一 : I ______ the book for two weeks. I must return it

I ______ the book for two weeks. I must return it to the school library.

[ ]

A. borrow B. have borrowed C. kept D. have kept

题型：单选题难度：中档来源：江苏省期中题

D

考点：

考点名称：实义动词的过去分词过去分词的用法也有两个特点：一是表示完成，二是表示被动。实意动词过去分词变化规律和他的过去式变化规律几乎是一样的：
①一般情况直接加ed，如ask—asked，work—worked
②以不发音的e结尾，只加d，如love—loved，dance—danced
③以辅音字母加y结尾，把y变为ied，如try—tried，study—studied
④以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，先双写末尾一个字母，再加ed，
如stop—stopped，permit—permitted
注意：以l结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写l,如control—controlled，尾音节不重读时，双不双写都可以，如travel—traveled/traveled。
特例：picnic—picnicked，另外还有很多动词的过去分词是不合乎上述规则的，需熟记。

实意动词过去式与过去分词的区别:
过去式是发生过的事;
过去分词形式是发生了并且对现在造成影响的事 。

过去式是用来作谓语的
过去分词用于完成时结构的谓语。

另外，在两者的形式也有所差异，有的过去式和过去分词一样 ,有的不一样 .
比如:
begin began begun 就不一样
teach taught taught 就一样
用的时候一定要分清

过去分词结构:
1. 过去分词独立结构
过去分词有时可有其独立主语，二者构成一种独立分词结构。过去分词独立结构多用于书面语中，常用作状语，用来表示时间、条件、原因、伴随情况等。如：
He rushed into the room，his face covered with sweat.
他满脸是汗跑进屋来。(表伴随)
This done，we went home.
做完此事，我们就回家了。（表时间）
All our savings gone，the couple started looking for jobs.
积蓄全部用完了，这对夫妻就开始找工作。（表原因）
That point settled，the speaker went on to the next one.
那个问题讲完了，演讲人继续讲下一个问题。（表时间）
2. with/without+宾语+过去分词表示伴随情况的独立结构
With everything taken into consideration,we all think this is a very good plan.
每件事都考虑到了，我们都认为这是一项不错的计划。
With different methods used，different results are obtained.
采用不同的方法，得到不同的结果。
She went angrily away without a word spoken.
她一个字也没说，就生气地走了。
3. 过去分词（短语）作宾语补足语
(1) 过去分词（短语）在感官动词和使役动词等之后作宾语补足语，这些词语有： have 让，使 keep 使处于某状态 get 使得
see 看见 hear 听见 find 发现
feel 感觉到 leave 使处于某状态 make 使
want 想要 start 引起 notice 注意
observe 观察 watch 注视 set 使处于某状态
如：
The work left him exhausted.
这个活使得他筋疲力尽。
The doorkeeper heard the chain and bolts withdrawn.
看门人听见门上的链和拴被拉开了。
The tenant found the house renovated.
房客看到房子已整修过了。
It’s better to leave some things unsaid.
有些事倒是不说的好。
I don’t want my name linked with him.
我不要把我的名字和他联系在一起。
The person concerned should like this matter settled immediately.
当事人希望此事立刻得到解决。
(2)过去分词（短语）在使役动词get或have之后作宾语补足语，表示的动作往往是由别人完成的。如：
I had my car repaired
我把我的车修好了。（别人修的）
I had my hair cut
我理发了。（别人给我理的）
We must get the television set repaired
我们必须把电视机修好。（被别人修）
He had his window broken to pieces.
他的窗户给打破了。（被他人打破）初中英语不规则动词过去式、过去分词表:
(1)AAA型（动词原形、过去式、过去分词同形）
cost（花费）costcost
cut（割）cut cut
spit spit/spat spit/ spat(英)
hit（打）hit hit
hurt 伤害）hurthurt
let（让） let let
put（放） put put
read （读）read read

(2) AAB型（动词原形与过去式同形）
beat（跳动） beat beaten

(3) ABA型（动词原形与过去分词同形）
become（变成） became become
awake awoke awoken
come（来） came come
run（跑） ran run

(4) ABB型（过去式与过去分词同形）
dig（挖） dug dug build built built
get（得到） got got/gotten catch caught caught
hang（吊死） hanged hanged deal dealt dealt
hang（悬挂） hung hung feed fed fed
hold（抓住） held held find found found
shine（照耀） shone shone sit（坐） sat sat
pay paid paid win （赢） won won
send sent sent meet（遇见） met met
shoot shot shot keep （保持） kept kept
tell told told sleep（睡） slept slept
win won won sweep（扫） swept swept
feel（感觉） felt felt smell（闻） smelt/smelled smelt/ smelled
leave（离开） left left build（建设） built built
lend（借出） lent lent send （传送） sent sent
spend（花费） spent spent lose （丢失） lost lost
burn （燃烧） burnt burnt learn（学习） learnt learnt
mean（意思是） meant meant catch（抓住） caught caught
teach（教） taught taught bring（带来） brought brought
fight （战斗） fought fought buy（买） bought bought
think（想） thought thought hear （听见） heard heard
sell（卖） sold sold tell（告诉） told told
say（说） said said find（找到） found found
have/has（有） had had make（制造） made made
stand（站） stood stood understand明白understood understood

(5) ABC型（动词原形、过去式与过去分词三者不同形）
begin（开始） began begun take（取） took taken
drink（喝） drank drunk mistake（弄错） mistook mistaken
ring（铃响） rang rung ride（骑） rode ridden
sing （唱） sang sung do（做） did done
swim（游泳） swam swum write（写） wrote written
blow（吹） blew blown go（去）went gone
draw （画） drew drawn lie（平躺） lay lain
fly（飞） flew flown see（看见） saw seen
grow（生长） grew grown wear （穿） wore worn
know（知道） knew known be ( am, is, are )（是）was, were been
throw（投掷） threw thrown show（出示） showed shown
break（打破） broke broken choose（选择） chose chosen
forget（忘记） forgot forgotten (forgot) bear bore borne/born
speak（说，讲） spoke spoken draw drew drawn
wake（醒） woke woken dream dreamt/ dreamed dreamt/ dreamed
drive（驾驶） drove driven hide hid hidden
eat（吃） ate eaten lay laid laid 放置
fall（落下） fell fallen lie lied lied 撒谎
give（给） gave given lie lay lain 躺
rise（升高） rose risen see saw seen
shake shook shaken steal stole stolen
can----could may---might will---would shall---should
must----must考点名称：现在完成时现在完成时:
过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。
基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词
句式：
1. 否定句式：现在完成时的否定句式是“haven't （hasn't）＋过去分词...”。
如：I have not seen the movie yet. 我还没看这部电影。
2. 一般疑问句：Have（Has）+主语+过去分词...？ 如：
—Have you finished the work？你已经做完这项工作了吗？
—Yes, I have. 是的，我已经做完了。（No, I haven't. 不，我还没有做完。）
3. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have（has）+主语+过去分词...？如：
How many times have you been to the Great Wall？你去过长城几次？
提示：肯定句中有some, already时，改为否定句或疑问句时通常要分别改为any, yet。如：
I have already finished my homework. 我已经完成了我的作业。
→ I haven't finished my homework yet. （否定句）
→ Have you finished your homework yet? （一般疑问句)
现在完成时常见两种句型：
①for短语
②It is＋一段时间＋ since从句 现在完成时特点：
1. 非持续性动词的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用，若要用时间段状语，则应换成相应的持续性动词或状态动词。
例如：
He has left.
He has been away for an hour.
2. have/has been to 表示曾经去过某地，但现在不在那；have/has gone to表示现在已去某地，现在不在这。
例如：
He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company.
Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai.
3. 完成时的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑问式常用yet，但若already用于疑问句时，表示一种出乎意外的惊讶。
例如：Have you read it already? 现在完成时和一般过去时区别:
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。
但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，
而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。
比较:
I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到）
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）

have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：
have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；
have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，
前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能。
如：
They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。

现在完成时注意事项:
1.如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：
It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。

2.终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：
I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。

3..现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，（如表示过去的时间状语）
如:yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon）等，除非与for,since连用.

