一 : spread的所有词性（过去式,过去分词,现在完成时等）
spread的所有词性（过去式,过去分词,现在完成时等）
spread(过去式）
spread（过去分词）
been spread（完成时）
二 : 亟待解决的英语问题过去完成时怎样用，现在完成时又怎么用？哪位仁兄
亟待解决的英语问题
过去完成时怎样用，现在完成时又怎么用？哪位仁兄义姐能具体的回答我。举点例子，谢了！
过去完成时一定有一个过去时间或过去动作（did)对照，它的动作一定发生在这之前． e.g. I had known him before you told me about him. 现在完成时有两种形式：１．当一个动作发生在过去，但没有具体时间，用现在完成时；如果有具体过去时间用一般过去时．e.g Mr. Qin has died. He died last month. 2. 当一个动作或状态过去发生后，一直持续到现在，使用现在完成时：e.g I have lived in Beijing for 10 years. 如果现在依然生活在北京，会继续生活下去：I have been living in beijing over ten years.
注意: 一些点动词不可用在第2种形式.如:die,leave,go,arrive,join 等,但将其变成be + adj/prep.../n...,便可以了.如: He died for three years.(wrong). He has been dead for three years.(right).
I wish what I have done could help you.
三 : 一、现在完成时的意义（用法） 1.表示过去发生或已经完成的某一?
现在完成时
一、现在完成时的意义（用法）
1.表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。（瞬间动词适用于这种情况）
2.表示过去已始并持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括"现在"在内）的一段时间的状语连用。（延续性动词适用于这种情况）
他说的对不对？我觉得第一种情况，延续性动词也可以啊！
现在完成时是初中英语中最重要也是最难掌握的一个时态，同时它也是中考英语中一个最重要的时态考点。许多同学对现在完成时的用法似懂非懂，做题时也往往是跟着感觉走。本文结合初中英语的教学内容和中考英语的考查特点，为同学们归纳学好现在完成时必须注意的六个方面，供大家参考。
一、基本构成方法
现在完成时由“have／has+过去分词”构成。其中的have／has为助动词，构成疑问句时，可将其提前；构成否定句时，可直接在其后加not。
二、两种主要用法
现在完成时主要有两种用法，一种是已完成用法，也叫影响性用法；另一种是未完成用法，也叫持续性用法。两种用法的特点是：
1．已完成用法(影响性用法)：该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成，并且这个过去发生并完成的动作对现在有影响或结果，同时说话者强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果。如：
She has left．她离开了(对现在的影响或结果：她现在不在这儿)。
Has she found her ear key?她找到她的车钥匙了吗(对现在的影响或结果：她能开她的车了吗)?
I have finished my work．我的工作做完了(对现在的影响或结果：现在我没事了)。
He has eaten nothing today．他今天什么也没吃(对现在的影响或结果：他现在一定很饿)。
2．未完成用法(持续性用法)：该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作并未在过去完成，而是一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续下去(也可能到此结束)。如：
How have you been?你近来怎样?
She has been a teacher for 20 years．她已当了20年的老师。
How long have you lived here?你在这里住了多久了?
They have been married for ten years．他们结婚已经10年了。
I've known her for a long time．我认识她很长时间了。
注：除以上用法外，现在完成时还可表示过去的重复动作甚至将来动作。如：
He has always gone to work by bike．他总是骑自行车上班。
I'll go to bed when I've finished my homework．我做完作业后就上床睡觉了。
三、通常连用的副词
经常与现在完成时连用的副词有already，never，ever，just，before，recently等。如：
We have finished our work already．我们已经完成了工作。
He has never driven a car before．他过去从未开过车。
Have you ever been a teacher?你当过教师吗?
