一 : 媒 体 和 鸣 金 凤 音 - NGO信息中心-中国发展简报 China 03
媒 体 和 鸣 金 凤 音
——“关于少数民族女童教育政策倡导的媒体培训”项目报告
Reports on the Training Project of the Media to Promote the Law-making on the
Education of Ethnic minority Girls
加拿大公民社会项目(CSP0708.16)“关于少数民族女童教育政策倡导的媒体培训”项目自2008年3月起得到CSP的赞助,由南宁市苗圃行动华光女子高中课题组(HGSS)组织实施。在这一年的项目执行过程中,尽管受到了北京奥运会和四川汶川大地震的影响,但是课题组全员齐心协力,始终努力争取按项目的计划流程逐一实施。我们完成了大学生培训,广州、南宁、北京三地举行的媒体记者培训,如期进行了北京各大媒体记者、社会活动家参与的“关注广西少数民族女童教育爱心助学”百色隆林德峨乡的田野调查工作。参与项目的各大媒体纷纷发布相关报告,深受感动的记者无一例外发表了倡导少数民族女童争取高中阶段教育助学资源及其权益的报道,共同为争取少数民族贫困女童获得公正平等的高中教育资源与权益,和声似鸣琴。
This project focuses on public media training on education policy for minority girls had been conducted successfully by HGSS, under the CSP’s sponsor since 2008, although there were 2 major events happened by that time which were Olympic Games and Sichuan earthquake. During this year, the training was completed on uni students and the media of 3 cities in China which were Guangzhou, Nanning and Beijing. Meanwhile, HGSS also held a social program on helping Guangxi minority girls to get education in Decheng village, Baise Longlin, Guangxi Province. The Media was so touched, reporting relevant news and support minority girls’ education rights.
现就华光女高执行加拿大公民社会项目(CSP0708.16)的具体情况、NGO对媒体培训的影响力、政策倡导朝向等,分析报告如下:
There are 3 sections in the report, including training programs, NGO vs. Media training Program and the trend of the policy.
一、实施情况
I. The Implementation of the Training Project
1、大学生培训
1.Training Project for Uni-Students
2008年4月13日项目组成员与来自广西大学、广西民族大学、广西医科大学、广西财经学院、广西师范学院等高校课题组召集人召开了座谈讨论会,讨论了广西高校传媒学院大学生社会性别意识培训在南宁的子课题,计划与广西高校社会性别研究小组、各高校学生会、团委合作,以广西大学传媒学院新闻专业的大学生为主体,联络广西民大、医科大、财院、师院大学生记者团,一起参与培训。
A organizin meeting held by the team members from Guangxi University, Guangxi Minority University, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Business College and Guangxi Teaching University on April 13th in 2008. It mainly discussed the training objectives which were for uni-students, especially for the media colleges, the training topic, and how to execute the training program in Guangxi Minority University, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi University, Guangxi Business College and Guangxi Teaching University.
2008年4月26日,选择容易安排展开课堂的广西财经学院作为培训中心,联络附近4所高校的400名新闻系学生和100名学生会、团委,大学生青年志愿者协会骨干,聚集一堂,邀请了三所高校的3名专家和社会
活动家周健教授参与,用讲座形式开展了为期半个工作日的研讨会。研讨会圆满完成了预设内容:(1)介绍CSP 所赞助的资源利用——初期项目成果报告;(2)介绍妇女优秀舞台剧《阴道独白》;(3)蓝美慧等3名少数民族贫困女童分享自己获得助学机会、艰难求学成长的故事;(4)培训团队义工与大学生分小组互动,探讨了“推进少数民族女童高中受教育权益进程:我们大学生能为少数民族贫困女童做些什么”。
On April 26th, there was another conference carried on that 400 media school student and 100 Student Union members attended. It also invited Professor Zhou and other 3 professors from 3 Universities. 4 parts had been involved in this meeting, which were: (1) Introduce the project and share earlier results; (2) the introduction of the Vagina Monologues; (3) Lan Meihei and the other 3 students who came from the Nanning Sowers Action Huaguang Girls’High School (short for HGSS)shared their education stories; (4) Discussions in small groups about how uni-students can do for minority girls.
大学生培训研讨会结束之后,应广大大学生的要求,于5月4日青年节,由广西医科大学团委、妇女研究中心、大学生性健康教育中心和南宁市苗圃行动华光女子高中朱槿女性研究中心联合举办,女高金凤艺术团在广西医科大学网球馆成功义演了《阴道独白》。共有来自广西大学、广西民族大学、广西医科大学、广西财经学院、广西师范学院、广西职业技术学院、南宁职业技术学院等高校近两千名大学生观看了演出,并写了校园报道。同时,广西文联、广西作家协会著名的作家彭匈、剧作家何培嵩等从始至终观看演出、给予高度评价。之后,《广西日报》、《南宁晚报》、《南宁电视台》、《医科大电视台》等媒体对本次演出均进行了采访、专题报道。
According to the demand of the undergraduates, the Golden Phenix Art Group performed the Vagina Monologues in the Guangxi Medical University successfully. There were almost 2,000 undergraduates from Guangxi University, Guangxi Minority University, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Business College and Guangxi Teaching University watched the play. Peng Xiong and He Peigao, who were famous figures of the art associations watched the play from the beginning to the end. They spoke highly of the play. And the Guangxi Daily, the Nanning Evening Newspaper, the Nanning TV Station and the Guangxi Medical University TV Station reported the show.
2008年5.16日,女高金凤艺术团师生前往桂林临桂区大礼堂义演《阴道独白》两场,邀请各高校团委、学生会代表及临桂高中女生观看,好评如潮。桂林电视台、临桂区电视台、桂林晚报均作了采访报道。
On May 16th in 2008, the Golden Phenix Art Group performed the Vagina Monologues twice in the Hall of Lingui District in Guilin. deputies of youth league committees and student unions of colleges were invited to see the show. The audience spoke highly of the play. And the Guilin TV Station, the Lingui TV Station and the Guilin Evening Newspaper reported the show.
2008年11月25日,课题组带着初期项目成果报告和本期项目前阶段取得的成果及大学生培训计划,前
往桂林,走进广西师范大学和桂林工学院的大学生当中派发海报和课题资料。11月27日、28日,分别应邀在广西师范大学和桂林工学院召开为期半个工作日的研讨会,对两所高校新闻传媒专业学生和记者团、团委、学生会成员共600多人进行培训。培训研讨会后,与会大学生纷纷自发的为华光女高的贫困女童捐赠校服。广西师范大学公益促进中心还与华光女高特别签订了《“金凤计划”合作协议书》:广西师范大学在华光女高建立“金凤计划”心灵成长基地”;开展“一对一”结对子的活动;开展两校互访交流活动;组织社会捐赠活动等,帮助“金凤生”解决生活和学习上的困难。力所能及帮助少数民族贫困女童完成学业。
On Nov. 25th in 2008, HGSS gave out the papers on the project and its results to the students of Guangxi Teaching University and Guilin Technology College. At Nov. 27th and 28th, HGSS was invited
by Guangxi Teaching University and Guilin Technology College to train over 600 students. After the trainning, the participating students donated clothes to the poor girls in our school. The Promoting Centre of Commonweal in Guangxi Teaching University signed the contract with Hua Guang Girls’ school. Guangxi Teaching University promised activities to help the Golden Phenix students finish their study.
