点五公斤。此手法，把平面图象与立体浮雕，器个器物用块范法浇铸，一气呵成，方尊四角的四只卷角山羊，以脚踏量，使得这个上边长（五十二点四厘米）几乎与器高相等的器具显得挺拔、刚劲，丝毫没有头重脚轻之感。羊在古代寓意吉祥。四羊方尊以四羊、四龙相对的造型展示了酒礼器中的至尊气象。四羊方尊的出土地湖南宁乡，由于从二十世纪三十年代开始，出土了大批的青铜器，其出土青铜器被称为"宁乡青铜器群"。四羊方尊便是"宁乡青铜器群"的代表，也是宁乡出土最早的青铜器。
◆盉hé——古代盛酒器，或说是古人调和酒、水的器具，即用水来调和酒味的浓淡，如同现今的鸡尾酒。盉的形状较多，一般是圆口，深腹，有盖，前有流，后有鋬（音畔），下有三足或四足，盖和鋬之间有链相连接。青铜盉出现在商代早期，盛行于商晚期和西
复，图纹威严神秘，西周大致秉承商代旧制而略有变化。春秋早期盉的形式基本承袭了西周形制的盉。到了春秋晚期，盉的形式变化较大，随着王权衰落，礼崩乐坏，青铜礼器中逐渐透出一些令人轻松的气息，旧有的神秘、庄重与沉闷渐渐隐去，而新的有创意的造型和纹饰，一步步走向生活，这件龙首盉便是冲破旧制的代表作。
◆此外还有觯、盅、钟、斗、杯、觞、酌、白等古代酒器。
二 : 中国古代酒器
本文转载自郭沫若书法讲堂（王德谦院长）《 中国古代酒器》
三 : 中国武术与古代兵器
Chinese Wushu
中国武术
题记： 中国武术博大精深，门派众多。（www.61k.com)它是人类文明的一大奇迹，也是中华民族传统的体 育项目。在古代。人们练习武艺，主要是为了打斗时更好地克敌制胜。而现在人们练习武术主要是为了强身健体。
Chinese Wushu is extensive and profound and it has a lot of schools．It has thousands of years of history and is an amazing symbol of traditional Chinese physical philosophy．In the ancient times,the main purpose of Wushu was to defend against the enemy in military affairs,but nowadays people practice it just to keep in good health．
Chinese Wushu can be traced back to primitive society．In the harsh struggle for survival，some attacking and defending skills were needed．In effort to improve physical strength and advance their wisdom of hunting,the original Wushu was developed．After entering into a slave and feudal society,fighting skills developed quickly as wars burst out very frequently．The turbulent society was another reason promote people to practice Wushu．
Actually,Wushu or martial arts is a defensive and offensive combat system that includes many set patterns such as kicking,hitting，throwing,catching，hacking,and sticking．
During the long history of China，Wushu has been developed and perfected．There are many kinds of martial arts and different factions or groups．Two main boxing skills were formed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，namely Shaolin and Wudang．Shaolin boxing is famous for its outside skills and Wudang has gained the good reputation for the inside skills．Long boxing,Short boxing, and Ditang boxing，belong to the Shaolin style and are mainly used for fighting. Only Taichi boxing and Eight Diagram belong to Wudang boxing,which are mainly used for defending and keeping in good health．In addition to boxing,another important aspect of Chinese Wushu is the weapon skills , such as broad swords, swords, spears, cudgels, axes,hammers,and forks hooks，and halberds． ‘
The most prosperous time of Chinese Wushu appeared in the Sui and Tang dynasties．From then on，it was a popular way to choose outstanding talents as military commanders from the martial arts competition．Many ancient heroes like Yue Fei were chosen from these competitions．It also improved the practice of martial arts in the whole country．At that time，soldiers practiced martial arts，so did scholars．It was said the most famous poets in China Li Bai and Du Fu also learned how to use swords when they were young．