She's just been to a party．她刚参加一个晚会回来。
I've just had some photos taken．我刚照了几张相。
但若不强调动作对现在的影响，这些副词也可用在一般过去时的句子中。如：
He just arrived in Japan．他刚到日本。
Such things didn't happen before．那样的事以前没有发生过。
I hear that he went abroad recently．我听说他最近出国了。
四、since与现在完成时
since不管用作介词、连词还是副词，句子(主句)谓语通常都用现在完成时。如：
I haven't seen her since last week．自上周以来我一直未见过她。
I met him in 1975 and haven't seen him since．1975年我见过他，但自那以后就一直未见到他。
We have been good friends since we met at school．自从读书相识以来，我们一直是好朋友。
注：表示时间长度时，通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时。如：
It's a long time since I met you last．好久不见了。
It's about six months since we arrived here．我们到这里大约有半年了。
五、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时的已完成用法很容易与一般过去时相混淆，其区别是：前者强调对现在的影响和结果，后者不强调这个影响和结果，而是强调这个动作发生的时间是在过去。如：
I've lived here for ten years．我在这里住了10年。(现在仍住这儿)
I lived here for ten years．我在这里住过10年。(现在不住这儿了)
Has he got up?他起来了吗?(着眼现在情况)
Did you get up very early?你起来很早吗? (着眼动作本身)
I've got no news from him．我没听到他的消息。(不知道他的情况怎样)
I got the news from Jim．这消息我是从吉姆那听来的。(单纯谈论动作)
六、have been t0和have gone t0的用法区别
两者均可后接地点，前者表示去过某地，通常可与表示次数的状语连用；后者表示到某地去了，强调说话的当时去某地的人不在场。比较：
She has been to Europe twice．她到欧洲去过两次。
She has gone to Europe．她到欧洲去。（即现在不在这儿）
注：若其后不是接名词，而是接副词，则不用to。如：
He has been abroad many times．
He has gone home．他回家去了。
四 : 现在完成时态和过去完成时态
现在完成时态和过去完成时态
一、 单项选择。
1、Both his parents look sad . Maybethey _________what's happened to him.（呼和浩特）
A. knew B. have known C. must knowD.will know
2、He has _______ been to Shanghai, has he ?
A. already B.never C.ever D.still
3、Have you met Mr Li______？
A. just B. ago C.before D. a momentago
4、The famous writer _____ one new bookin the past two year.
A. is writing B.was writing C.wroteD.has written
5、—Our country ______ a lot sofar.
—Yes. I hope it will be even______.
A. has changed ; well B. changed ;good
C. has changed ; better D. changed ;better
6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in thisschool for two years.
A. was ; studying B. will ;study
C. has ; studied D. are ;studying
7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was alittle girl.
A. know B. had known C. have known D.knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film.I_______ it twice.
A. will see B. have seen C. sawD.see
9、—These farmers have been to theUnited States.
—Really ? When _____ there?
A. will they go B. did theygo
C. do they go D. have theygone
10、—______ you ___ your homeworkyet?
—Yes . I _____ it a momentago.
A. Did; do; finished B. Have; done;finished
C. Have; done; have finished D. will;do; finish
11、His father ______ the Party since1978.
A. joined B. has joined C. was in D.has been in
12、—Do you know him well?
— Sure.We _________ friends since tenyears ago.
A. were B. have been C. have becomeD. have made
13、—How long have you ____here?
—About twomonths.
A. been B. gone C. come D.arrived
14、Hurry up! The play __________ for tenminutes.
A. has begun B. hadbegun
C. has been on D.began
15、It _____ ten years since he left thearmy.
A. is B. has C. will D.was
16、Miss Green isn't in the office .she_______ to the library.
A.has gone B. went C.will go D. hasbeen
17、My parents ______ Shandong for tenyears.
A. have been in B. have beento
C. have gone to D. havebeen
18、The students have cleaned theclassroom,_____?
A. so they B. don’t they C. have theyD. haven’t they
19、_____has Mr White been a member ofGreener China since he ____ to China?
A. How soon, comes B. How often,got
C. How long, came D. How far,arrived
20、His uncle ____ for more than 9years.
A. has come here B. has started towork
C. has lived there D. has left theuniversity
二、句型转换。
1、He has never surfed, _____________?（改成反意疑问句）
2、They have been here since 2000.(对划线部分提问)
______ __________have they beenhere?
3、The old man _________ last year. He_____ _______for a year. (die) （动词填空）
4、This factory opened twenty yearsago.(同义句转换)
This factory ______ ________ ________ fortwenty years.
5、Miss Gao left an hour ago.(同义句转换)
Miss Gao ________ _______ ________________ an hour ago.
6、Her mother has been a Party memberfor three years .（同义句）
Her mother _______ the Party three years________ .
7、The Green Family moved to France twoyears ago. (同义句转换)
_______ two years ________ the Greenfamily moved to France.
8、The bus has arrived here. It arrivedten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)
___________________________________________
三、汉译英。
1、吉姆已做完作业，他现在有空了。
2、他昨天收到一封信。
3、我父亲以前到过长城。
4、她还没有看过那部新电影。
5、她去过上海。
6、他这些天上哪儿去了？
现在完成时专项练习
一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。
1.I___already____(see)thefilm.I___(see)it last week.
