一 : 那年那月那场雨
曾经记得有过年轻。
大学的校园，傍晚是我们的天地。益阳的那座鸳鸯山，现在已是芳草凄凄。分配的流离，成了不堪回首的记忆。
你有你的梦想，我有我的执着，于是一切成风，一切如烟。漫天四射的烟花，躲不掉灰飞烟灭的轮回。你懂得离开，我却成了回忆。终于海枯石烂的诺言，成为昙花一现的回忆。
遥想当年，我沉迷的不是你的面容，而是你令人窒息的呼吸。当年，总提醒自己，爱了，就别离开；不爱，就别感动。我知道，一个字的爱容易，两个字的相守却太过艰难。我也知道，爱字是手抱着一个人的头，盖住了他的眼，怎么不让你痛？
你总叫我笑，我回答你：笑多了不好，别人以为我没有眼泪。微笑的时候我不知道爱不爱你，是泪的咸告诉我，我已经身不由己地把自己交给了你。
那时候多欣赏：飞蛾对蜡烛刚说过抱我，美丽的翅膀就成了灿烂的烟花；蜡烛流着泪，便一直哭到香消玉殒。我只知道当时，我的痛是你寂寞了我的寂寞，我的爱是你冲动着我的冲动。( 文章阅读网：www.61k.com )
我是一个容易伤感的行者，你一路的微笑，淹没了我带泪的心情，可是我往往忘却不了忘却。一个人恋上了伤感，又怎能微笑收场，伤感的内心又怎能戴上微笑的面具。
面对即将的人分两地，你好像看破红尘，牵着你的手，怦怦的心跳没有，便只有放手。人人都说在一起是幸福，有有几个人懂得幸福是不在一起的守护。
你淡然的一句放手，让我刻骨铭心地懂得：最坚硬的海誓山盟，终抵不过软弱的：我是为你好，所以离开。
你曾经说过，你说给我一方彩伞，撑起一片温馨，如今，你的伞漏下的是滴滴答答的雨。
可是我依然懵懂，怎样才能倔强的拒绝，爱你的山崩地裂。总是习惯性地去爱你，却忘记了是时候离开；习惯性地去等你，却不知道你的眼光早已移开。
爱明明是一场心痛的雨，可我偏偏想去畅快淋漓的湿身。等到明白，最爱的爱是有明天，最恨的恨是忘却，却已经太迟。命中注定的不叫结局；绵绵无期的才叫心痛。
等待之后的等待，才懂得等待的另一个名字叫无奈。
最可怕的不是距离，而是不再守候。
作别的酒杯已经端起，方才意会酒不醉人人自醉，醉人的是不堪回首的曾经。睁开眼看到的是华丽的你；闭上眼触到的是你冷却的心。
那年，那月，下了那场雨。我呆在雨中看世界，到处是流泪的声音。
桃江的街头，我与你分手的时刻，用最僵硬的表情，埋葬温柔的昨天。蓦然回首，蓦然挥手，蓦然伤神，默然决绝的离开。挥手作别的时刻，只好坚强的不落一滴泪；宁愿转身的瞬间，泪流成河。撑一把雨伞，燃一支雪茄，带着破碎的心去流浪。
爱流出脸面，痛流向心里。
最温馨的字眼是我们；最伤感的结局是你我。
------2014.10.19日作，姑且把这次回忆当做我们的一次总结。
二 : 翼年代记动画、剧场版里面有X战记中的神威、皇昂流出现的是那一集（?
翼年代记动画、剧场版里面有X战记中的神威、皇昂流出现的是那一集（?