4.不能与when连用.

现在完成时的用法：
1.表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如：
-Have you had lunch yet?
-Yes,I have. I've just had it.
2.表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。
常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如：
He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）
I have't seen her for four years.
我有四年没见到她了。
3.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”。
常与twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。 如：
I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京

4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如：
now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等：
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.

5.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用，如：
already（肯定），yet（否定，疑问），just,before,recently,still,lately,never等：
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?

6.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如：
He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。（动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。）
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此：
该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语（如：already，yet，before，recently等）、频度时间状语（如：never，ever，once等）、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语（如：this morning / month /year...，today等）连用。
例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？
7.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
例如：
He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。
（动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。）
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。
（动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。）
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语（由since或for引导），或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语（如：up to now，so far）等。
例如：
I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意：现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。
如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
8.一段时间+has passed+since从句
主语＋have / has been＋since短语
例如：He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了　　
9. 现在完成时常和短语 "up to now /till now","so far" （意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在)连用。　　
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。
has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的区别
has gone to：去了没回
has been to ：去过
has been in：呆了很久

二 : The Book I like best

The Book I like best

Do you like reading? I bet a lot of people are fond of reading masterpieces.So,I would like to introduce my favorite books-----Auto Travel.

To tell you the truth, I think I have benefite a lot from reading it. I believe all of you must have heard something about Cars, right? It was in my primary school that I began to read it and it is that period when I fell in love with cars. My parents bought me the book as a birthday present.The book, considered as the best-seller among the auto-mobile fans,is my best friends in my childhood.They served me a lot of knowledge on auto-mobile. The author of the book made us find the history of cars. Whenever I got tired during study, it is a good way to get some relief by reading this book and I always come back to be full of energy. That’s the magic power of this book.

To sum up, Auto Travel is my favorite book and also my best friend. Do you want to read it? Just have a try.

Pollution:An Increasing Concern in China

As is known to all is that pollution has become an increasing concern in China.Its terrible results has waken peoples’ awareness of environmental problem.

In the society,people lack of morality, do whatever they want,without any consideration of environmental protection.they should be to blame. For another, they think that the nature should be totured by themselves as the environment pollution has nothing to do with ttheir life.In other words,they think nature is strong enough to recover by itself. However, the fact is that once destroyed,the environment is hard to be back to what it use to be,which is proved to be true by a lot of statistics from Natrual Science Department in China.

Some measures must be taken to stop this pollution.For onething,some campaigns must be launched to enhance the awareness of the environmental protection.For another,authorities must create laws to limit the pollution.Only in this way.can we live in a healthey society.

My Dream

Now I want to say something about my dream. What is my dream? I often ask myself. In my mind, everyone have his own dream. I think that having a dream means that we have an idea, and a direction, then we will do all the things to achieve the goal. If we have dreams, we won’t be blind at least.

My dream is to become a successful Car racing driver,.I know it’s very difficult to be a racer. Thus after we finish academic class, I usually go to speedway to watch those cars races. Finally, I picked up some racing skills in Car racing. I’m good at English, I’ll still try my best to be the English study winner because I have to communicate with teammates in English when I drive cars in the future. Now everything I do is so close to my dream. And I feel life is fill with hope and is colorful, and I have enough confidence to realize my dream.

I know that although fantasy is something hard to realize and achieve, dream can.. I’ll work harder for my dream, I would never give up untill the end.

扩展：the book i like best / ilikethecock / best word book ever

三 : — What kind of music do you like best? — I

— What kind of music do you like best? — I like the music _____ is quiet and gentle.

[ ]

A. who B. that C. whose D. where

题型：单选题难度：中档来源：期末题

B

考点：

考点名称：关系代词关系代词：
用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。
关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分，它在先行词和定语之间起纽带作用。
主要的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which和that。
①who指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语；
whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语；
whose在定语从句中作定语，其先行词既可以是人也可以是物。
例如：The teacher who/whom you want to see has come.
②which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
例如：Here is the coat which will be made to you.
③that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
例如：I have eaten bread that/which he gave to me.

关系代词的基本用法：
（1）引导定语从句
关系代词代表先行词，同时在从句中作一定的句子成分，例如：
The girl whom I spoke to is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。
（该句中whom既代表先行词the girl，又在从句中作介词to的宾语。）
This is the pencil whose point is broken.这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose 指物，在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他重新回来都忘记了他的那本书。
（which指物，在限定性定语从句中作宾语，可以省略）
（2）which为其先行词。例如：
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。
（3）其他用法
关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略， 例如：
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.他变化很大，已不是过去的他了。
注释：关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略，that在从句中作表语时也可省略。
非限定性定语从句中，不能用that作关系代词。

关系代词的语法注意:
1.常用that 不用which的情况:
①先行词为all, anything, everything, nothing, something等时。
I will do all (that) I can to help you.
②先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only, the very等所修饰时。
He was the only person that joined the army in his village that year.
③先行词既有人,又有物时
They talked about the people and the things (that)they remembered in the school.
④当主句是以who 或which开头的疑问句时, 定语从句用that 引导, 以避免重复。
Who is the boy that was here just now?
2. 若被修饰的名词充当从句介词宾语时
介词可提前于引导词之前,此时的引导词只能用whom 或which.
The pencil with which he was writing broke.
3. 当先行词为way时
其后的定语从句用in which或 that引导,也可不用引导词。
I don’t like the way (in which/that) he talks to me.

used to/be used to的分别：
①used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.
②be used to + doing： 对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)
③used to 的用法 （否定式简写为usedn't） 过去经常，以前常常
This used to be a shabby house. （此房年久失修）
used to,would这两个词语都可以表示过去常做某事，有时可以换用。
used to do 强调过去习惯性的行为或状态，但是现在没有这种行为或状态了。因此，这个短语的内涵是今昔对比。

关系代词的用法:
一、不用that的情况
在引导非限定性定语从句时 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
介词后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.