2、广州、南宁、北京三地举行的媒体培训 Training Program for Guangzhou, Nanning and Beijing Media 5月10日在广州新港西路中山大学中文堂204室,召开了以“推进少数民族女童高中受教育权益进程,我们能为少数民族贫困女童做些什么”的广东媒体记者研讨会。研讨会中,华光女高课题组对加拿大公民社会项目“广西少数民族女童教育政策倡导”项目实施的初期、一期调研成果作了课件报告,展现少数民族贫困女童上高中的教育资源滞后状况;华光女高5名项目受益者——少数民族贫困女童、在校金凤生(谭素侣,高二
(10)班学生,毛南族,来自环江毛南族自治县;黄彩娟,高二(10)班学生,壮族,来自隆林县沙梨乡;覃世佳,高二(12)班学生,高山汉,来自南丹县里湖白裤瑶自治乡;谢小玉,高二(11)班学生,侗族,来自融水苗族自治县“春蕾计划”发源地白云乡;覃西燕,高一(15)班学生,壮族,来自龙州县)和1名毕业金凤生黄芳艳参与其中,分享了她们自己求学、勤工俭学磨砺教育、工作成长的心路历程与生命体验;特别邀请广东狮子会总干事刘晓钢女士与会作了专题讲座培训。参与本次培训的有《南方日报》、《南方周末》、《光明日报》、《中国妇女报》、广东电视台、广州电视台、家庭杂志社等媒体的18名记者,共同探讨了“媒体能为少数民族贫困女童做些什么”,部分记者在会上还对HGSS派送与会的女高金凤生进行追踪采访;会后,对本次研讨会进行了相关报道。
On May 10th, HGSS held a meeting with Guangzhou media at Zhongshan University, mainly introduced and shared the relevant information of the project and the situation of minority girls. Besides, five students who came from Hua Guang Girls’ School told their true stories. HGSS invited Ms.Liu XiaoGang, the Director-General of the Lion Association to make a special lecture. 18 journalists from North Daily, North Weeken, Guangming Daily, Chinese Women, Guangdong TV Station, Guangzhou TV Station and Family Magzine participated the trainning course. They joined the discuss what the media could help for poor ethnic minority girls, and interviewed those girls. Later, they reported the trainning course.
5月30日在南宁市成功举行了广西媒体的培训。来自南宁、桂林、资源等地的16家报刊、电视台、新闻网的20名记者不仅参观了华光女高校园、展厅,实地了解少数民族贫困女童在华光女高的学习生活状况,观看了“金凤生风采展示”;而且,参与了金凤生 “我能为灾区姐妹做什么” ——汶川赈灾的倡议活动。在认真听取课题项目报告之后,不少记者按捺不住掌握第一手信息的冲动,一边分享、一边讨论交流,忘寝废食对女高部分师生进行了深入访谈;会后,与会媒体纷纷发表相关报道。尤其是桂林电视台的葛辉记者,他说:“我长这么大,第一次在一个采访点流了我成长中流得最多的泪水!我自己都感觉让人无法相信,女高太多感动人的故事,女高的姑娘真得值得更多的媒体来关注。”
On May 30th, HGSS held the trainning course for Guangxi media successfully. 20 journalists for 16 magazines, TV stations or news internet sites visited Hua Guang Girls’ School, attended the program with students, talked to them and discussed with them. After this experience, a lot of Media continuously published relevant news, and all shown they want to help those minority girls.
10月23日,关注少数民族贫困女童教育的北京媒体记者信息分享交流研讨会,由南宁市苗圃行动华光女
子高中课题组主办、北京市西部阳光农村发展基金会协办,在北京市西部阳光农村发展基金会会议室成功召开。参与本次会议的,有来自《中国青年报》、《北京青年报》、《北京周报》、《农家女》杂志社、《中国妇女报》、《农民日报》、《中国人口报》、《民主与法制时报》、《百姓》杂志社、《竞报》、求实《小康》杂志社、中新社等18家媒体的20名记者。交流分享研讨的主题是:推进少数民族女童教育权益进程,我们在为少数民族女童、特别是贫困女童教育能做些什么?会上,华光女高课题组对加拿大公民社会项目“广西少数民族女童教育政策倡导”项目实施的初期、一期调研成果作了课件报告,展现少数民族贫困女童上高中的教育资源滞后状况;华光女高特别派送6名在实施该项目过程中的受益者、参与主体——金凤生代表(黄芳艳,女高第三届金凤生,现回母校工作,任女高后勤总管,壮族,来自崇左江州区驮卢镇渠立村;莫少兰,女高第四届金凤生,现就读中华女大,瑶族,广西钟山县两安乡龙窝村;黄春凤,高三(10)班学生,两次荣获南宁市“三好”学生荣誉称号,瑶族,来自广西平南县马练瑶族乡平仍村;谭素侣,高三(10)班学生,两次荣获南宁市“三好”学生荣誉称号,毛南族,来自广西环江毛南自治县下南乡中南村;戚莉琴,高三(12)班学生,彝族,来自隆林各族自治县克长乡猴场村二队;蓝美慧,高二(13)班学生,南宁市“三好”学生,瑶族,来自马山县里当瑶族乡内钱村)和李仁波、孙果成两位本土少数民族教师参与其中,分享她们自己学习、工作成长的心灵历程与生命体验;加拿大国际发展署公民社会项目协调员甄里老师特别到会介绍加拿大国际发展署( CIDA )批准,由公民社会项目资助、南宁市苗圃行动华光女子高中(HGSS)组织实施的“少数民族女童教育政策倡导的媒体培训”公民社会项目开展的具体情况和取得的成果,呼吁媒体对少数民族女童教育给予更多的关注与报道,帮助传递少数民族女童、特别是贫困女童的求学心声;与会记者对项目报告、金凤生代表的成长故事表现出极大兴趣和热切关注,对甄里老师发出的呼吁积极回应和热烈响应。当天会议延长到晚上六点,天都黑透了,记者们才依依不舍地与女高课题组成员分手。而这些记者,基本就是特积极、自愿到广西实地考察的媒体精英。
rdThe meeting of focusing minority girls’ education rights had been held in Beijing on Oct. 23,
which was significant successful, the Media, especially The Chinese Young People paper, Beijing weekly newspaper, The Countryside Women magazine, Farmer Daily and Chinese People magazine attended the conference. HGSS shared the information and earlier project results which were according to the situation of minority girls’ education rights. In addition, 6 special girls who came from Hua Guang Girls’ School also joined the meeting. They told their stories, sharing their true experiences and personal feelings, in particular, they appreciated the support from CIDA, which let a lot of people start considering them and helping them. Meanwhile, those girls’ stories made the media interests and curious, even some of them were willing to travel to Guangxi to report it by them.
10月26日,到北京召开媒体记者信息分享交流研讨会的课题组一行,应邀参加了《人民政协报教育在线周刊》主办、在人民政协报社召开的“21世纪教育之春系列沙龙之22——免费背景下农民工子女教育的新问题与新探索”会议。会上,华光女高金凤生提出:“作为少数民族贫困女童之一,也是流动农民工的子女之一,我们和我们的父母因为生活的贫困不得不流动,但是我们希望我们本应获得的权益是安定的,如果能保证流动农民工子女的义务教育阶段所能享受的权益之后,我们也希望有更多人把目光停留在高中阶段流动农民工子女的教育。我们希望更多人关注高中少数民族贫困女童、流动农民工的子女的成长与发展。”这一观点的提出,在与会的全国政协委员、相关研究专家、地方官员及NGO实践代表、首都媒体代表中引起了热烈讨论。借此机会,课题组还介绍了广西相关调研与做法,引起了与会人员的热情关注。而身穿艳丽少数民族服装、为自己族群的女童发出声音的金凤生蓝美慧、戚莉琴、黄春凤,更是成为本次会议的一个新亮点、一道透视蓬勃生机的
风景线。
thAnd 26 of October, HGSS and their 6 girls took part in another conference that was taken by
a government newspaper. And the topic of this meeting was about issues and opportunities in free education of farmer workers’ children. Girls were saying they were also meet such situation that due to their parents were poor, they have to move around, but they wish at least their rights for getting education were stable and fair. After that, the whole meeting were shocked, surprised and had a big discussion.
3、部分媒体记者、社会活动家参与了少数民族贫困女童家访、田野调查的踩点工作和前期调研考察 Social Program
6月3日至6月20日,课题组组长刘光华校长、副组长李仁波、课题组成员周歆和香港《大公报》驻广西记者站王刚记者、桂林电视台葛辉记者、社会活动家周健教授,亲自到隆林县的15个乡镇和那坡县的6个乡镇进行踩点,并在所到乡镇中学进行抽样调查。尤其对准备引领媒体记者下基层做田野调查的德峨乡中女子班、者保乡中老师推荐的少数民族贫困女童典型个案,作了深入的入户访谈。为课题组后续行动奠定了良好基础。
A social program held by HGSS from June 3rd to 20th .it invited some journalists go to 15 villages of Longlin town and 6 villages of Napo and did invesgation physically. And 26 and 27 of July and 26 of December, team member Renpo Li even went to the poorest town with reporters twice to do the investigation. Therefore, the follow-up program could carry on properly and effectively.