Shaolin temple rising to prominence was one of the most important things in Chinese Wushu history．The temple is located on Mt．Songshan in Dengfeng county,Henan Province. It is said that during the Tang Dynasty,the monks helped Li-Shimin, a would-be emperor, making a great contribution to unite the states，thus the temple was given a handsome reward．Since then,the Kung Fu of Shaolin has been developed and became famous all over the world．
After the Southern Song and Northern Song dynasties，Wushu was popular among the ordinary people and became an important skill to keep good health and defend the homeland．As
中国古武术 中国武术与古代兵器
time went by, the military function of Chinese Wushu gradually weakened,but it became a popular way to keep fit．There has been a close relationship between martial arts and the ways to keep in good health,especially after the Qin and Han dynasties．It is these functions that have made Chinese wushu continue to flourish．
Chinese Wushu pays great attention to harmony from inside and outside and combining people's actions with their environment．People usually use something natural as conduct object when they practice it．The forms are often described as looking like a monkey, standing like a pine tree，sitting like a clock, as light as a leaf,and as quick as wind．
Nowadays，many physical education colleges and universities have set up Wushu specialities．There are a lot of Wushu enthusiasts in China and abroad now. Chinese wushu has been officially listed as a sports competition project,and has obtained a greater promotion and popularization．
段落译文
中国武术的源头，可以追溯到原始社会。[www.61k.com]在严酷的生存斗争中，人们自然产生一些拳打脚踢的初级攻防手段。在狩猎活动中，人们不断改善体力、提高智慧，于是就出现了原始形态的武术。进入奴隶社会和封建社会后，民族、国家之间经常爆发战争，武术的格斗技能在军队中得到重视和发展。社会动荡不安也大大促进了民间习武之风。
所谓武术，就是以踢、打、摔、拿、劈、刺等技击动作为主要内容，组成进攻和防守套路的对抗形式攻和防守套路的对抗形式。
在漫漫的历史长河中，武术得到了极大的发展和完善，形成了许多武术套路，以及不同 的流派。例如，明清时期，中国拳术已初步形成两大派别，即“北派少林”和“南派武当”。 少林以外家拳著称于世，而武当则以内家拳名闻天下。外家拳的种类很多，包括长拳、短拳地躺拳等，主要用于格斗。内家拳的种类主要有“太极”和“八卦”两种，其特点是“以静 制动”，“主在御敌”，更侧重于健身。
除了拳术外，中国武术的另一个重要方面是运用武器和器械形成的武术套路，如刀术、剑术、棒法和枪法等。中国武术的主要器械有刀、剑、枪、棒、斧、锤、义、钩、戟等多种。 隋唐时期，中国武术出现了空前繁盛的局面。后来各代朝廷都采用武术考试的方法来选拔武艺出众的人才担任军事统帅，如民族英雄岳飞等。此项举措大大促进了官方和民间的练武活动。当时不但武人练武，文人也以配剑，舞剑为荣。著名诗人李白、杜甫年轻的时候都学过剑术。
少林寺的崛起是中国武术史上的一件大事。少林寺位于河南省登封县的嵩山上。据说唐朝时期，少林寺的武僧帮助秦王李世民作战，为唐朝统一天下立下汗马功劳，少林寺因此受到了皇帝的封赏。从此，少林寺武功日益发展，并扬名天下。
自两宋以后，武术运动开始向民间发展。武术成为中国劳动人民强健身体、保家卫国的重要手段。随着时间的推移，中国武术在军事战斗中的作用逐渐减弱，强身健体的作用日益突出。特别是秦汉以后，养生术与武术更是密不可分。可以说，武术之所以能发展至今，并日益兴旺发达，是与它具有健身和防身双重作用分不开的。
中国武术讲究“内外合一，形神兼备”。常把大自然的景物作为练武的参照对象，如把武术动作形容成“动如猿”、“站如松”、“坐如钟”、“轻如叶”、“快如风”等。
目前，中国的很多体育院校都设立了武术专业。国内外有很多的武术爱好者。 武术已被正式列为体育竞赛项目，得到了更好的推广和普及。
中国古武术 中国武术与古代兵器
实用词汇：
武术Wushu
功夫Kung-fu：martial arts
中国拳术Chinese boxing
外家拳；少林拳Shaolin Boxing；Shaolinquan
长拳Changquan；Long Boxing
短拳Duanquan
地躺拳lying boxing
南拳Nanquan；South Boxing
猴拳monkey-style boxing
蛇拳snake-style boxing
太极拳．Taichi Quan
八卦掌eight-diagram boxing
武术器械Chinese traditional weapons
枪术spearplay
棍术cudgel play
剑术sword play
刀术broadsword play
武僧military monk
武艺高强adept in wushu skills
治病防身to cure illness as well as for self-defense
健身promote health
套路forms
武林高手martial arts masters
武林新秀new martial arts specialist
武侠knight；swordsman
武侠小说swordsman fiction
名言俗语
最有效的防御是进攻。[www.61k.com］／进攻是最好的防卫。
The most effective defense is offense．／Offense is the best defence. 稳扎稳打，无往不胜。
Slow and steady wins the race.