二、只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a.在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b.在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c.先行词有the only, the very.（恰恰，正好）.any. few. little. no. all 修饰时，只用that。
d.先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
e.先行词既有人，又有物时。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

三、不能用关系代词Which 的几种情况
1.当先行词为all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代词时关系代词用that而不用which.
There are few books that you can read in this book store.
2.当先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词用that, 不用which.
He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.
3.当先行词有形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词用that, 而不用which.
Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.
4.当先行词有序数词修饰时，关系代词用that, 不用which.
The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.
5.当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the right等修饰时，关系代词用that,不用which.
It is the only book that he bought himself.
6.当先行词被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修饰时，关系代词用that,不用which.
There is no clothes that fit you here.
7.当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时，定语从句关系代词一般用that而不用which.
Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?
8.在强调句型" It is ... that ..." 中,只用that,不用which.
It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.
9.在" such (the same) ... as ..." 句型中,关系代词要用as, 而不用which.
We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.
10.表示" 正如... 那样 "，" 正象..." 之意时，用as, 不用which.
Mary was late again, as had been expected.
11.As 引导的定语从句可以放在主句前面，也可以放在主句后面或主句中间，而由 which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后面。
As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.

关系代词可以省略的情况:
1.关系代词which,whom,who,that在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。
Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for.
2.当that在从句中作补语时可以省略。
She is all (that) a teacher should be.
3.在there be 结构中出现定语从句，或在定语从句中出现there be 时，用作主语的关系代词也可省略。
This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
4.状语的省略
（1）当先行词是reason，而且定语从句中作原因状语时，关系代词可用why,that,也可以省略。
That is the reason (why) I did it.
（2）当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时，关系代词可用in which,that,也可以省略。
I don't know the way that/ which leads to the top of the mountains.
（3）当先行词是time时，关系代词可用when,that 或省略。
I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.
注意：关系代词作宾语有时也不能省略。

关系代词不能省略情况：
1.在介词+whom与介词+which中，whom,which不能省略。
That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.
2.在非限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词也不能省略。
The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.
3.在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中，as,that即使作宾语，也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同类用as)
This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一个)
4.当由and,but,or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时，第一个关系代词可省，但第二，第三个不可省略。
This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.

关系代词格式：
关系代词有主格，宾格和属格之分，并有指人与指物之分。that的用法最广，that可指人也可指物。
见表：

	限定性 指人	非限定性 指物	限定性 指人或指物
主格	who	which	that
宾格	whom	that	that
属格	whose	of which whose	of which whose

特殊关系代词的用法：
关系词通常是用来引导定语从句的,但as,than和but这三个词却与which, who, that, where, when和why等典型的关系词不同。
三者本身具有常见的字面意义,前面有名词作先行词,但后面的定语从句却不像典型的定语从句。
这些既像连接词又像关系词的词,我们就姑且称它们为准关系词。
一、as作为准关系代词出现在the same ... as, such ... as, 和as ... as等结构中。
这时, as前面通常要有名词;
as后面的从句意义上不像是通常的定语从句;
as需要在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
1. the same ... as
1) as在从句中作主语
She is the same person as came here last Sunday. 她就是上星期天来这儿的那个人。
2) as在从句中作宾语
This is the same watch as I lost while I was doing the sightseeing in Shanghai three months ago. 这块表跟我三个月前在上海观光时丢失的那块一样。
3) as在从句中作be动词的表语
China is not the same country as it used to be. 中国已今非昔比。
4) as在从句中作行为方式状语
You should learn to do housework in the same way as your mother does it. 你应该学会像你母亲那样做家务活。
2. such ... as
1) as在从句中作主语
Let children read such books as tend to make them better and brighter. 让孩子看那些容易让他们变得更好更聪明的书。
2) as在从句中作宾语
This is not such an interesting book as you just talked about. 这不是你们刚才谈到的那种有趣的书。
3) as在从句中作be动词的表语
Such a bad man as he is will be punished. 像他这样的坏人一定会受到惩罚。
3. as ... as
1) 第二个as在从句中作主语
He has as much money as is required. 他要多少钱就有多少钱。
2) 第二个as在从句中作宾语
I have as many friends as you (do). 我的朋友和你的朋友一样多。
3) 第二个as在从句中作be动词的表语
As is known to all, Taiwan is one of the Chinese provinces。众所周知,台湾是中国的一个省。

二、than作为准关系词 出现在more ... than, less ... than, fewer ... than等结构中。这时, than前面要有名词; than本身有比较意义,而且需要在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
1. than在从句中作主语
Take it easy, I have more money than is needed. 放心，我的钱比所需要的还要多。
2. than在从句中作宾语
I have more/fewer books than you (do). 我的书比你的多/少。
3. than在从句中作be动词的表语
He is a better boy than you (are). 他是一个比你更好的男孩。
三、but作为准关系词 本身含有否定意义,它前面的主句还有另一个否定意义。这时but在意义上相当于“who ... not ...”或“which/that ... not ...”。
1.定语从句中有be动词,并将其改为含but的复合句时, be动词后面不能再有not
There is no one who is not conccrned about his future. (= There is no one but is concerned about his future.) 没有人不关心自己的未来?
2. 定语从句中有can, will, shall, must, may, should, ought to等助动词或情态动词,在将其改为含but的复合句时,这些助动词或情态动词后面不能再有not
There is nothing that she can’t do. (= There is nothing but she can do.) 没有她做不到的事?
3. 定语从句中有助动词do, does, did, 在将其改为含but的复合句时,应去掉do, does, did, 还原其后动词的时态及人称变化
There is no one who doesn’t wish to make great achievements. (= There is no one but wishes to make great achievements.) 谁都希望自己将来能有所成就。
四、which的先行词：关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子
He said he saw me there, which was a lie。他说在那儿看到了我，纯属谎言。
说明：关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew。 我过去懂拉丁语，现在大都忘了。

考点名称：定语从句定语从句：
担任定语动能的句子称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。
定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一部分。

定语从句的分类：
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去;
非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
1．由that引导的定语从句
一般情况下that可指人或物，可以代替who，whom和which，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能作介词的宾语。如：
The comrade that（who）is speaking at the meeting is an advanced worker．
正在会上讲话的那个同志是个先进工人。
Is this the doctor that（whom）you talked about yesterday？
这就是你们昨天谈论的那位医生吗？
The letter that（which）I received yesterday was from my father．
昨天我收到的信是我父亲寄来的。
2．由who，whom和whose引导的定语从句
who在从句中作主语，whom在从句中作宾语，whose在从句中作定语。如：
This is the thief who stole my bike．这就是偷我自行车的那个贼。
He is the boy whom you wanted to find．他就是你想要找的那个男孩。
The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside．妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。
3．由which引导的定语从句
which指物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语。如：
The book which Mum bought me last week is called“Red Star Over China”．
妈妈上周买给我的那本书名叫《西行漫记》。
The house which Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum．
鲁迅曾经住过的那所房子现在是鲁迅博物馆。
4．由where，when和why引导的定语从句
where在从句中作地点状语，when在从句中作时间状语，why在从句中作原因状语。如：
I will never forget the day when I joined the League．我永远忘不了我入团的那一天。
He will go back to the school where he studied next week．下周他要回到他曾经学习过的学校。
I don't know the reason why he quarreled with Zhang Lin．我不知道他同张琳吵架的原因。
［注意点］
关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词常省去。如：
The play（which）I watched just now had been on twice on Channel
我刚才看的那个戏剧在3频道上已上演了两次。

限定性定语从句：
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；
它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。
而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导