7月26、27日和12月26日,课题组副组长李仁波和《大公报》驻广西记者站王刚记者、社会活动家周健教授,两次陪同香港苗圃行动亲善探访团到南宁市国家级贫困县马山县里当国家级贫困瑶族乡进行考察、家访。
On June 26th , 27th and Dec. 26th, the research group of the Hong Kong Sowers Action Charity visited Mashan county, a national poverty-stricken county with the vise director of HGSS team, a journalist of Ta Kung Pao and a social activist.
这三次踩点和前期调查准备工作,为课题组后阶段组织北京、广西等地媒体记者下基层采风,到本土少数民族贫困女童家乡入户访谈,开展田野调查作好了充分准备。
Their three times visits made necessary preparation for HGSS’to invite journalists to report the poor ethnic minority girls.
4、“关注广西少数民族女童教育爱心助学”记者考察团考察活动圆满完成Completion of the Training Program
1月2日至1月6日,课题组组织的“广西少数民族女童教育政策倡导” 项目(CSP0708.16 )关注广西少数民族女童教育爱心助学记者考察团在桂考察活动顺利、圆满完成!
The project of CSP0708.16 had been completed successfully in Jan.. Members were from the Media went to the poorest area of Guangxi province, realized the real situation of education to minority girls, knowing how important to pushing the changes. Meanwhile, they also visited Hua Guang Girls’ School, watching minority girls’ works, sharing their stories and experience.
本次爱心助学记者考察团由来自京、粤、桂三地的《中国青年报》、《北京青年报》、《人民政协报?教育周刊》、香港联合通讯社、中国新闻社、南宁电视台等15家媒体记者,广西政协代表、粉之都爱心助学基金主席张家骁先生,两名广西师院新闻学院在读大学生和5名少数民族女童组成。
媒 体 和 鸣 金 凤 音 - NGO信息中心-中国发展简报 China 03_中国发展简报
15 journalists of the China Youth, the Beijing Youth, the Education Weekly of the People's Political Conference Newspaper, Hong Kong News Agency, China News Agency or Nanning TV Station, deputies of Guangxi provincial political consultative conferences, the chairman of Fen Zhi Du Study Trust, 2 undergraduates and 5 ethnic minority girls joined the project.
考察团深入百色革命老区隆林各族自治县德娥乡进行实地考察,并了解德峨中学的教育现状,特别是女童班的办班原因及对改变当地少数民族女童教育的影响;重点访问4个少数民族村寨和8名少数民族贫困女童的家庭状况、体验广西少数民族风土习俗对教育的影响;同时,考察团给德峨中学女童班的女童们带去了捐赠物资、图音资料,并教女童们唱手语歌等;随团的广西政协代表、南宁粉之都爱心基金会主席在考察过程中深受感动,表示将会尽最大努力影响社会各界关注少数民族贫困地区的女童教育,发起对德峨中学女童班的资助与帮助。
They went to De E village in the old revolutionary base areas of Baise, researched the situation of the De E Middle School. They put spicial attention on the girl class and its effect on the education for local ethnic minority girls. They visited 4 ethnic minoriyt villages and 8 poor ethnic minority girls’ home, experienceing the effect of local custom on education. Meanwhile, they donated for the students of the girl class in the De E Middle School. Deputies of Guangxi provincial political consultative conferences and the chairman of Fen Zhi Du Study Trust were impressed deeply. They said they would try their best to call on public care and donate to the education for poor ethnic minority girls.
结束对隆林少数民族地区女童教育状况的采风、考察、调研后,考察团一行来到中国大陆第一所接过“春蕾计划”接力棒,倡导推广“金凤工程”,由香港苗圃行动和同一蓝天无偿资助、社会各界好心人士捐赠善款扶助,全国唯一一所为少数民族贫困女童争取免费上高中教育权益的公益性女子高中——南宁市苗圃行动华光女子高中。在女高,考察团参观了校园及展厅,了解女高的办学艰难历程、办学理念、学校现状和发展规划;听取了课题组实施“广西少数民族女童教育政策倡导” 项目的情况报告和课题组对广西部分少数民族地区女童教育状况的调研报告;目睹了“金凤生”们的学习、生活、风采展示;聆听了“金凤生”们艰难的求学历程与心灵成长故事。
After the project, they visited Hua Guang Girls’ school, listened the report on CSP0708.16 and the story of the Golden Phenix students.
5日晚,女高“金凤生”们为答谢考察团的爱心助学行,特别献上了一台自编、自导、自演的“感恩的心”文艺晚会,《爱在平凡中》、《跪羊图》等许多反映“金凤生”求学故事、成长感恩的节目,让观众眼中不时闪动着感动的泪珠;在《感恩一切》的歌声中晚会落下帷幕,关注广西少数民族女童教育爱心助学记者考察团在桂为期4天的考察活动也顺利、圆满完成!但关注广西少数民族女童教育爱心助学行动仍在继续;我们祈祷、我们相信德峨(苗语:天上的街市)这个“花一样的民族”聚居地里的花朵和广西所有少数民族地区里的花朵,将来一定不会再过早凋谢、枯萎!
At the evening of May 5th, the Golden Phenix students perform a show. Many play about the
students’ real life affected the visitors. The 4 day research activity was over. But the
activities to support the education for ethnic minority girls in Guangxi is going on, and
helping girls grow healthily.
二、影响分析
II.The achievement of the program
1、NGO对NGO执行项目受益者群体的影响力
1.NGO's influence on the beneficiaries of the project:
该项目受益者——被关注群体成为政策倡导参与的重要组成部分——少数民族女童成为重要的发声源
The beneficiaries of the ethnic minority girls express their voice on their own initiative, becoming an important parts of the advocates.
女高本身就是中国一个典型的NGO组织,从一无所有创业,定位为推进少数民族贫困女童上高中的教育权力而影响公众、影响媒体,争取政府出台相关政策。办学8年多来,女高培养毕业了6届金凤生,始终坚持公益性办学宗旨,“能帮一个是一个”。在女高课题组接受加拿大公民社会项目资助前后两年多,女高在成长,整个NGO群体在成长。尤其令人欣慰的是,公民社会项目所关注的弱势群体、项目实施过程中的受益者——少数民族贫困女童积极参与政策倡导。她们由实施项目初期、一期过程中被动发出声音的接受调查者,到本期项目执行过程中的发声主体、诉求主体,少数民族贫困女童不仅主动争取每次交流研讨会的参与权,充分利用每次与媒体记者、政协委员、女童研究专家学者、地方官员及慈善团体等交流活动的机会,或口头表达、直接发出诉求,或呈送倡议书、寄发信件等,积极发表意见和建议,努力发出群体的、个体的、不同的声音,努力倡导公众、媒体、官员来关注和关怀女童。更重要的是,她们已经在项目执行过程中为她们代表的弱势群体、农民工子女说话,登上改革开放三十年的教育论坛。无疑,这对少数民族贫困女童公正平等的高中教育权力获得而言,具有里程碑意义的倡导推进作用。
HGSS is a typical NGO in China. The school was set up blank-pocket. Its goal is to attract the interest of the public and the media, and to promote the legislation on the senior-secondary education for the poor ethnic minority girls. 8 years since its establishment, HGSS is a non-pofit high school. It helped every poor girls to the best of its ability. And 6 groups of Golden Phoenix girls graduated. During the 2 years of receiving the support from CSP, HGSS has made a significant development. And the NGO group grows. We are happy to see that our ethnic minority girls participate the lobbying. They finish a tremendous change from the interviewees to the main body of the implementation of the program. The girls participated every forum with journalists, representatives of political consultative conferences, scholars, officials and donors, expressing their proposals for girl children’s interest. More important, they participated the education forum that memorized the 30 years of the Reform and Opening-up, on behalf of disadvantaged groups and the children of rural workers. This is a stepping-stone towards the gender equality of senior-secondary education for poor ethnic minority girls.