2.__ he ____(finish) his work today ?Not yet .
3.___you ___(be)to Hong Kong ?Yes,I____(be)there twice .
4.__ you ever ____(eat )chocolatesundaes? No, never.
5.My father ____just ____(come) backfrom work.He
is tired now.
6.Where's Li Ming? He____(go)to theteacher's office.
7.Shanghai ___(be) a small townhundreds of years ago. Now it ____ (become) a largecity.
8.I ____ (work) here since I ____(move) here in 1999.
9.So far I ____(make) quite a fewfriends here.
10.How long ___the Wangs ___(stay)here?For two weeks.
二、句型转换(每空一词)。
1.I have been to Macaubefore.(改为否定句)
I ___ ____ been to Macaubefore.
2.He hasn't come to school becausehe's ill (就划线部分提问)
____ _____ he come toschool?
3.He has learned English for 5years.(就划线部分提问)
____ ___ ____ ____ learned English?
4.I bought a new bike justnow.(用just改写)
I ____ just ____ a newbike.
5.We began to learn English threeyears ago.(改为同义句)
We ____ ____English ____threeyears
三、填入has / have been 或has / have gone.
1.Harry：I saw you in Annabel's Restaurantlast night.
Diana：No,it wasn't me.I never there.
2. Sam：Sally and Tim are on holiday, aren'tthey?
Where they ?
Sue：To Florida,again.
Sam：How many times they there?
Sue：This is their thirdvisit.
3. Alan：Where's Tony? Mary:He's got aheadache so he
to bed.
4. Steve：Can I speak to Jill,please?
Lynn：She's out,I'm afraid. She to the cinema thisevening.
Steve：Again? She already to the cinema three times thisweek.
四、用for 或since填空
1. Jill has been in Ireland Monday.
2. Jill has been in Ireland three days.
3. My aunt has lived inAustralia 15 days.
4. Margaret is in her office.She hasbeen there
7 o'clock.
5. India has been an independentcountry 1974.
6. The bus is late.We've beenwaiting 20 minutes.
7. Nobody lives in those houses.Theyhave been empty
many years.
8. Mike has been ill a long time. He has been in hospitalOctober
五、
A.用already或yet
1) Have they taken down the oldpictures ______?
No, not___________.
2) Most of us have finished ourcompositions ________
3) He said he hadn’t visited theexhibition ________.
B.用since或for
1) We have learned five lessons_____he beginning of this term.
2) Mrs Liao has been in hospital______last week.
3) I have stayed at my aunt’s_____two weeks.
C. 用have gone或have been
1) Where are the boy students ?They_____to the school factory.
2) Is your father in?No, he ____toShenzhen._______ he ever______there before?Yes, he ___there severaltimes
3) He asked me if I ____to Hangzhoubefore. I told him that I wanted to go there for a visit as I_____never ______ to that city before.
六选择填空
1.Mother ____me a new coat yesterday.I _______ it on. It fits me well.
A. had made…have tried B. made…havetried
C. has made…tried D.made…tried
2 “He ____to draw horsesalready”.When _____ he ?”
“ Last year“
A. learned…has B.learned…did
C. has learned…has D. haslearned…did
3.____you ____the textyet?Yes,we____it two hours ago.
A. Did…copy…did B.Have…copied…have
C. Have…copied…did D. Did…copy…had
4. “Why ______ she ______angry?”“Because he _____
at her just now.”
A. did…get…shouted B.has…got…shouted
C. did…get…has shouted D. has…got…hasshouted
5. ____you _____the filmbefore?Where_____you ____it?
A. Have …seen…did…see B. Did…see…did…watch
C. Have…seen…have…seen D. Did…see…have…seen
6.You ____me waiting for two hours.I____for you since five.
A. kept…waited B. havekept…waited
C. kept…have waited D. have kept…havewaited
7.Where ______ John _______ ? To thelibrary. He ______there for an hour.
A. has…been…has gone B. has…gone…hasbeen
C. did…go…went D.did…be…went
8. I ______the way.I______here forquite many years.
A. knew…have lived B.knew…live
C. know…have lived D.know…live
9. _____ you ever _____ America ?Yes, I have.
A. Have…gone to B. Have…gonein
C. Have…been to D. Have …beenin
10. My brother ____college for overthree years.
A. has gone to B. has beento
C. has been in D. has beenat
现在完成时练习题
1. A. 用 already或yet
1) Have they taken down the oldpictures ______? No, not ___________.