非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.
人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.
我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left.
刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物限定性定语从句口诀:
（口诀一）　　
定语从句真奇妙，　　
关系代(副)词来引导，　　
定语从句分两种，　　
是否限定看逗号。　　
（口诀二）　　
which指物who指人，　　
地点where时间when,　　
that人或物均可，　　
why之前是reason。　　
（口诀三）　　
从句当中作宾语，　　
whom可以代替who,　　
为了句子更简练，　　
关系代词可省去。　　
（口诀四）　　
关系若是表所属，　　
whose用法不可无。　　
除此之外还有啥，　　
whom, which加of。　　
（口诀五）　　
关系代词不一般，　　
介词经常用在前，　　
此时不用that, who，　　
which, whom才安全。　引导定语从句的关系词：

关系词	词形	所修饰的先行词	在从句中所作的成分
关系代词	who	人	主语、宾语、表语
	whom	人	宾语
	which	物	主语、宾语、表语
	that	人或物	主语、宾语、表语
	as	人或物	主语、宾语、表语
	whose=of whom/of=which	人或物	定语
关系副词	when	时间词	时间状语
	where	地点词	地点状语
	why	原因词	原因状语

关系代词的用法：
1. 关系代词的句法功能
(1)关系代词在句中作主语
例如：I prefer music that/which has great lyrics
(2) 关系代词在句中作宾语
例如：I like music that I can sing along with.
(3)关系代词在句中作表语
例如：The house is not the one (that) it used to be.
2. 关系代词在从句中作名词的定语
例如：Is she the teacher whose hair is very short?
3. 关系代词的用法
(1)who和whom的用法：二者都用于指人。Who在定语从句中作主语、宾语，
whom 在定语从句中作宾语。Whom在从句中能坐介词的宾语，而who则不能。
例如：
I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party
in the shopping center yesterday.
(2)whose的用法：一般指人，有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。
例如：I have got a friend whose brother is training for the Olymoics.
(3)which的用法：一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、偶尔作定语。
例如：The photo which we liked best was taken by Zhao Min.
(4)that的用法：指人或物，指人时可与who、whom互换，指物时可与that互换。
在从句中可作主语、宾语，还可作表语。
例如：It is a book (that/which) no one really likes.
4. 宜用who不宜用that的情况
(1)先行词是指人的不定代词时
例如：Congratulations to our winners and thanks to everyone who entered the competitions.
(2) 先行词指人时且含有较长的后置定语
例如：The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother.
5. 在以下情况中，关系代词常用that
(1)先行词为all, little, few, none 及some-, any-, no-与thing所组成的复合单词时，只能用that。
例如：There is nothing that will stop us making progress.
(2)先行词前有only, some, any等形容词修饰时，只能用that。
例如：This is the only problem that we can’t work out.
(3)先行词前由形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能用that。
例如：This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.
(4)先行词同时包括人和物时，只能用他和她，
例如：Lu Xun and his works that we are familiar with are considered great.
6. 只能用which不能用that的情形
(1)当非限制性定语从句中的先行词指物时，只能用which
例如：The pencil-case, which I bought last week, is missing.
(2)关系代词前面有介词时，只能用which
例如：The tree under which we used to take a rest has been cut down.
(3)先行词本身就是that时
例如：I don’t like that which he did.

关系副词的用法
1. when的用法：它的先行词通常是time, day, morning等。有时也可和一些介词一起引导定语从句。
例如：Do you remember the time when she went abroad?
2. where的用法：它的先行词通常有place, spot, room等。
例如：I like places where the weather is always warm.
3. why的用法：它的先行词只有reason。Why时常也可以省略。
例如：Tell me the reason why she was late.

四 : 单句改错。( )1. This is his the best book. _

单句改错。

( )1. This ishisthe bestbook. ________ A B C D ( )2. He is tallerthanany boyin his class. ________ A B C D ( )3. Whichdo you likebest, this one orthat one? ________ A B C D ( )4. Mike is very cleverer thanJack .________ AB C D ( ) 5. Kate drawsbestofher class. ________ AB C D

题型：改错题难度：中档来源：同步题

1. B.去掉his / C. the best→best 2. D. any boy→any other boy 3. C. best→better 4. B. very→ much 5. C. of→ in

考点：

考点名称：定冠词（the）

定冠词：
具有确定的意思，用以特指人或事物，表示名词所指的人或事物是同类中的特定的一个，以别于同类中其他的人或事物，或用在世界上“独一无二”的事物的名词前，相当于汉语中的“那个” 或“这个”的意思。它可以和单、复数名词，也可以和不可数的名词连用。
例如：The panda is one of the animals most in danger.
Italy is in the south of Europe.
The earth goes round the sun. .

基本用法：
1). 用以特指某（些）人或某（些）事物
This is the house where Luxun once lived.
这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
2). 用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物
Open the door, please.
请把门打开。
3). 用以复述上文提过的人或事物（第一次提到用“a或an”，以后再次提到用“the”）
Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to
look for food for him.
从前森林里住着一只狮子。每天这只狮子要小动物们为他寻找食物。
4). 用在序数词和形容词和最高级前
January is the first month of the year.
一月份是一年当中的第一个月。
5). 表示世界上宇宙中独一无二的事物
the sun 太阳 the moon 月亮
6). 指由普通名词构成的专有名词
the West Lake 西湖 the Great Wall 长城
7). 表示方向、方位
in the east 在东方 in the west 在西方
8). 在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前
the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 the Yellow River 黄河
9). 在姓氏复数前，表示一家人
The Bakers came to see me yesterday.
贝克一家人昨天来看我。
10). 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表一类人或物
the poor 穷人 the rich 富人
11). 表示演奏乐器时，乐器的前面要加the
play the piano 弹钢琴
play the violin 拉小提琴
[中国乐器名词前不与冠词连用:play erhu(二胡)]
12).某些固定的表达法
in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午
in the evening 在晚上 go to the cinema 去看电影

关于定冠词The 的用法 :
1 表示特指的人或物
例：Please hand me the key on the desk. 请把桌上的钥匙递给我。
The girl in red is his sister. 穿红色衣服的女孩是他妹妹。
The building over there is the tallest in the town. 那边那幢大楼是这个城里最高的。
I like the music of the film. 我喜欢这部电影的音乐。

2 表示双方都知道的或心中明白的人或物
例：Shut the door, please. 请关门。
Has he returned the book? 那本书他还了吗？
Take the blue one, it is cheaper. 拿那个蓝的，它便宜些。

3 第二次提到某人或某物第一次提到时用不定冠词，第二次提到时要用定冠词。
例：He saw a house in the distance. Jim's parents lived in the house. 他看见远处有一所房子，吉姆的父母就住在那所房子里。
There was once an old fisherman. The old fisherman had a cat. The cat was white. 从前有一个老渔夫。这个老渔夫有一只猫。这只猫是只白猫。

4 用在世界上独一无二的名词前
这类词有：
the sun太阳, the earth地球, the moon月亮, the sky天空, the world 世界
例：The moon goes round the earth. 月亮绕着地球转。
There is not any cloud in the sky. 天空中没有一丝云彩。
It was a fine day in spring. The sun shone brightly. 这是一个晴朗的春日，阳光灿烂。
He is the richest man in the world. 他是世界上最富的人。