2、NGO对媒体记者培训的影响力
2. NGO's influence on the participating journalists of the project
该项目培训对象——媒体记者参与推进女童教育权益的倡导自觉程度加强——制媒者从代言人转化为自觉倡导者
The initiative of the trained journalists is enhanced. They have make a trasition from the reporters to the advocators.
通过对媒体记者培训和召开少数民族女童教育信息分享交流会,记者们的社会性别意识、公民意识有所增强,尤其体现在他们对少数民族贫困女童教育的报道中,透过少数民族贫困女童现阶段
滞后的教育现状,他们在字里行间呼吁的人权、受教育公正平等权、倾斜扶持政策的倡导建议等,十分强烈。大部分记者积极参与政策建议与倡导的讨论,为探索影响政府的倡导路径、媒体所能起的推进作用等提出宝贵意见与建议。
Through the training and the forum on information of the education for the ethnic minority girls, the journalists’ sense of the gender equality and civic consciousness are enhanced. In their reports on the less-developed situation of the education for ethnic minority girls, the journalists called on the human rights, the education equality, the supporting policies and so on strongly. Most of the journalists actively participated the discussion on the policy suggestions and calling-on. They gave suggestions and ideas how to influence government by the media.
制媒者从过去被动受邀请参与政策倡导信息发布会,帮助传递信息、发出声音,充当不自觉的管道中介到主动要求参与少数民族地区教育状况考察、采访少数民族女童、撰写报告、发表报道,将相关报道纳入媒体主流报道中,通过媒体、新闻网络、政府信息网络传递,借助不同媒体合力发出声音,形成公众关注焦点。通过媒体影响覆盖力,尽可能影响有决策力层面的领导,让他们能听到、看到相关文本。在此参与过程中,建立起了关注少数民族女童教育政策倡导的媒体网络,制媒者从代言人转换为自觉倡导者。
The media was invited attending the express on the information on the girl education equality, passing on the information, being an intermediate passively. Now they participate the report on the education in ethnic minority areas and girls, public report on mainstream by media, news network and governmental information network, attacking public attention. Through the report, we can affect all level leaders that make decisions, and establish the media network on the policies of ethnic minority girls. The media make a change from spokesman to urger.
3、NGO对政府官员的影响力
3. NGO's influence on the officials
该项目的间接指向者——地方官员、人大代表、政协代表、民主党派代表对少数民族贫困女童高中教育的关注程度有所提高,主动提出政策方面的相关建议。
Local offcials, deputies to the people's congress, members of people's political consultative committee and deputies to non-communist parties, which are indirect targets of the project, put more attention on the education for poor ethnic minority girls. They submited relating policy recommendations.
通过NGO项目倡导发出声音、通过媒体宣传影响、覆盖面的不断扩大,地方官员、人大代表、政协代表、民主党派代表对少数民族贫困女童高中教育的关注程度不断提高。例如:
Influenced by the project and the media, local officials, the representatives of people’s congress, members of people’s political consultative conference and deputies to non-communist parties put more attention on the senior-secondary education for poor ethnic minority girls.
2008年7月23日下午,南宁市苗圃行动华光女子高中所属辖区良庆区副区长吴晓在城区民族局领导的陪同下,深入到华光女高进行调研。在调研过程中,吴晓认真听取了校长助理、项目课题组副组长李仁波关于女高发展、课题组执行项目进展情况的汇报。吴晓副区长表示,作为分管少数
民族工作的领导,充分肯定华光女子高中办学八年来为近千名少数民族贫困女童获得免费上高中教育机会的公益行动;对女高目前办学所遇到的建校问题,将尽己所能向上级有关部门领导汇报反映,争取早日解决;她由衷希望华光女高越办越好,期望新校早日建成。
For instance, at 23rd July in 2008, Wu Xiao who was the vise leader of government of Liangqing District where HGSS located, visited the school. After listening to the assistant principal’s report on the developments of HGSS and CSP0708.16, the vise leader applauded HGSS for providing free senior-secondary education for almost one thousand poor ethnic minority girls. And she said she would report HGSS’ difficulty of campus to higher level leaders. At the end of her visiting, she hoped the school have its new campus and become better.
全国人大代表、民革广西区委会专职副主委何培嵩对女高金凤艺术团的义演印象至深,他认真阅读了女高项目报告,并把声音传递到全国人大会议。他说,国家有关部门应高度关注和重视少数民族地区女童的教育问题,尤其是少数民族贫困女童受中等教育的权益,尽快制定和出台促进少数民族贫困女童教育的相关政策、法规。
He Peigao, the representative of the National People’s Congress and the executive vise director of the Revolutionary Nationist Party of Guangxi, was impressed by performance of the Golden Phoenix Art Group. He read the report on HGSS, and spoke for the school in the National People’s Congress meeting. He said departments of government should attach importance to the problem of the education for ethnic minority girls, especially the right of poor girls to get secondary education. He suggested to accelerate the legislation on the education for the poor ethnic minority girls.
广西政协代表张家骁亲自参加关注广西少数民族女童教育爱心助学记者考察团考察活动,深入少数民族贫困女童地区进行调研,发起对少数民族贫困女童的资助与帮助。
Zhang Jiaxiao, the representative of the Provincial Political Consultative Congress of Guangxi, participated the research on the education in the area of the ethnic minority. And he arouse the financial support for the poor ethnic minority girls.
广西区侨办钟凤英副主任、九三学社广西区委会社会服务部杨丽英部长在接受华光女高理事会拜访时表示:在女高办学、建校过程中,将尽可能与政府相关部门协商、争取倾斜政策、给予最大的帮助。
During committee of HGSS’ visiting, Zhong Fengying who is the vise director of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of Guangxi, Yang Liying who is the head of the social service department of the Jiu San(Sept. 3rd) Society committee of Guangxi said they would try their best to strive for help and policy from governments to build the new campus.
4、执行项目NGO主体成为政府关注的受益者、支持程度得到提高。
4. The executant of the project has got more supports from governments.
南宁市人民政府、市教育局,新校址属地邕宁区人民政府、良庆区人民政府为华光女高建校选址提出宝贵意见与建议,在政策上给予大力扶持。主管教育的邓卫民副秘书长专门召集南宁市规划局、土地局、发改委、教育局领导与女高建校筹委会开会对接,认真听取各部门声音,指示协助女高尽快申报划拨教育行政用地。相信在各级政府部门的支持帮助下,华光女高的少数民族贫困女童们将拥有真正属于自己成长的一片蓝天绿地。
The Nanning government, the Nanning Education Bureau, the government of Yongning District and the government of Liangqing District have offered HGSS supports and suggestions on the new campus adress. Deng Weimin, the vise secretary of the Nanning government who was in charge of education affairs summoned the leaders of the urban planning bureau, the land and resources bureau, the development and reform commission, the education bureau and the HGSS organizing committee for the new campus to apply for the land of the new campus together. We are confident by the support of government, the poor ethnic minority girls will have their own campus.
2008年秋季,广西壮族自治区财政安排资金资助家庭经济困难大学新生入学补助项目、南宁市为民办实事项目惠及女高的少数民族贫困女童。华光女高高二、高三的6名少数民族贫困女童和2008年秋季考入大学的18名少数民族贫困女童获得了共计18000元人民币的资助。
In the Autumn of 2008, the fiscal fund arranged by the Guangxi government to help poor freshmen’s enrollment and the program carried out by Nanning government to solve problems for the citizens benefited our poor ethnic girl students. 6 girl students who were in the second or third grade and 18 ethnic minority girl freshmen who enrolled in the autumn of 2008 got the aid fund of 18000 RMB.
政府信息网开始关注少数民族贫困女童教育状况,如南宁市良庆区民族事务局在其网页上发布城区政府吴晓副区长对南宁市苗圃行动华光女子高中进行调研的新闻及相关调研情况;良庆区政务信息网发布了题为《关注广西少数民族女童教育爱心助学记者考察团考察活动圆满完成》的新闻信息等。
The government internet site began reporting the situation of the education for the poor ethnic minority girls. For instance, the site of the Ethnic Affairs Bureau of Liangqing District reported the vice-head of the district government visited HGSS. The site of the Liangqing District Government reported the news that the journalist delegation focusing and supporting the minority girls’ education finished their research successfully.