2) Most of us have finished ourcompositions ________
3) He said he hadn't visited theexhibition ________.
B.用since或for
1) We have learned five lessons______ the beginning og this term.
2) Mrs Liao has been in hospital______last week.
3) I have stayed at my aunt's_____two weeks.
C. 用have gone或have been
1) Where are the boy students ? They_____ to the school factory.
2) Is your father in ? No, he ____ toShenzhen. _______he ever ______ there before ? Yes, he ___ thereseveral times
3) He asked me if _____ to Hangzhoubefore.
I told him that I wanted to go therefor a visit as I ______ never ______ to that citybefore.
2. 选择填空
B.1.Mother ____me a new coatyesterday. I _______ it on. It fits mewell.
A. had made…have tried B. made…havetried
C. has made…tried D.made…tried
D.2 "He ____to draw horses already"."When ______ he ?" " Last year "
A. learned…has B. learned…did C. haslearned…has D. has learned…did
A.3.Tom _____up into the tree. Look,he ____ high up there !
A. has got…is B. has climbed…was C.got …was D. climbed…is
C.4.____ you _____ the text yet ?Yes, we ____ it two hours ago.
A. Did…copy…did B. Have…copied…haveC. Have…copied…did D. Did …copy…had
A.5. "Why ______ she _______ angry ?""Because he _____ at her just now ."
A. did…get…shouted B. has…got…shoutedC. did…get…has shouted D. has…got…hasshouted
A.6. ______you __________ the filmbefore ? Where _____ you ____ it ?
A. Have …seen…did…see B. Did…see…did…watch
C. Have…seen…have…seen D. Did…see…have…seen
D.7.You ____ me waiting for twohours. I ____ for you since five.
A. kept…waited B. have kept…waited C.kept…have waited D. have kept…have waited
B.8.Where ______ John _______ ? Tothe library. He _________ there for anhour.
A. has…been…has gone B. has…gone…hasbeen C. did…go…went D. did…be…went
D.9.______ the baby still _____ ? No,it _______ crying.
A. Has…cried…has stopped B.Is…crying…stopped C. Did …cry…stopped D. Is…crying…hasstopped
C.10. I _______ the way. I ________here for quite many years.
A. knew…have lived C. knew…live C.know…have lived D. know…live
C.11. _____ you ever _____ America ?Yes, I have.
A. Have…gone to B. Have…gone in C.Hav（www.61k.com]e…been to D. Have …been in
D.12. My brother ____college for overthree years.
A. has gone to B. has been to C. hasbeen in D. has been at
D.13.He ________ the Army by the endof 1989. He ______ in the army since then.
A. joined…is B. has joined…has beenC. had joined…is D. had joined …has been
B.14. By the time I _____ back they____ up ten satellites.
A. came…have sent B. came…had sent C.come…have sent D. had come…sent
C.15. Jack ____ over five lessons byseven o'clock. Then he ____ a rest.
A. went…took B. went…had taken C. hadgone…took D. had gone…had taken
A.16. We ____ out by that time thathe ____ a spy for a long time.
A. had found…had been B. hadfound…was C. found…had been D. found…was
B.17. Before the news ____ him, he____ to know about it.
A. reaches…has got B. reached…had gotC. reached…got D. had reached…got
C.18. I _____ him a second letterbefore I ____ from him.
A. wrote…heard B. wrote…had heard C.had written…heard D. have written…hear
D.19. People ____ that the soldiers_____ fighting.
A. say…had stopped B. said…hasstopped C. say…stopped D. said…had stopped
B.20. We ____ in a good harvestbecause we ____ enough rain.
A. didn't get…had had B. got…had hadC. had got…had had D. got…hadn't had
D.21. They _______ for five hourswhen they ______ in New York.
A. flew…arrived B. had flown…hadarrived C. flew…had arrived D. hadflown…arrived
C.22. She ____ that it _____ for twodays by that day.
A. says…has rained B. says…had rainedC. said…had rained D. said…rained
A.23. John _____ there since the yearbefore, so he _____ them.
A. had worked…knew B. had worked…hadknown C. worked…knew D. worked…had known
D.24. He _____ angry because he ____for a long time.
A. had got…had waited B. got…waitedC. had got…waited D. got…had waited
练习：
1. 单项选择
1．He asked me _____ during the summerholidays.
A. where I had been B. where I hadgone C. where had I been D. where had I gone
2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he wassever?