5 用在表示方向、方位的名词前
这类词有：
the east东方，the west西方，the south南方，the north北方，the right右边，the left左边
例：The birds are flying to the north. 这些鸟向北方飞去。
The moon rises in the east and sets in the west. 月亮从东方升起，在西方落下。
The wind was blowing from the south. 风从南方吹来。
She lived to the west of the Summer Palace. 她住在颐和园的西边。
Walk along the road and take the first turning on the right. 沿着这条路往前走，在第一个路口往右拐。
He stood at the back of the door. 他站在门背后。
提示 :
方位词成对使用构成平行结构时，不用定冠词。
例：The river is two thousand kilometers long from west to east. 这条河自西向2000公里长。
They traveled through the country from south to north. 他们自南向北在这个国家旅行。

6 用在形容词最高级前
例：Summer is the hottest season of the year. 夏天是一年中最炎热的季节。
She is the best person for the job. 她是最适合这个工作的人。
Hangzhou is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. 杭州是世界上最美的城市之一。
The car is the most expensive of the four. 这部车是四部车中最贵的。

7 用在序数词等前
定冠词用在序数词前，也用在表示序列的next, last等前，还有在表示“同一”或“唯一”等的词前。
例：The first man to land on the moon is an American. 第一个登上月球的人是美国人。
She was the fifth to climb to the top of the mountain. 她是第五个到达山顶的人。
This may be the last chance. 这可能是最后一次机会。
If I miss this train I'll catch the next one. 如果赶不上这趟火车，我就赶下一趟。
He is the only person who knows the secret. 他是唯一一个知道这个秘密的人。
The two coats are of the same colour. 这两件外衣颜色相同。
This is the very book I want. 这正是我要的书。（用very表示强调）
提示:
a 序数词表示“又一”时，前面用不定冠词a(an)
例：He bought a second pair of shoes. 他又买了一双鞋。
He asked a question, then a second, then a third…他问了一个问题，又问了第二个，第三个……
b 序数词用作状语或表语时，前面不加定冠词。
例：George arrived first. 乔治第一个到。
=George was the first person to arrive.
Jim and Jack are both second in the match. 汤姆和杰克在比赛中并列第二。

8 用在单数名词前表示一类人或物，强调整个类别
例：The orange is a kind of fruit. 橘子是一种水果。
The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。
The computer is important to us. 电脑对我们来说是重要的。
提示:
不定冠词+单数名词，不带冠词的复数名词也可表示一类人或物。
例：A car runs faster than a bus. 小汽车比公交车跑得快。
Cars run faster than buses.
A dog is a faithful animal. 狗是忠实的动物。
Dogs are faithful animals.

9 用在乐器名词前，表示演奏
例：She can play the piano. 她会弹钢琴。
He plays the violin very well. 他小提琴拉得很好。
He played the guitar for the children. 他给孩子们弹了吉他。
提示:
但乐器名词表示具体的器物，或表示课程时，不加the.
例：He bought a piano last month. 他上个月买了一架钢琴。
She taught piano in the school. 她在学校里教钢琴。

10 用在江河、海洋、湖泊、群岛、山脉的名称前例：
the Yangtze River 长江
the Red Sea 红海
the West Lake 西湖
the Pacific 太平洋the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山
the Nile 尼罗河
the Rocky Mountains 落基山脉
the South China Sea 南中国海
提示:
例外的情况: Mount Tai泰山 China Daily《中国日报》

11 用在由普通名词和另外一些词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前
例：the Great Wall 长城
the United Nations 联合国
the New York Times 《纽约时报》
the United States of America 美国
the Red Cross Hospital 红十字医院the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会
the Shanghai Railway Station 上海火车站
the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国
the North Pole 北极
the People's Daily 《人民日报》

12 用在某些形容词前，表示一类人或物或某种抽象概念
例：the old 老年人
the happy 幸福的人
the poor 穷人
the aged 老人
the sick 病人
the impossible 不可能的事the young 年轻人
the rich 富人
the blind 盲人
the wounded 伤员
the smooth 顺事
the beautiful 美，美的东西
例:The rich should help the poor. 富人应该帮助穷人。
The good is what people like. 人们总是喜欢美好的东西。
The wounded have been sent to the hospital. 伤员已经被送到医院去了。

13 用在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人
例：The Greens will more to the country. 格林一家要搬到乡下去。
The Wangs came to see us yesterday. 王家一家人昨天来看我们。
The Browns are very friendly. 布朗夫妇都很友好。

14 用在表示计算单位的名词前，含有“每，每一”的意思
例：Jim is paid by the hour. 吉姆的工资按小时付。
Eggs are sold by the kilogram. 鸡蛋按千克出售。
This cloth is sold by the yard. 这种布按码出售。
It sells at three dollars the pound. 它以每磅三美元出售。
They sell sugar by the pound. 他们按磅卖糖。

15 用在前面已提到过的人的身体部位或衣着的名词前
这种用法是先把整个对象说出来，然后再说到那个对象的身体的局部或衣着。
结构：动词(hit, pull, pat, strike, catch, hold, take)+sb.+介词(in, on, by, across)+身体部位或衣着
例：She touched him on the shoulder. 她碰了碰他的肩。
He took the girl by the hand. 他拉着小女孩的手。
He hit her on the nose. 他打了她的鼻子。
The stone struck the man in the eye. 石头击中了那人的眼睛。
I caught her by the right hand. 我抓住她的右手。
比较：她拍了拍那男孩的头。
She patted the boy on his head. （误，本结构中身体部位或衣着前不用one's）
She patted the boy on the head. （正）

16 用在逢十的复数数词前，表示年代，也指人的大约岁数
例：The war broke out in the forties. 那场战争发生在40年代。
He went abroad in the 1980s. 他在20世纪80年代出国的。
The old man is in the seventies. 老人大约七十几岁。

17 用在表示自然现象的名词前
这类名词有：
the rain 雨，the wind风, the fog雾，the snow雪, the air空气, the storm风暴，the snowstorm 暴风雪
例：Don't stand in the rain. 不要站在雨中。
The wind blew down the trees. 风把树刮倒了。
The ship sank in the storm. 船在风暴中沉没了。
The rain has cleaned the air. 下雨净洁了空气。
The fog was so thick that we couldn't see the top of the hill. 雾很大，我们看不见山顶。
提示
a 这类名词前有形容词修饰时，可用不定冠词，表示“一场，一阵，一种”
例：A cold wind is blowing from the north. 冷风从北方吹来。
There was a heavy rain last night. 昨晚下了一场大雨。
A heavy snow is falling outside. 外面正下着大雪。
b 这类名词表示一般物质时，不用冠词。
例：Rain falls in summer; snow falls in winter. 夏天下雨，冬天下雪。
Man can't live without air. 没有空气人不能活。

18 与复数名词连用，指整个群体
例: They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)
They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)

19 表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前
She caught me by the arm…… 她抓住了我的手臂。