5、执行项目NGO主体得到更多民间慈善机构、助学团体的帮助而受益,公益性助学行动不断在扩大声势,与媒体宣传此高彼长,相得益彰。
5. The executant of the project has got more help from charity organizations. Coopperating with the media, the project helping girls go back to school is known by more people.
媒体关注的声音强势发出,使原来对高中阶段助学心存疑虑的一些香港好心人得以改变态度,她们参与亲善访问团,到女高孩子们的家乡访贫问苦,深切了解中国少数民族女童的教育现状,行动起来,影响更多的人加盟助学长征的行列中来。香港苗圃行动、温哥华苗圃行动、同一蓝天三个慈善助学机构在金融海啸的严峻背景下,初衷不改,资助华光女高的力度不断加大。从2006年开始资助华光女高仅资助学校运作经费慢慢扩大到资助部分少数民族贫困女童的课本资料费、生活费等,资助项目越来越多,贫困女童受助范围越来越广;2008年6月,为华光女高建校筹募到了第一笔1200万元人民币,用于买地建校。
The reports overcome the doubts of the good people from Hong Kong. They doubt the possibility to subsidize senior high schools. They visited our students’ poor hometown and investigated the situation of the education for ethnic minority girls. And then they
媒 体 和 鸣 金 凤 音 - NGO信息中心-中国发展简报 China 03_中国发展简报
affected more people join the charity. Despiting the finacial crisis, the charities of Hong Kong Sowers Action, Vancouver Sowers Action and the One Sky still increased the fund to support HGSS. At the beginning, they just financed the working capital of the school. Later, their support expanded to our girl students’ expenses of book and living. In the June of 2008, HGSS collected a fund of 12 million RMB to buy land for the campus.
2008年11月,徐州市红十字会徐州爱心志愿者服务队通过徐州市人民广播电台发起为华光女高少数民族贫困女童的募捐。11月17日服务队千里送温暖,秘书长王承志医生亲自押车,把徐州各高校捐赠的一车衣物、书籍等送到华光女高贫困女童手中。
In the November of 2008, the Red Cross Association of Xuzhou called for donation to the poor girl students in HGSS. And the secretary of the RCA brought a truck of books and clothes donated by the colleges in Xuzhou to HGSS.
南宁市爱心QQ群的群友们,每个学期都会带着他们募捐的书籍、给老师教师节的慰问礼物来到华光女高,并和金凤生们开展各种活动,把真诚的关爱传递给每个少数民族贫困女童。
The charity of Nanning QQ group bring their donation of books and Teacher’s Day gifts to HGSS every school term. They play games with the Golden Phoenix students. They show their care to every poor girl students.
6、执行项目NGO主体受益而备受关注,公益性助学行动与媒体宣传此高彼长,直接影响公民社会的文明进程,使公众对少数民族贫困女童争取高中教育权利和助学资源的认识得到不同程度的提高。
6. The public attention on the project executant has direct effects on the development of civil society. The public acceptance of the education equality of the poor ethnic minority girls and the resource helping them go back to school are enhanced.
通过媒体声音的强势发出,让社会各阶层的对捐资助学、对女童受教育的天赋人权,有了自觉的认识并采取行动,使少数民族贫困女童成为最终受益者。例如,徐州的耿万瑞先生读了《中国人口报》上刊登的《翻过这座山,就是学校》。他了解到华光女高少数民族女童贫困却非常优秀,文章中的女童之一蓝美慧克服家庭困难,以顽强的求学毅力去改变自己的命运,在寄来钱和信函资助、鼓励蓝美慧的同时,都还在网上发表文章《请您伸出温暖的双手,献出您的爱心——为了一位“校长妈妈”的心愿》,得到了相识的和素不相识的领导和同事、朋友们的关心与积极回应!
The media’s reports acquaint more people with education right of girls. They begin donating for poor ethnic minority girls. For instance, Geng Wanrui who live in Xuzhou, knew our poor girl students were excellent in the story The School Is Over the Hill which was on newspaper of China Population. He was impressed by Lan Meihui, a girl student reported in the story. Given the poor family situation, she learnt hard to change her destiny. Mr. Geng donated for Lan Meihui, and wrote a letter to encourage her. Later Mr. Geng wrote a article Giving Your Warm Hands and Love, A Wish of A Principal Mother. The article attracted many people’s attention and supports.
7、影响力难以企及之处:尚未促成政策出台的实质性进展
7. Disadvantage of the project: few substantial development in legislation.
尽管该项目在执行过程中,通过媒体的宣传,发出政策倡导的声音越来越强,尽管地方官员、人大代表、政协代表、民主党派代表对少数民族贫困女童高中教育的关注程度也在不断提高,甚至已经有人大代表、政协委员帮助我们把政策建议条款在会议上明确提出。
The advocacy of the legislation on girl’s education right is growing. Local offcials, deputies to the people's congress, members of people's political consultative committee and deputies to non-communist parties put more attention on the poor ethnic minority girls’ education, submit relating policy recommendations.
诸如:国家有关部门应高度关注和重视少数民族地区女童的教育问题,尤其是少数民族贫困女童受中等教育的权益。国家应开发和制作分性别、城乡的统计数据,有针对性地对少数民族贫困女童的教育需求制定适当的行动方案,建立女童平等教育发展的监测指标。同时,制定和出台促进少数民族贫困女童教育的相关政策、法规,将性别平等意识纳入各种助学行动中,切实保障贫困地区、少数民族地区女童的就学权利。尤其是保证中等教育阶段中招收少数民族贫困女童的教育指标和比例数额,适当运用财政、金融、信贷手段,对少数民族贫困女童完成中、高等教育实施倾斜扶持政策。等等。
For instance, the policy recommendations suggest departments of the governments should focus on the problem of the education for girls in ethnic minority areas, especially the secondary education for poor girls. The government should set up statistics system between genders and between urban-rural areas, write a special project for poor ethnic minority girls and criterion on the equality of the education for girl. The government should work out policies, laws to promote the education for poor ethnic minority girls. The sense of the educational equality should be introduced into activities to assist the impoverished students. The government should protect girls’ right to receive education in poor and ethnic minortiy areas, especially a certain quota and ratio on enrollment of poor ethnic minority girls. The government should introduce policies to support poor ethnic minority girls to finish their secondary and college education by fiscal, financial and credit facilities.
该项目通过对媒体记者的培训影响媒体,通过媒体的声音影响政府官员。但是, NGO无法左右媒体记者,更不可能去指挥记者何时发稿见报。尤其要选择在恰当的时机,例如在每年两会举办之前,人大代表、政协委员参会前搜集民众意见建议之时,媒体能群发、排发、集中火力乃至爆破力发出声音,造成轰动效应,以影响更高决策领导层,促成相关政策出台的实质性推进。显然,还需要探寻路径,仍然需要一个漫长的影响、倡导过程。
The projcet influnce the media by training the journalists, then influnce the offcials by the media. However, the project cannot order the journalists to publish reports, espically at some certain occasions. For instance, every year, before the National People's Congress (NPC) and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPPC), the deputies would hear the public’s viewpoints. The media could amplify the public’s voice, even influnce the high level government to introduce relating policies. Obviously, there are a lot of work to do. 三、政策倡导朝向
III. Next Step
通过项目的执行实施,关于少数民族女童教育政策倡导的声音已经放大许多,有变得越来越大并将继续形成更大和音之趋势。毕竟,2008年大地震的灾难,激起了民众的公益心。善行义举,逐渐成为公众关注焦点。女高坚持8年拓荒的高中助女学公益行动,将越来越得到更多人的认同,也势必让更多的政协代表、人大代表、政府官员听到、看到相关建议。但如何使得这些人大代表、政府官员从个体知晓、个人建议变成共同倡导、提交议案,直接影响政府相关部门,推动相关法规法律的出台,促成少数民族贫困女童高中教育状况的实质性改善,是该项目始终努力推动的倡导的发展朝向。
The advocacy of the education for ethnic minority girls is enhanced increasingly by the project. More people will be influenced certainly. The big earthquake in Sichuan Province aroused more public sympathy. Public put more attention on charity. The 8-year contribution of HGSS for girl secondary education keeps impressing more people. More deputies to the people's congress and officials hear the advocacy. The next goal of the project should be the transition from the individual advocacy of deputies to the people's congress and officials to group advocacy. This could push the government to make laws on the education for poor ethnic minority girls.