知彼知己，百战不殆。
Know the enemy and know yourself,and you Can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat．
会战斗会退却的人，才有可能保存自己，他日再战。
He that fights and runs way may live to fight another day． 化敌为友。／化干戈为玉帛。
Make your enemy your friend.
强中自有强中手。
中国古武术 中国武术与古代兵器
Diamond cut diamond．
以其人之道还治其人之身。［www.61k.com）
Do unto him as he does unto others.
自我保护，天经地义。
Self-preservation is the first law of nature.
害人之心不可有，防人之心不可无。
Never harbor the intent to victimize others；but never let guard down against being victimized. 文武难双全。
One who has literary tastes is rarely expert in military exercises.
俗语注解
文武双全：人具有一定的文才并且武艺高强。
Be well versed in both polite letters and martial arts；adept with both pen and sword． 路见不平，拔刀相助：看到不公平的事，出手帮助。
See injustice on the road and draw one's sword to help the victim，which really means to take up the cudgels for injured party．
拳不离手，曲不离口：指无论是是武术还是唱歌都要经常练习。
A boxer never spends a day without practicing boxing,and a singer never
passes a day without practicing singing；practice makes perfect．
十八般武艺：指使用十八种古式兵器的武艺，一般用来比喻各种技能。
Skills in wielding the 18 kinds of ancient Chinese weapons，and also means the skills in various fields of work．
中西合璧???????????????????????????????
众所周知，中西技击术正在互相逐渐融合。例如，美国一项新的搏击运动——踢拳术(Kick-boxing)悄然兴起。它是与东方武技的相互交流和切磋的基础上形成的，是具有现代风格的美国搏击运动。另外，李小龙的截拳道也是中西武术融合的典型范例。
As we all know,Chinese and Western arts of attack and defense techniques are mixing together gradually．For example，a new combat sport, kick boxing has become popular in the United States．It is a modem style of American combat，which is formed on the basis of the mutual exchange and interflow of both western and oriental martial arts．Jeet Kune DO created by Bruce Lee is another typical example of integration of Chinese and Western martial arts．
中国古代兵器
Traditional Chinese Weapons
题记： 中国兵器是指从原始社会晚期到清朝晚期军队和民间所使用的进攻性兵器和防护装 具的总称。古时候．人们为了争取生存空间，氏族或部落之间不断发生争斗．于是带锋刃的生产工具被用于人们互相残杀。到了新石器时代晚期人们已熟练地掌握磨制石器的技能．开始制造进攻性兵器了。中国主要包括远射兵器、格斗兵器和卫体兵器等。
Traditional Chinese weapons refer to offensive weapons and protective equipment,used by the Chinese military and civilians from the late primitive society to the late Qing Dynasty．During ancient times，in order to survive there were a lot of fights among clans and tribes，so tools with
中国古武术 中国武术与古代兵器
sharp points or cutting edges were used as weapons．By the late Neolithic period people had mastered the skills of polished stone tools and started to make offensive weapons,many of which were long-range weapons,combat weapons，body-protection,and so on．
With the constant changes and the development of the materials and processes，hundreds of kinds of ancient Chinese weapons have been invented．They were divided into short weapons,long weapons，and hidden weapons．
Generally speaking，the length of the short weapon was not taller than an ordinary person's eyebrow and was light enough to be used with one hand. Knives and swords are the most common short weapons．There are two kinds of swords in China known as the Wen Sword，which has a tassel at the handle，and the Wu Sword，the one without a tassel．The mace，hook,and ax belong to short weapons，too．
The most common long weapons are spears，machetes and staffs．The spear is the king of them．In Chinese history,there were a lot of heroes who used spears，such as the famous generals Yue Fei and Yang Zaixing in the Song Dynasty．The Broadsword is a long-handled blade，which was usually 3 meters long and 7．5 kilograms in weight in Tang Dynasty．The weapon used by the famous general Guan Yu in “Three Kingdoms”was a type of broadsword known as the crescent moon shaped sword．
There are many types of sticks such as long sticks, Qimei sticks, three-section cudgel．Many monks of world-famous Shaolin Temple used the sticks as weapons．It is said that once a group of bandits rushed into the Shaolin Temple and defeated many monks．A monk with fire stick jumped out of the kitchen and trounced the bandits，since then the monks in Shaolin Temple have used sticks as weapons．Halberds，forks and shovels and palladiums which were farm tools also belong to long weapons.