20 用在某些习惯用语中
例：
in the morning 在上午
in the evening 在晚上
in the field 在田野里
in the country 在乡间
in the sun 在阳光下
in the distance 在远处
on the right 在右边
by the way 顺便说一下
in the front of 在前部
in the daytime 白天
go to the concert 去听音乐会
at (/in) the beginning 开始
at the moment 当时，此刻
all the year round 一年到头
go to the cinema 去看电影
go to the theatre 去看戏
at the weekend 周末in the afternoon 在下午
in the night 在夜里
in the sky 在空中
in the dark 在暗处
in the rain 在雨中
in the shade 在阴凉处
on the left 在左边
all the time 始终
in the middle of 在中间
on the way home 回家途中
all the same 依然
on the whole 总之
at the same time 同时
on the plane 在飞机上
in the year 2008 在2008年
the other day 前几天
at the bottom of 在……底部
in the end 终于
on the one hand, on the other hand 一方面，另一方面
提示:
下面几个短语前不加定冠词：
例：at dawn 在黎明
at night 在晚上
at noon 在正午
at dusk 在黄昏

the的固定用法:
一、在表示方位和方向的名词前面，一般要加the。如：
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
二、在乐器名称前面要加the。如：play the piano。
三、在形容词最高级或序数词之前一定要加the。如：the first，the best，等等。
四、表示全体总称（泛指）。
名词或者形容词前加the，可表示该事物的全体，如：the poor指“穷人”。
这一用法本身并不难，难在这一全体所表示的“数”上。
在一开始所举的例子中，the lion指的就是这“一”类，表示的是单数的概念。
但在下面这个例子中，the old又用单形表示了复数概念。
The old are apt to catch cold.
五、另外，定冠词the在固定词组中出现，需要多加注意，逐渐积累。
如：to tell the truth, to go to the theatre, to keep the peace, with the exception of, in the morning……

定冠词用法顺口溜：
特指双熟悉，上文已提及；
世上独无二，序数最高级；
某些专有名，习语及乐器。
注：定冠词常用于以下几种情况：
①“特指”某个或某些人或物前。例如：
The books on the desk are mine．书桌上的书是我的。
“双熟悉”指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物前。例如：
Where is the teacher？老师在哪里？
②上文已经提到的人或事物前。例如：
I can see a cat．The cat is Lucy's．我能看见一只猫。那只猫是露茜的。
③世界上独一无二的事物前。例如：
The earth goes around the sun．地球围绕太阳转。
④序数词或形容词最高级前。例如：
September is the ninth month of the year．九月是一年中的第九个月。
Mike is the tallest of the three boys．迈克是三个男孩中最高的一个。
⑤由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如：
the Great Wall（长城），
the People's Park（人民公园）等。
⑥一些习惯用语中或乐器前。例如：
in the day（在白天），
play the piano（弹钢琴）等。

不用冠词的几种情况:
下列情况应免冠，代词限定名词前；
专有名词不可数，学科球类三餐饭；
复数名词表泛指，两节星期月份前；
颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。
注：
①名词前已有作定语用的this，that，these，those，my，your，his，her，our，their，some等限定词。例如：
this eraser，her pencil-box，some boxes，these women等。
②泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。例如：
meat，rice，water，bread，tea，milk，juice等。
③表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。例如：
Chinese，maths，English，physics，history等。
④在三餐饭和球类运动前一般不用冠词。例如：
have breakfast／lunch／supper，play basketball／football／volleyball／table tennis／tennis／pingpong等。
⑤复数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。例如：
His parents are both workers．他父母都是工人。
The people in the room are doctors．房间里那些人是医生。
⑥季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。例如：
autumn，winter，Teachers' Day，Children's Day，Sunday，Wednesday，February，October等。
⑦表示颜色、语种和国家的名词前不用冠词。例如：
white，brown，French（法语），Japanese（日语），Australia，America（美国）等。
⑧表示称呼语的名词之前以及职务、头衔的名词后也跟有名词时不用冠词。例如：
What's wrong，Granny？老奶奶，怎么啦？
Doctor Green is a scientist．格林博士是位科学家。

考点名称：物主代词物主代词：
表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词，也叫人称代词的所有格。
物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。
物主代词有人称和数的变化。第三人称单数的物主代词还有性别的变化。

物主代词的用法：
物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用，例如：
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破碎的玻璃杯。

物主代词有形容词性（my, your等）和名词性（mine, yours等）两种：
形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的　-'s属格结构，例如：
Jack's cap　意为　The cap is Jack's.
His cap　 意为　The cap is his.

形容词性物主代词用法：
1. 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句中只能用作定语,后面必须跟名词。名词性物主代词常用来避免和前面已提及的名词重复。
相当于【形容词性物主代词+名词】。例如：
Is that yourbike? 那是你的自行车吗?
My pen is quite different from his.
2. 如果名词前用了形容词性物主代词，就不能再用冠词(a, an, the)、指示代词(this, that, these, those)等修饰词了。例如：
这是他的书桌。This is his desk.
3. 与形容词一起修饰名词时，形容词性物主代词要放在形容词的前面。例如：
his English books他的英语书。
their Chinese friends他们的中国朋友。
4. 汉语中经常会出现"我妈妈"，"你们老师"等这样的语言现象，虽然代词用的是"我"、"你们"，但实际意义仍是"我的"、"你们的"，
所以在英译时，注意要用形容词性物主代词"my","your"。
例如：你妈妈在家吗?
误：Is you mother at home?
正：Is yourmother at home?
5. it's与its读音相同，he's与his读音相似，但使用时需注意它们的区别(it's和he's分别是it is和he is的缩略形式，但its 和his 却是形容词性物主代词) 。
例如： It's a bird. Its name is Polly. 它是一只鸟。它的名字叫波利。
He's a student. His mother is a teacher. 他是一名学生。他妈妈是一位教师
口诀：
有“名”则"形“，无“名”则“名”。
意思是：后面是名词的话，前面就要用　形容词性物主代词。后面没有名词的话，就用名词性物主代词。

名词性物主代词的句法功能：
a. 作主语，例如：
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
我可以用一用你的钢笔吗？ 你的比我的好用。
b.作宾语，例如：
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c.作介词宾语，例如：
You should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d.作主语补语，例如：
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours.　我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。
名词性物主代词可以用在介词of的后面，相当于“of+名词所有格”。
口诀
有“名”则"形“，无“名”则“名”。
注：
后面是名词的话，前面就要用　形容词性物主代词。
后面没有名词的话，就用名词性物主代词.

形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词的区别：
一.形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，用在名词前。
例：
1. This is my book.这是我的书。
2. We love our motherland.我们热爱我们的祖国。

二.名词性物主代词起名词的作用。
例：
1. Look at the two pencils. The red one is yours and the blue one is mine.
看那两支铅笔，红的是你的，蓝的是我的。
2. He likes my pen. He doesn't like hers.
他喜欢我的钢笔。不喜欢她的。
3. 注意：在使用名词性物主代词时，必须有特定的语言环境，也就是要省略的名词。
例：
It's hers.是她的。
（单独使用大家不知是怎么回事，不可以这样用）
There is a book. It's hers.那有本书。是她的。
（先提及，大家才明白）
4. 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词
为避免重复使用名词，有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。
例：
My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag is pink.
为避免重复使用bag，可写成My bag is yellow, hers is red, his is blue and yours is pink.