根据初期、一期和中期项目执行过程中的实践发现,凡是亲自来到华光女高或深入少数民族贫困地区考察调研的学者、记者、政协代表、人大代表、政府官员、非政府组织代表、慈善团体人士等,都会被深深打动,发自内心想为少数民族贫困女童去争取教育资源和平等权益。为民办实事、体恤民情,不再会停留在堂而皇之的嘴边或者报告里。
During the previous phases of the project, all the scholars, journalists, members of people's political consultative committee, deputies to the people's congress and officials, members of NGOs and charity organizations were deeply moved during their visit to HGSS or participation of the field survey in poor ethnic minority areas. They took action to gain access to education equality.
故此,我们设想下一步项目计划,不仅要有目的有步骤地吸引更多媒体记者下乡入户作田野调查,还要想方设法争取吸引更多的政协代表、人大代表、政府官员等决策人来到华光女高,实地亲眼见证少数民族贫困女童只要获得公正平等的教育资源,就有成才的希望。同时,影响这些决策人深入少数民族贫困地区考察,亲历贫困地区的生活状况、教育状况,真正了解少数民族贫困女童的求学经历。从而让记者们、决策者们在感动之中不遗余力、身体力行去和韵鸣琴鼓瑟,共同促成政策的出台,造千秋功德。
Besides taking in more journalist participating the field survey in villages, we plan to invite more people relating to law-making such as members of people's political consultative committee, deputies to the people's congress and officials visit HGSS, show them the possibility for poor ethnic minority girls to become useful for the society by equal access to education. We will ask those deputies, members and officials do field survey in poor ethnic minority areas, studying the living status of peasants, the undevelopment and barriers of the girls’ education there. We hope the true situation would urge them to submit policy recommendations.
衷心感谢加拿大国际发展署公民社会项目的支持资助。
Thanks for the financial support of the Civil Society Program of the Canadian International Development Agency.
南宁市苗圃行动华光女子高中
少数民族女童教育政策倡导项目小组
课题组组长:刘光华
副组长:李仁波
2009年3月10日修改稿
Nanning Sowers Action Huaguang Girls’High School
The research team of the Project to Promote the Law-making on the Education of Ethnic minority Girls
Director: Liu Huaguang
Vise Director: Li Renbo
Amended at Mar. 10th, 2009
南宁市苗圃行动华光女子高中
联系电话:0771-4011189
刘光华13607884833 李仁波13481063927
E-mail:julialove_5703234@163.com hgbobo1981@163.com
通讯地址:广西南宁市邕宁区清泉路66号 南宁市苗圃行动华光女子高中 邮编:530200
网址:www.huaguang-girls-school.com
二 : XGA:XGA-简介,XGA-发展
XGA全称Extended Graphics Array,中文名扩展图形阵列,它是一种计算机显示模式。显示模式指计算机显示器的性能,特别指最大色彩数以及最大的图像分辨率。在现在的个人电脑系统中,可找到多个显示模式,例如VGA、SVGA、XGA、SXGA、UXGA等。XGA的投影机可谓是今年各厂商主打的一大系列产品,货源供应相对充足,各商家备货准备也比较充分。它支持最大1024×768分辨率,屏幕大小从10.4英寸、12.1英寸、13.3英寸到14.1英寸、15.1英寸都有。同时,在 高端市场,投影机已经进入SXGA(1280x1024 解析度)和SXGA+(1400x1050解析度)等级,适合需要更清晰的投影呈现,或宽大室内呈现用途。
xga_XGA -简单介绍
XGA(Extended Graphics Array)是1种 计算机显示模式。显示模式指计算机显示器的性能,特别指最大色彩数以及最大的 图像分辨率。在现在的个人电脑系统中,可找到多个显示模式,例如VGA、SVGA、XGA、SXGA、UXGA等。?
xga_XGA -发展
扩展图形阵列(XGA)显示系统是继8514/A显示模式之后,IBM于1990年发明的,XGA较新的版本XGA-2以 真彩色提供800×600象素的 分辨率或以6553六种色彩提供1024×768象素的分辨率,这2种图像分辨 水平可能是个人和小企业当今最常用的。
全称Extended Graphics Array,这是1种目前 笔记本普遍采用的1种LCD屏幕,市面上将近有80%的笔记本采用了这种产品。它支持最大1024×768分辨率,屏幕大小从10.4英寸、12.1英寸、13.3英寸到14.1英寸、15.1英寸都有。
投影机的真实分辨率是1024x768,如今XGA投影机是投影市场的主流产品。随着技术不断进步以及产品价格下滑,XGA开始进入普及化的阶段。已经成为许多显示产品“指定规格”的XGA(1024x768 解析度)分辨率。
xga_XGA -性能
同时,在 高端市场,投影机已经进入SXGA(1280x1024 解析度)和SXGA+(1400x1050解析度)等级,适合需要更清晰的投影呈现,或宽大室内呈现用途。
随着投影机技术不断的发展,投影机各项性能指数都在提高, 分辨率都很大程度上从SVGA升级到XGA。XGA的投影机可谓是今年各厂商主打的1大系列产品,货源供应相对充足,各商家备货准备也比较充分。
信息时代的到来,改变了人类的生活,也改变了人类的工作环境。科学技术的飞速发展,使移动办公成为可能。由于目前市场流行的主流 笔记本电脑显示分辨率采用的是XGA(1024*768)标准。而投影机的分辨率是与所连接的电脑密不可分的。要使投影机呈现出最完美的演示效果,投影机的分辨率就要与计算机的显示分辨率相一致。现如今,基于800x600显示分辨率的笔记本电脑将不再生产,因此可以预测,SVGA标准的投影机即将慢慢的退出投影机市场。任何人都不希望自己购买的投影设备,从购买的时刻就已经落伍。因此必然有很多用户选择代表时代潮流的产品,这样XGA(1024*768)代替SVGA(800x600)投影机成为历史的必然。
另外价格因素也为XGA(1024*768)作为新技术,迅速普及并代替SVGA(800x600)提供了可能。一般情况下,一项新的技术产生之后,往往在成本上高于原有的技术。但是由于投影机市场的激烈竞争,其技术能够突飞猛进,使得以XGA(1024*768)为标准的新技术在很短的时间内就将成本降了下来。从目前发现13.3英寸到14.1英寸、15.1英寸都有使用XGA的标准。
三 : 555:555- 简介,555-发展
555定时器是一种模拟和数字功能相结合的中规模集成器件。一般用双极型(TTL)工艺制作的称为555,用互补金属氧化物(CMOS )工艺制作的称为7555,除单定时器外,还有对应的双定时器556/7556。555定时器的电源电压范围宽,可在4.5V~16V 工作,7555可在3~18V 工作,输出驱动电流约为200mA,因而其输出可与 TTL、CMOS 或者模拟电路电平兼容。
555奥特曼_555 -简单介绍