A. did, do B. has, done C did, did.D. had, done
3. I ______ 900 English words by thetime I was ten。
A. learned B. was learning C. hadlearned D. learnt
4. She ______lived here for ______years.
A. had, a few B. has, several C. had,a lot of D. has, a great deal of
5. By the time my parents reachedhome yesterday, I _____ the dinneralready.
A had cooked B. cooked C. have cookedD. was cooked
6. She said she __________ theprinciple already
A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. hadseen
7. She said her family _______themselves ______ the army during the war.
A. has hidden, from B. had hidden,from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden,with
8. By the time he was ten years old,he _________.
A. has completed university B. hascompleted the university
B. had completed an university D. hadcompleted university
9. She had written a number of books______ the end of last year.
A. for B. in C. by D. at
10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11years old.
A had learned, piano B. had learned,the piano
C. has learned, the piano D. learns,piano.
11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time hewas ten?
A. did, do B. did, did C. has, doneD. had done
12 .He ___ in the factory for three yearsbefore he joined the Army.
A. has worked B. works C. had workedD. will work
13. By the end of last week, they____ the bridge.
A. has completed B. completed C. willcomplete D. had completed
14. Ben hates playing _____ violin,but he likes playing ____ football.
A. a…the B. the… the C. / …the D.the…/
15. By the time he was 4, he ______ alot of German words.
A. had learned B. has learned C.learned D. learns
16 .Jim turned off the lights and then_____ the classroom.
A. was left B. had left C. has leftD. left
17.They _________ in Guangzhou since2000.
A. lived B. had lived C. have livedD. were living
18. The train from Beijing_______ tenminutes ago.
A. has arrived B. was arriving C.arrived D. had arrived
19. The students _________ theirclassroom when the visitors arrived.
A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C.was cleaned D. have been cleaned
20. Fergie_______ the project in onehour.
A. have finished B. will finish C.finishes D. has finished
21. The man ________ his coat andwent out.
A. put on B. had put on C. will puton D. was putting on
22 My mother______ in that factory atthe age of 18.
A. had worked B. has worked C. workedD. works
23. Dad ________ while he _______TV.
A .fell asleep…watch B. was fallingasleep…watched
C. fell asleep……was watching D. had fallenasleep…watched
2.用动词的适当形式填空
1. We _____________ (paint) the housebefore we ______________ (move) in.
2. That rich old man _____________(make) a will before he _____________(die).
3. They _____________ (study) the mapof the country before they ________(leave).
4. The robbers _____________ (runaway ) before the policemen _______(arrive).
5. I __________ (turn off) all thelights before I ____________ (go) to bed.
6. Paul __________ (go) out with Janeafter he __________ (make) a phone call.
7. Tom __________ (say) he___________ (read) the book twice.
8. Our plan ____________ (fail )because we _____________ (make) a badmistake.
9. When the chairman ______________(finish) speaking, he _____________ (leave)thehall.
10.The Reads __ ______ (have) lunchwhen I ________________(get) to theirhouse.
11.When I ______________(arrive) atthe station, he____________________(leave).
12..We _______________(learn) about4000 English words by the end of lastterm.
13. I waited until he_______________(finish) his homework.
14. We were surprised at what she________already ______(do)
15.She ____________(not go) toQingdao because she ________________ (go) therebefore.
16. He ______________(not tell) youthe news yet.
17. He said he_____________already_________(give) the book to theteacher.
18. I ______________(be) to Shanghaibefore.
19. She told me she _________________(be)to Sanya three times.
20.She _____________(play) the guitarwhile her sister_______________(sing).
3．句型转换
1．I had sold the ticket when shecame.（改否定句）
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2.She had sung a song to us beforeshe danced.（改否定句）
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3.They began to climbed the mountainafter they had bought all the food and drink.（否定）
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4.By 10:00 a.m, I had been veryhungry. （改一般疑问）
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5.Lucy had already completed theproject when I arrived.（改一般疑问）
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6.By the time he got to the airport,the plane had taken off. （改一般疑问）
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7..He had broken his arm when I sawhim.（对划线部分提问）
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8.When he had read the note, he ateit. （对划线部分提问）
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9..Jack didn't go to the cinemabecause he had seen the film. （对划线部分提问）
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10.We had had the toys for ten yearsbefore we gave them to the child. （对划线部分提问）
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11.She had written the book by theend of 1960. （对划线部分提问）
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12.We cooked the dumplings. We atethem up. （用过去完成时连接两句）
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