物主代词“形”变“名”歌：
形物代变名物代
掌握规律变得快
多数词尾加-- s
my,its,his要除外
my把y来变成i
接着再把 ne 带
his,its 不用变
词形一样莫奇怪

考点名称：不定代词不定代词：
即不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词。
初中常用不定代词有：
some（something，somebody，someone），any（anything，anybody，anyone）， no（nothing，nobody，no one），
every（everything，everybody，everyone，），all，each，both，much，many，（a）little，（a）few，other（s），
another，none，one，either， neither等。一般来讲，修饰不定代词的词要置于其后。

不定代词用法例举：
①一般用于肯定句中的不定代词：some, someone, somebody, something
例如：They can speak some Japanese.
②一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中的不定代词：any, anyone, anybody, anything
例如：Is there anyone at home?
③一般用于句中表示否定意义的不定代词：no, no one, nobody, nothing
例如：I have no watch.
There is nothing wrong with the machine.
④不定代词one指代可数名词，既可指人，亦可指物，它可以代替上文中出现的单数可数
名词，指代复数名词时可以用ones。
例如：I do not have a pen, can you lend me one?
I like small cars better than large ones.
⑤none通常只用作名词，在句中作主语、宾语等。意为“没有任何（人或物）”，既可指人，亦可指物。
none后常跟of短语，其后用复数可数名词或不可数名词。
例如：None of them knows the answer to the question.
⑥both, all
both指两个人、物或群体；
all指三个以上的人、物或群体或泛指一切事物。
例如：My parents are both teachers.
All of my friends are football fans.
⑦every, each
each一般用于指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个别；
every用于指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重全体。而且each所指对象在上下文中已十分明确。
例如：Each student went to see that films. (学生至少二人)
Every student went to the park.（学生至少三人）
⑧other, the other, others, the others, another
other具有名词和形容词性质，既可指人，亦可指物。other常与定冠词the连用。
不定冠词an与other连用则组成another。other只作形容词或代词，表示“其他的，别的”，不可单独使用。
例如：Do you have any other questions?
the other作形容词或代词，特指两者中或两部分的另一个或另一部分。
例如：The bookshop is on the other side of the street.
others相当于“other+名词”，泛指“别的人或物”，只有名词性用法。
例如：Some are planting trees, others are watering them.
the others相当于“the other+名词”，表示“剩下的，其余的”，特指除此之外的全部 人或物。
例如：There are forty-six students in our class. Two of them are foreign, the others are all Chinese.
another作形容词或代词，泛指三个或三个以上不定数目中的“另一个”。
例如：This pen is too expensive, please show me another.
⑨either, neither
either指“两者中的任何一个”；neither指“两者中无一”，具有否定意义。
例如：You can take either half.
Neither of the books is good.
⑩many, much, most
many和much具有名词和形容词的性质，都表示“许多、大量”。
Much一般只能指代或修饰不可数名词，many只能指代或修饰复数可数名词。Most指“大部分、大多数”。
例如：Many boys like playing soccer.
We have much homework to do every day.
Most students think so.
(11)few, a few, little, a little
a few 和a little 意为“少数、少量”,其意义是肯定的。
A few指代或修饰复数形式的可数名词，a little指代或修饰不可数名词。
Few 和little意为“几乎一点没有”，具有否定意义。
例如：He has a few friends here.
Hurry up! There is little time left.

不定代词的用法：
不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。
位置
不定代词+形容词
不定代词+to do
作主语
Both of them are teachers．他们两人都是教师。
作宾语
I know nothing about this person．我对这个人一无所知。
作表语
This book is too much for a child．这本书对一个小孩来说太难了。
作定语
There is a little water in the glass．玻璃杯里有一些水。
作状语
I can't find my book anywhere．我在任何地方都不能找到我的书。
修饰不定代词的词，一般情况下要后置。考点名称：形容词的比较级，形容词的最高级形容词的比较级：
当两种物体之间相互比较时，我们要用形容词或副词的比较级；
当相互比较的物体是三个或三个以上时，我们就要用形容词或副词的最高级。

形容词的比较级和最高级的特殊变化规则：
一、少数单音节词前面加 more-, most- 构成比较级和最高级
tired ---- more tired , most tired
fond ----- more fond , most fond
glad ----- more glad , most glad
bored ---- more bored , most bored
pleased---- more pleased , most pleased

二、不规则变化
good /well------- better ,best
bad/badly/ill------ worse , worst
many/much-------more , most
little ------ less , least
far ---- farther, farthes / firther , furthest
old ---- older , oldest (GA)
---- older , oldest / elder , eldest (GB)

三、下列形容词和副词的比较级和最高级有两种形式
cruel----- crueler, cruelest /more cruel , most cruel
strict---- stricter , strictest /more strict , most strict
often----- oftener , oftenest /more often , most often
friendly------ friendlier , friendliest /more friendly , most friendly
clever----- cleverer, cleverest / more clever , most clever

四、下列形容词和副词没有比较级和最高（即表示”最高程度”或”绝对状态”的形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级）
empty , wrong , perfect , unique , extreme , excellent , favourite (GB)/ favorite (GA) , true , right , correct , extremely ...

形容词的比较级和最高级用法：
形容词比较等级用法：
1.没有比较对象时，用原级。
I have a new computer.
2.两者比较，程度相同。
A+系动词+as+adj.+as+B.
Our school is as beautiful as theirs.
3.两者比较，程度不同。
A+系动词+not as+adj.+as+B.
The weather here is not as hot as that in the south.
4.A比B更…
The earth is bigger than the moon.
5.比较级前可以用much,even,still,far,a lot,a little,a bit,any等修饰。
Your room is much bigger than mine.
I’m a little shorter than her.
6.用比较级可以表示最高级含义：
John is stronger than any other boy in his class.=John is stronger than any of the other boys.
两者不属于同一范畴，不能用other.
Chongqing is bigger than any city in Sichuang.
7.“比较级+and+比较级” 表示“越来越…”
China is becoming more and more beautiful.
Days are getting longer and longer.
8.用the+比较级，the+比较级 表示”越…就越…”.
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
9. Which/Who+is+比较级 A或B？
A和B哪一个/谁更…?
Which is better,this one or that one?

最高级用法：
表示三者或三者以上的人或物的比较，一个在某方面超过其他两个或多个时，用最高级，结构是
主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of/in短语。
This story is the most interesting of the three.
1. one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数
它的意思是最…之一。
English is one of the most important languages in the world.
2. which/who…+is+形容词最高级
“…最...”
Which is the heaviest,the horse,the sheep or the elephant?
3.最高级前可以用序数词
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.形容词的比较级和最高级的变化规则：

构成	原级	比较级	最高级
一般加er，est	tall	taller	tallest
以字母e结尾只 加 r,st	large	larger	largest
以一个辅音字母结尾的 重读闭音节，双写这一辅 音字母后再加er,est	red	redder	reddest
	hot	hotter	hottest
	thin	thinner	thinnest
以辅音字母+y结尾的词， 将y变为i再加er,est	easy	easier	easiest
	happy	happier	happiest
	ugly	uglier	ugliest
	early	earlier	earliest
其他双音节词和多 音节词，在词前 加more或most	interesting	more interesting	most interesting

考点名称：副词副词：
是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。
副词可分为：地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
副词连用顺序：程度副词+方式副词+地点副词+时间副词。