555定时器成本低,性能可靠,只需要外接几个电阻、电容,即可实现多谐振荡器、单稳态触发器及施密特触发器等脉冲产生与变换电路。它也常作为定时器广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、电子测量及自动控制等方面。555定时器的内部电路框图如右图所示。555奥特曼_555 -发展
555奥特曼_555 -应用
555的应用:555奥特曼_555 -实例
单稳态电路555奥特曼_555 -设计
555定时器由HansR.Camenzind于1971年为西格尼蒂克公司设计。西格尼蒂克公司后来被飞利浦公司所并购。555奥特曼_555 -引脚
DIP封装的555芯片各引脚功能如下表所示:555奥特曼_555 -用途
555定时器可工作在3种工作模式下:555奥特曼_555 -衍生芯片
555定时器有许多不同公司生产的衍生型号,其中有引脚功能不同的型号,也有采用CMOS的设计。有的芯片中包括数个集成的555定时器。555芯片家族的其他一些型号如下:四 : SHELBY COBRA 427:SHELBYCOBRA427-简介,SHELBYCOBRA427-发展
SHELBY COBRA 427,60年来最伟大的20款超级跑车之一。超级跑车(supercar)是传奇和梦想的象征,是出现在无数海报、挂历和电脑游戏中的宠儿。综览二战以后到现在的汽车工业,我们回顾了这60年来的超级跑车发展史,评选出其中最值得关注的20款明星车型。SHELBY COBRA 427位列第七。
shelby_SHELBY COBRA 427 -简单介绍
60年来最伟大的二十款超级跑车第七:1966 款Shelby Cobra 427
性能:7.0 升V-8 发动机/425马力,5.3 秒破百。
说实话,Cobra 427 的配置算不上奢华。相反,巨大的顶置式气门福特V8 前置引擎和过气10 年的两座敞篷设计,使得该车怎么看都不像1款超级跑车。但动力是该车的一切,其他的则显得无足轻重了:如果你有足够的钱,而且想要1款开得飞快的车,Cobra 则是最好的选择。
1967年的经典眼镜蛇跑车,这辆车在很多人的童年里是个梦想中拥有的跑车,应用了特殊的增压技术,S/C是Cobra跑得最快的车型,这款车加大了底盘的设计,以配合它那超大的跑胎,侧边排气管,同时还包括1个额外的42加仑燃料箱;这款传奇跑车是在量产订单被拒绝后,FIA才决定生产特别版:CompetitionGT;只有50部的产量,头2部做为原型车,一部提供给Ford的工程部,剩下的30辆中有一部被开上了街道,这就是我们所看到的1967ShelbyCobra427S/C,价格起拍为:130万美金。
[www.61k.com)shelby_SHELBY COBRA 427 -发展
如果说模仿也可以看成是1种奉承,那么ACCobra无疑是车史上最受奉承的汽车。还从没有其它车辆有如此众多的模仿秀,有些甚至连发动机都不曾改变地照搬过来。20世纪60年代Cobra车的空前成功让人忽略了这样1个事实,就是他的生产厂只是一家古老的英国汽车公司,创立于1901年,自此以后一直没有间断过生产,在1992年后,BrianAngliss成为了它的新主人。
现在的ACCobra仍使用原始的工具进行生产,但即使是微小的变化也会使用户有种亲切感。而且最新的轻重量Cobra也是加速性最好的车型,0-96公里/小时加速时间为4.27秒,0-160公里/小时为10秒。
Cobra的传奇故事始于1961年,那时有福特公司背景的赛车手CarrollShelby来到ACCar公司,共同协商在轻量AC赛车上采用福特V8发动机的事宜,这一横跨大西洋的联姻造就了历史上最快的运动轿车,也开创了Cobra的辉煌年代。1963年,两辆289Cobra出现在法国勒芒24小时汽车拉力赛上,其中一辆成为首部完成全部赛程的英国汽车。其后的427Cobra位列世界最快的生产型汽车精品名录,并于1965年赢得运动轿车世界锦标赛的冠军。
早期车体狭长的289Cobra的命名是按照其289立方英寸(4.7升)的发动机排量,采用原来的悬架系统,操控和抓地都游刃有余。1964年Shelby决定引入427立方英寸(7升)发动机以抗衡法拉利赛车,此时的底盘是重新设计的。应用计算机技术,Shelby与福特共同设计了在当时很出色的管状车架和四连杆悬架与充满赛车情调的490匹马力,最大扭矩679牛米的发动机匹配。而如今的302立方英寸(5升)发动机安装位置更加靠后,使Cobra的前后重量比变为50/50。
手工敲打的铝合金车体非常出色,镀铬件更是光彩照人。进入车内,你会立刻被经仔细缝合精心制作的皮革制品所吸引,心情顿时开朗起来。门把手也是一条窄长的皮带,在高贵的形象下透射出实用主义的观念。强大的V8发动机启动起来就像是在打雷,特别是在空间相对狭小的地方更是如此。离合器有些发沉但结合良好,轻点油门离合器平缓结合同时汽车开始向前移动,两只粗大的不锈钢排气管发出了扑扑的声响。把车开上公路,伴随着扭矩的增加,排气声已经变成令人敬畏的低沉的怒吼声。当转速表的指针接近红区时,巨大的声响和推背感同时生起。四腔Holley化油器已经开到了最大,排气管的咆哮也已经有些刺耳了,说明到了该换挡之际了。过弯通常要缓进快出,此时Cobra的方向盘能很好地反映前轮经过的路面情况。
Cobra震撼人心的铝合金车身是车轮上的美学颠峰,匹配一台雷鸣般的美国V8发动机,变幻出一幅充满刺激的移动风景。30年来,此款颇具传奇色彩的运动轿车总能使人眼前一亮,尽扫愁云。
五 : DLNA:DLNA-发展,DLNA-DLNA简介
DLNA的全称是DIGITAL LIVING NETWORK ALLIANCE(数字生活网络联盟), 其宗旨是Enjoy your music, photos and videos, anywhere anytime, DLNA(Digital Living Network Alliance) 由索尼、英特尔、微软等发起成立、旨在解决个人PC,消费电器,移动设备在内的无线网络和有线网络的互联互通,使得数字媒体和内容服务的无限制的共享和增长成为可能,目前成员公司已达280多家。DLNA并不是创造技术,而是形成一种解决的方案,一种大家可以遵守的规范。所以,其选择的各种技术和协议都是当前所应用很广泛的技术和协议。DLNA将其整个应用规定成5个功能组件。从下到上依次为:网络互连,网络协议,媒体传输,设备的发现控制和管理,媒体格式。
dlna_DLNA -发展
(www.61k.com)DLNA 成立于2003 年6 月24 日, 其前身是DHWG (Digital Home Working Group 数字家庭工作组),由Sony、Intel、Microsoft等发起成立、旨在解决个人PC ,消费电器,移动设备在内的无线网络和有线网络的互联互通,使得数字媒体和内容服务的无限制的共享和增长成为可能。DLNA的口号是Enjoy your music, photos and videos, anywhere anytime。
dlna_DLNA -DLNA简单介绍
DLNA的全称是DIGITAL LIVING NETWORK ALLIANCE
其宗旨是Enjoy your music, photos and videos, anywhere anytime
DLNA并不是创造技术,而是形成1种解决的方案,1种大家可以遵守的规范。所以,其选择的各种技术和协议都是目前所应用很广泛的技术和协议。
DLNA将其整个应用规定成五个功能组件。从下到上依次为:网络互连,网络协议,媒体传输,设备的发现控制和管理,媒体格式。
DLNA功能组件构成
Media Formats
Device Discovery
Control and
Media Management
Media Transport
Network Stack
Network Connectivity
dlna_DLNA -功能
1.探索:网络中寻找无配置的设备并计算出其提供的
性能
2.浏览:浏览内容并通过不同方式分类
3.搜索:在设备上寻找特定内容
4.分流:全网发送多媒体内容
5.服务:网络通知通讯录
6.打印:向网络附属打印机发送内容
7.控制:使用网络改变设备状态
8.上传:发送内容到服务器
9.下载:接收并储存内容
10.自动译码:改变分辨率或内容格式来确保设备正确翻译
11.服务保证:区分网络交通优先次序,若网络超载,优先放弃最弱的优先权
功能模块
DMSDMRDMCDMP
DMS:Digital Media Server 服务器
DMR:Digital Media Renderer 渲染器(受控端)
DMC:Digital Media Controller 控制器
DMP:Digital MediaPlayer 播放器(可理解为DMC+DMR)
组件构成