Hidden weapons are easy to carry out an attack in secret．They are small，portable，quick and very powerful,when used at close range．They are divided into four types：hand-throwing,cable hitting,machine firing and spraying.
Hand-throwing hidden weapons are most extensively used , among which are javelins,darts，money darts,flying knives ,stones,needles , flying rings,etc．The ancient people who were good at Kung-fu often used the pocket coins as hidden weapons.The flying ring was made of iron and had a diameter of 15 cm and hit the enemy by flying．People adept in Wushu could throw two of them at once.In Journey to the West，the classic Chinese fairy tale，Nezha，the third prince，took a flying ring as a weapon and often defeated his enemies with it.
The cable hitting hidden weapon which has a long rope and can be thrown and taken back at will．The most common ones are meteor hammer，rope barbell,soft whip．The machine firing hidden weapon is the arrow in the sleeve．People tie the arrows tin to the arms，covering it with their sleeves.when the spring button is pushed the arrow can be fired forward and some of them can fire continuously．
In China，most of the people who practice martial arts can use a variety of weapons.Some people who are adept in martial arts are often known as being adept in the 18 kinds of martial arts，which means that they have skills in wielding the 18 kinds of ancient Chinese weapons．However, different dynasties had different views about the 18 kinds of weapons，but they were the most commonly used weapons in actual combat at that time.Therefore，they generally refer to all ancient Chinese weapons.
中国古武术 中国武术与古代兵器
段落译文
随着材料和工艺不断地变化和发展，中国的古代兵器总数多达数百种，分为短兵器、长兵器和暗器等三种。(www.61k.com）
短兵器的长度一般不超过常人的眉际，重量较轻，常指能单手使用的兵器。其中刀和剑是最常用的。中国的剑有文剑和武剑之分，在剑柄配有剑穗的剑为“文剑”。没有剑穗的剑称为“武剑”。短兵器还包括锏、钩、斧等。
长兵器中人们最常使用的是枪、大刀和棍。在中国众多兵器中，枪被称为“百器之王”。中国历史上出现过很多使枪的英雄，如宋代名将岳飞、杨再兴等。大刀是刀上安装长柄。唐代的大刀长为3米，重7．5公斤。中国名著《三国演义》中的名将关羽所使用的兵器就是大刀的一种偃月刀。
棍的种类也比较多，通常有长棍、齐眉棍、三节棍等。世界闻名的少林寺武僧多以棍为武器，因此少林棍法闻名于天下。传说少林棍是来自烧火棍。有一次一群流寇闯进少林寺，僧人们被打得节节后退，这时从厨房跳出一个拿烧火棍的僧人，把流寇打得落花流水。从此少林寺的僧人就开始把烧火棍当兵器练习了。长兵器中还有戟、叉，及由农具演变成兵器的铲和钯等。
暗器是指便于在暗中进行袭击的兵器。暗器体积小，携带方便，且速度快，威力大，是中国武林人士近距离对打的常用兵器。暗器分为手掷、索击、机射、药喷四大种类。 手掷类暗器是所有暗器中应用的最广泛的一种，有标枪、飞镖、金钱镖、飞刀、鹅卵石、梅花针、乾坤圈等。其中金钱镖是古时练武之人常当暗器使用的睡身携带的铜钱。乾坤圈是铁制的圆圈，一般直径15厘米，抛出后以旋飞击敌。武艺高强的人可一手抛出两个铁圈。中国经典神话故事《西游记》中的哪吒三太子的兵器之一就是乾坤圈，并多次以此反败为胜。 索击类暗器是指本身带有长索，发出后又可立即收回的兵器。主要有流星锤；绳镖和软鞭等。机射暗器是以袖箭为主。使用之人将箭筒绑在小臂处，用衣袖遮盖住，筒上有弹簧机关，一按机关，袖箭即可向前射出，有的可连续发射。
在中国，一般的习武之人都会使用多种兵器。因此人们经常把武艺高强的人称为精通十八门武艺。这里的十八门武艺是指会使用十八种兵器。但是十八种兵器究竟是指哪些兵器，各个朝代和派别都有各自不同的说法。但都是指在各时期实战中最常用的兵器，因此常用来代替中国兵器的统称。
实用词汇
短兵器short ancient weapons
暗器hidden weapons
戈dagger-axe
矛lances；spears
戟halberd
枪spears
刀knife；
大刀broadsword；machetes
偃月刀crescent-moon-shaped sword
剑swords
长穗单剑long-tassel sword
短穗单剑short-tassel sword