副词分类:
1、时间副词有三类：always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实之前义动词
1）表示发生时间的副词：
It’s beginning to rain now! 现在开始下雨了！
2）表示频繁程度的副词，也称频度副词always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实之前义动词:
She often changes her mind. 她常改变主意。
3）还有一些其他表示时间的副词：
He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
2、地点副词：
1）有不少表示地点的副词：
She is studying abroad. 她在国外留学。
2）还有一些部分与介词同形的副词。它们与介词同形，跟宾语的是介词，否则是副词：
①用作介词：Stand up! 起立！
②用作副词：A cat climbed up the tree. 猫爬上了树。
3）以where 构成的副词也是地点副词：
It’s the same everywhere. 到处都一样。
3、方式副词:
carefully, properly(适当地), anxiously(焦虑地), suddenly, normally(正常地), fast, well, calmly(冷静地), politely(有礼貌地), proudly(自豪地), softly, warmly ,slowly
4、程度副词:
much,little, very,rather(相当),so,too,still, quite, perfectly(完美地), enough, extremely(非常), entirely(整个),almost, slightly(细小地), hardly.
5、疑问副词:
how, when, where, why.
6、关系副词:
when, where, why.等。
7、 连接副词:
therefore(因此),moreover(此外),however,otherwise(另外的),then,when ,where,how,why等。

副词的语法作用：
副词在句中可作状语,表语,补语，定语。
He works hard. （作状语）
他工作努力。
You speak English very well. （作状语）
你英语讲的相当好。
Is she in ? （作表语）
她在家吗?
Let's be out. （作表语）
让我们出去吧。
Food here is hardly to get. （here作定语，hardly作状语）
这儿很难弄到食物。
Let him out!（作补语）
让他出去！
修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后
a. The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.

不同类型副词的用法比较：
方式副词：
1）英语中有大量方式副词，说明行为方式（回答how的问题）：
How beautifully your wife dances. 你夫人舞跳的真美。
2）还有相当多的副词，表示某些情绪：
She smiled gratefully. 她感激的笑了笑。
3）还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的状况：
He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。

程度副词和强调副词：
1）程度副词可修饰动词，表示“到某种程度”： Is she badly hurt? 她伤得重吗？
[说明] 这类副词除修饰动词外，还可修饰形容词（a）或另一副词(b):
a. fairly simple 相当简单 quite correct 完全正确
b. wonderfully well 好极了 do it very quickly 干得很快
2）much 是一个特殊的程度副词，它可以：
a. 修饰形容词等：
I’m not much good at singing. 我唱歌不太好。
b. 修饰比较级：
You sing much better than me. 你比我唱的好多了。
Their house is much nicer than ours. 他们的房子比我们的好多了。

疑问副词和连接副词：
1）疑问副词：疑问副词用来引导特殊问句：
how: How is your grandmother? 你奶奶身体好吗？
where: Where does she come from? 她是哪儿人？
when: When can you come? 你什么时候能来？
why: Why was he so late? 他为什么来得这么晚？
2）连接副词：连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样，但都引导从句或与不定式连用：
how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗？
where: I don’t know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。（引导宾语从句）
when: Tell me when you’ll be ready. 告诉我你什么时候准备好。（引导宾语从句）
why: That’s why I came round. 这就是我来的原因。（引导表语从句）

一些其它类型的副词，如表示方向的副词：
Let’s go inside. 咱们到里面去。
Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。

副词的位置：
1、实义动词前，be动词、情态动词之后。
I am also Bush.
I can also do that.
I also want to play that games.
I get up early in the morning everyday. 我每天早早起床。
He gave me a gift yesterday. 他昨天给了我一件礼物。
She didn't drink water enough. 她喝的水不够。
The train goes fast. 火车跑得快。
We can go to this school freely. 我们可以免费到这家学校学习。
They left a life hardly then. 当时他们的生活很艰难。
He has a new hat on today. 他今天戴了一顶新帽子。
I have seen this film twice with my friends. 这部电影我和朋友看过两次。

2、副词修饰形容词,副词时,副词在前面,而被修饰的词在后面。
It's rather easy, I can do it. 这很容易,我能做到。
He did it quite well. 他做得相当好。
It's rather difficult to tell who is right.很难说谁是对的。
It's so important that I must tell my friends. 这件事太重要了，我得告诉我的朋友。
It's much better. 好多了。

3、频度副词可放在实义动词的前面,情态动词和助动词的后面。
I often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。
I always remember the day when I first came to this school.
我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。
You mustn't always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。
He seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。
We usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。
The new students don't always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。

4、疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。
When do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习?
Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗?
First, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。
How much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱？
Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。
The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时，学生们正在读书。

5、时间副词和地点副词在一个句中, 地点副词在前面时间副词在后面。
We went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
昨天九点钟我们到超市买东西了.
What were you doing in the classroom yesterday afternoon?
昨天下午你在教室里干什么？
The accident took place in the Eleven Avenue one hour ago.
一小时前十一号大街发生了一场事故。

6、否定副词在句首，句子要倒装，如：
Never have I felt so excited! 兼有两种形式的副词：
1) close与closely
close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.

2) late 与lately
late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?

3) deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.

4) high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.

5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.

6) free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
副词有加a或ly的 区别在于通常加a 的副词描述一种状态，而加ly 的副词则倾向于感觉。

五 : The Book I like best

The Book I like best

Do you like reading? I bet a lot of people are fond of reading masterpieces.So,I would like to introduce my favorite books-----Auto Travel.

To tell you the truth, I think I have benefite a lot from reading it. I believe all of you must have heard something about Cars, right? It was in my primary school that I began to read it and it is that period when I fell in love with cars. My parents bought me the book as a birthday present.The book, considered as the best-seller among the auto-mobile fans,is my best friends in my childhood.They served me a lot of knowledge on auto-mobile. The author of the book made us find the history of cars. Whenever I got tired during study, it is a good way to get some relief by reading this book and I always come back to be full of energy. That’s the magic power of this book.

To sum up, Auto Travel is my favorite book and also my best friend. Do you want to read it? Just have a try.

Pollution:An Increasing Concern in China

As is known to all is that pollution has become an increasing concern in China.Its terrible results has waken peoples’ awareness of environmental problem.

In the society,people lack of morality, do whatever they want,without any consideration of environmental protection.they should be to blame. For another, they think that the nature should be totured by themselves as the environment pollution has nothing to do with ttheir life.In other words,they think nature is strong enough to recover by itself. However, the fact is that once destroyed,the environment is hard to be back to what it use to be,which is proved to be true by a lot of statistics from Natrual Science Department in China.

Some measures must be taken to stop this pollution.For onething,some campaigns must be launched to enhance the awareness of the environmental protection.For another,authorities must create laws to limit the pollution.Only in this way.can we live in a healthey society.

My Dream

Now I want to say something about my dream. What is my dream? I often ask myself. In my mind, everyone have his own dream. I think that having a dream means that we have an idea, and a direction, then we will do all the things to achieve the goal. If we have dreams, we won’t be blind at least.

My dream is to become a successful Car racing driver,.I know it’s very difficult to be a racer. Thus after we finish academic class, I usually go to speedway to watch those cars races. Finally, I picked up some racing skills in Car racing. I’m good at English, I’ll still try my best to be the English study winner because I have to communicate with teammates in English when I drive cars in the future. Now everything I do is so close to my dream. And I feel life is fill with hope and is colorful, and I have enough confidence to realize my dream.

I know that although fantasy is something hard to realize and achieve, dream can.. I’ll work harder for my dream, I would never give up untill the end.

本文标题：the book i like best-I ______ the book for two weeks. I must return it
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