功能组建重要技术和协议Media FormatsMedia Format Required and Optional Format ProfilesDevice Discovery Control and Media ManagementDevice Discovery and Control UPnP Device Architecture 1.0Media Management and Control UPnP AV 1.0 and UPnP Printer:1Media TransportMedia Transport HTTP (Mandatory) and RTP (Optional)Network StackNetworking IPv4 SuiteNetwork ConnectivityConnectivity Ethernet, 802.11 , and Bluetoothdlna_DLNA -介绍
1.网络互连。其规定了所接入网络的类型和协议。目前,主要包括:
有线网络:802.3.i/u
无线网络:802.11/a/b/g
2.网络协议。其规定了所使用的网络协议。目前,其规定必须支持IPv4。但是,考虑到地址空间等IPv4的缺点,将在不久的将来支持IPv6。当然,考虑已经存在的IPv4的诸多应用和设备。在未来的很长一段时间内同时支持IPv4和IPv6并保证IPv4和IPv6的互连的双重协议栈将会受到亲赖。
3.媒体传输。其规定了所有DLNA设备都必须支持使用HTTP协议进行媒体的传输。这将使得未来很长一段时间如何提高HTTP协议上高速安全的进行大数据量的传输成为1个课题。单纯就安全而然,TLS也许是个不错的选择。另外,在IPv6的协议中IPSEC已经成为了1个必选项。这也在一定程度上解决了安全问题。不过好像使用软件做加解密的工作始终都不是个正确的选择。因为,在真正的应用中,很少有客户不对你的速度指手画脚。当然,同时你也可以使用RTP的其他专用的媒体流传输协议。但是,前提是你已经支持了HTTP协议下的传输。
4.设备的发现,控制和媒体的管理。这个功能组件是最重要的1个层次。也许是由于英特尔是UPnP的发起者吧,所以,在其再次发起DLNA之际,UPnP所有的东西当然其不会浪费了呀。是不是因为UPnP很长时间停留在协议阶段,很少有应用,IDG是个例外,英特尔才又来发起DLNA的呢,我是不得而知了:)目前,其采用了UPnP Device Architecture 1.0和UPnP AV 1.0 and UPnP Printer:1。这只是UPnP论坛上一堆标准中的冰山一角了。将其UPnP的东西,好像还是蛮多的,这里就不详细讲了。总之,其通过一系列的步骤和协议来达到设备的发现和管理,同时也通过厂商定义的AV和Printer标准达到对媒体的管理。1大堆的概念和名词,下次再介绍了:)
5.媒体格式。这是最后的1个组件了。其规定了进行数字媒体和内容的共享和使用之际的媒体格式。其必须支持的是:JPEG, LPCM, MPEG2。其他可选的媒体格式见表2。
DLNA 媒体格式
媒体分类
必须支持的格式
可以支持的格式
Image
JPEG
PNG, GIF, TIFF
Audio
LPCM
AAC, AC-3, ATRAC 3plus, MP3, WMA9
AV
MPEG2
MPEG-1, MPEG-4*, AVC, WMV9
以上,就DLNA的技术做了简单的阐述,仅就技术而言,DLNA离我们应该说很近了。但是,这里面还有很多商业上的因素。所以,DLNA离我们还有一段距离。
dlna_DLNA -版本
DLNA产品的版本主要为:
v1.0
数字媒体服务器(DMS, Digital Media Server):提供了媒体文件的获取、录制、存储以及作为源头的设备。
数字媒体播放器(DMP, Digital Media Player):可查找并播放或输出任何由DMS所提供的媒体文件的设备。
v1.5 除了原有的DMS和DMP,新增了数种设备及机能:
移动式数字媒体服务器(M-DMS, Mobile Digital Media Server):针对手机等体积较小、轻巧可移动式的电子设备所定义的服务器,多媒体格式支持与一般DMS稍有不同。
移动式数字媒体播放器(M-DMP, Mobile Digital Media Player):同样是针对移动设备的播放器,多媒体格式支持与一般DMP稍有不同。
数字媒体控制器(DMC, Digital MediaController):作为遥控设备使用,可查找DMS上的多媒体文件,并指定可播放该多媒体文件的DMP进行播放或是控制多媒体文件上下传到DMS的设备。
数字媒体打印机(DMPr, Digital Media Printer):DMPr的打印机可以在DLNA网络架构下提供打印功能。
dlna_DLNA -手机实现
介绍一下什么是DLNA,DLNA的全称是DIGITALLIVINGNETWORKALLIANCE,其宗旨是Enjoyyourmusic,photosandvideos,anywhereanytime,DLNA(DigitalLivingNetworkAlliance)由索尼、英特尔、微软等发起成立、旨在解决个人PC,消费电器,移动设备在内的无线网络和有线网络的互联互通,使得数字媒体和内容服务的无限制的共享和增长成为可能,当前成员公司已达280多家。
(通俗的举个例子:我坐在马桶上点我手机里的歌曲,客厅里电脑的音箱立刻播放了我手机里的音乐,下一首快进暂停都可以手机控制,或者你拍了一段高清的视频,用手机那小小的屏幕实在是没有阖家观赏的效果,不怕,我从容的选择电脑播放,在手机里点到视频,家里23寸的显示器立刻流畅的播放刚刚拍下的热腾腾的高清视频。而且在手机也可以浏览电脑里的图片音乐和视频)
电视机
1:wifi,家里必须有无线网络复盖
2:通过1个多屏互动配件WiPlug
注意:此教程试用于1、安卓2.3以上的手机(无论是品牌机还是山寨机都可以),2、电视机带HDMI接口即可。
教程步骤如下:
按照使用说明连接电视机
把手机和设备连到同1个wifi下面
选择推荐的视频客户端打开,然后点击DLNA的图标选择播放设备即可了。
如果要实现把整个手机的屏幕投到电视机上,可以下载个WiPlug客户端然后即可了。
电脑
DLNA无线直连实现条件:
1:wifi,家里必须有无线网络复盖
2:可以无线上网的电脑
3:电脑的系统最好为win7
注意:此教程适应于所有支持DLNA的手机和设备,和手机的操作系统也没多大关系,电脑上的设置是相同的,手机上用不同的软件而已。此教程测试环境为Windows7,其他系统未验证。
教程步骤如下:
1.打开Windows服务中的“SSDPDiscovery”和“WindowsMediaPlayerNetworkSharingService”2个服务;
2.在“控制面板\所有控制面板项\网络和共享中心”中将当前电脑的无线网络类型设置为“家庭网络”,手机也连接到这个无线网络;
3.在“控制面板\所有控制面板项\网络和共享中心”中,点击“选择家庭组和共享选项”,如果你想在手机上播放电脑上的图片、视频、音乐等,需选中“将我的图片、音乐和视频输出到我的家庭网络上的所有设备”。然后点击“选择媒体流选项”,启用媒体流,出现“为计算机和设备选择媒体流选项”时,默认全部允许就可以。点击确定。这些步骤不一定顺序全对,反正你注意要开这些选项就对了。
此时,启动DesireHD的Wifi,打开“媒体库”,点击底部的四个标签卡的最后1个,应该可以看到连接的媒体中出现了电脑上的媒体库。这些媒体库左边是1个“WindowsMediaPlayer”的图标,右侧会显示计算机名和计算机上的用户名。点击不同的用户可以浏览这个用户共享的媒体。
4.最后一点是如何把DesireHD的视频、图片、音乐往电脑上显示。首先在电脑上启动“WindowsMediaPlayer”(一般在开始菜单的附件里面),在媒体库的菜单上有“媒体流”菜单,勾选“允许远程控制我的播放器”和“自动允许设备播放我的媒体(这1个不勾应该也可以,自己试一下)”,保持WindowsMediaPlayer不要关闭,等下播放图片、音乐、视频都是靠这个程序。现在你可以在Desires上打开“媒体播送”程序,以视频为例,点击某段视频,将会自动搜索当前范围内支持DLNA的设备。如果只出现了“我的手机”,那么就是没有找到;如果出现了你的电脑,选择后将会出现1个播放控制界面,同时你的电脑上的WindowsMediaPlayer已经开始欢快的播放了。
5.最后再补充几点:
a)拍了一段720P的视频,在电脑上流畅播放,就最开始会缓冲几秒钟。
b)DesireHD的媒体播送程序,在播放控制界面,视频是不动的。可以暂停、拖动、调整电脑音量,但是没有全屏等高级控制,哪个兄弟有更好的DLNA软件分享一下。
c)如果你的电视机等设备支持DLNA,那么手机上的视频也可以直接在电视机上播放。
ps:应该所有的最新一代HTCAndroid系统的都可以通用的,还有就是放音乐之际要先把电脑上windows自带的播放器打开的,不然没法选电脑播放的哈
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