中国古武术 中国武术与古代兵器
斧axes；hatchets
钩hooks
锤hammers
流星锤meteor hammer
绳镖rope barbell
叉forks；trident
抓(飞钩)clawlike weapon；flying hooks
挝(双飞挝)twin flying hooks
弓bow
矢(箭)arrow
盾shield
匕首dagger
铲spade
月牙铲crescent spade
鞭whips
三节鞭three-section whip
锏mace
钺battle—axe；tomahawk
棍stick；cudgel；staff
三节棍three-segmented cudgel
乾坤圈(qiankun)flying ring
名言俗语
明枪易躲，暗箭难防。[www.61k.com）
Better the devil you know than the devil you don’t know．Better an open enemy than a false friend．
一箭双雕。
Catch two pigeons with one bean．
箭未上弦休拉弓。／不打无准备的仗。
Draw not your bow till your arrow is fixed．
杀鸡用牛刀。／用矛刺杀苍蝇。
He takes a spear to kill a fly．
远射难杀鸟。／强弩之末，势不能穿鲁缟。
Far shooting never killed bird．
人舌利如剑。
Men's tongues are a sharper weapon than the sword．
获胜靠勇气，不是靠兵器。
Courage wins the victory,not the sword．
刻舟求剑。
A lost sword means finding a lost sword by marking the gunwale of moving boat．
手中只有一支箭的猎人会更谨慎地射击。
A hunter who has only one arrow does not shoot with careless aim．
笑里藏刀。
A dagger can be concealed in a smile．
中国古武术 中国武术与古代兵器
手握武器才会有和平。［www.61k.com)
Weapons bode peace．
俗语注解
百步穿杨：指人能在一百步以外射中柳树的叶子。现在用来形容箭法或枪法非常高明。
shooting a willow leaf；to shoot an arrow through a willow leaf hundred paces away．Now it is widely used to describe an expert marksman regardless wether he uses an arrow,a stone,a knife，or a gun．
班门弄斧：在有名的木匠——鲁班门前摆弄斧子。比喻在行家面前卖弄本领。
A carpenter shows his proficiency with axe before Lu Ban—a master carpenter．Today,it is cited either to ridicule someone who displays his slight skill before an expert or to express one's modesty when demonstrating a skill in front of colleagues．
鸟尽弓藏：比喻事情成功以后，把曾经出过力的人一脚踢开。
“When birds are gone”means to put away the bow after the birds are gone,which also refers to the practice of kicking out the assistants when their services are no longer needed．
自相矛盾：经常用来形容不能自圆其说的人。
Spear and shield；attacking one's shield with his own spear．It is often used when people contradict themselves or their behaviour contradicts their position．
中西合璧????????????????????????????????? 东西方兵器发展的相同之处是很多兵器是由日常生活或耕种的工具演变而来。例如欧洲的十字弓和中国作战使用的弓箭是由用于狩猎的传统弓箭发展而来。农民起义，最容易获得的武器当然足身边的农具。镰戟就是由欧洲人收割小麦所用的长柄镰刀演变的。短斧原是欧洲人常用的工具，也成为一种兵器。古时步兵经常选择斧来当做肉搏时的近身武器。
There were many similarities in the weapons development of East and West countries．A lot of weapons evolved from the tools for daily life and cultivation．For instance，both the European cross bow and the bow from China evolved from the bow and arrow that were used for hunting.When peasants revolted，the most available weapons were the farm tools around them．Scyberd evolved from the long-handled sickle that was used by the Europeans during the wheat harvest．The Hand axe was originally a common tool in Europe，it was used as a melee weapon by ancient foot soldiers．
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