翼中的昂流和神威并不是X中的人物哦~~他们两个出现在东京默示录中出现(即翼的OVA)以吸血鬼的形式出现.并且被身为猎人的星矢郎追捕。神威在OVA的三集中都有出现，而昂流只是在翼OVA的第三集中有出现过。《翼·编年史OVA 东京默示录》 OVA全三卷 第1卷《魔术师の?谎浴?第2卷《少年の右目》 第3卷《???问婴棵巍?内容简介： 从列柯路特国逃离后，“小狼”一行人来到了一个新的世界里。在这个世界中，到处都是瓦砾和风沙，一片荒凉死寂。樱进入了漫长的休眠中，而黑钢也开始对法伊破坏自己的规定擅自施展魔法表示不解，突然天上下起了酸雨，“小狼”一行人躲进了一座唯一没有被腐蚀的大楼里，却遭到了一行人的袭击。根据神秘头领“神威”所说，这个世界的名字叫东京，而这座建筑物的名字叫都厅，由于都厅地下藏有少量淡水也成为人们的避难所，最后化解误会，“小狼”一行人决定暂时留在这里休憩，一边寻找羽毛。 在东京，除了神威一行人，还存在着一封真为首脑的东京塔一派。而在樱的梦中呼唤她醒来的人正是神威的双胞胎兄弟 昂流。而另一位小狼也解开封印，来到魔女面前。
三 : 2001年的那场雪
又是冬天了，2001年那场灿烂的大雪一直在我的心头飘了八个春夏秋冬，还没有飘出我的记忆。
那年冬天，我患了腰椎间盘突出，走路很困难，如果不及时治疗的话就可能引起瘫痪。为了不耽误丈夫的工作，我执意孑身来到千里之外的古城西安看病。坐了一夜的火车，早晨醒来的时候，已是早上7点半了，一走出西安火车站，我就傻眼了，天冷极了。大把大把的雪花毫不吝啬地从天空撒了下来，地上已经积雪一尺多厚。公交车和出租车基本停开。
我傻傻地站在雪堆里，望着偌大的一个古城，看着雪花里来来往往蠕动的人们，我不知道我应该怎么样找到我要去的医院。虽然以前也来过几次，但是那是公事，有人安排好了的，不用自己操心。但是这次不行了。我伫立在飘飞的风雪中，浑身上下凉凉的，腿酸酸的，走起路来很艰难。一个好心的司机看着我疼痛的情况，于是费了两个小时把我送到要去的地方。下车的时候我塞给他50元钱，可是他只要了10元，我好感动。
到了大夫的诊室时，走廊上已经站满了四面八方慕名前来治病的人，他们在焦急地等着，议论着。门上留了张纸条，看病时间要等到下午6点半。怎么办呢？离看病的时间还有9个小时，有的人已经陆陆续续地找地方休息了。我就一直站在这里等吗？可是不等又怎么办呢？何况我一个人又举步维艰，只好蹲在一个角落里慢慢地等了。
这时一个老人走过来，他佝偻着腰背，双手支撑着腰部，一件发黄了的旧式军大衣裹着瘦弱的身体，一看就知道也是个乡下人。
“闺女，你是一个人来的吗？”( 文章阅读网：www.61k.com )
听到那带着浓重东北方言的苍老的口音，我抬起头看了他一眼，又耷拉下眼帘，点了点头，没吱声。我来的时候，丈夫交代不要和陌生人搭话，怕我上当受骗。
“离看病的时间还长着呢，你就一直在这里等吗？”
我摇摇头，又点了点头，不知道应该怎么回答他。
“闺女，如果你不介意的话，跟我们一起找个地方去休息一下吧？”
我急忙摇了摇头，又低下头，心里一阵不安。
他好象看出了我的心事，急忙解释说：“闺女，你别害怕，我也是来看病的，你看，那是我的儿子，他陪我来的。我看你一个人也没人照顾，才问你的。”
我将信将疑地打量了他一下，看他好象是诚意的，就忧郁地点了点头。
“儿子，来，扶着这位大姐下楼，我们找个地方休息一下。”
他儿子过来要扶我，我挣开了他，摇摇头，意思是不用，我自己能行，示意他去照顾他父亲，可是他父亲却固执地硬要他扶着我，嘟哝着自己能行。我看看周围的人都要走完了，我一个人也呆在长长阴暗的走廊里也怪害怕的，于是就只好跟着他们走了。
出了医院大门，大雪依然纷扬着，丝毫没有停歇的意思。马路上的积雪已经被来往的车辆碾成尘泥，一不小心就溅到了身上。老人在前面踽踽地走着，我被搀扶着跟在后面，看到老人那被风吹掀起来的旧大衣在雪花中瑟缩着，我心里一阵内疚。
我们找了个小旅馆，他儿子给我要了个单间，他们两个就住在我的隔壁。因为我们是临时休息，所以服务员也不太热情，他儿子给我把开水打好，又帮我把床被铺好，转头给我说：“大姐，你好好休息，有什么事情就喊我。”
我点点头，看着他憨厚的样子，嗯了一声。
躺在窗上，看着窗外那飘扬的雪花，我把被子拉紧了，把身子裹得严严实实，还是感觉到冷。我想着自己一个人出远门看病，又逢着这样一个冰天雪地的天气，泪水止不住地哗哗流了下来，不知不觉中就睡着了。
当我从沉睡中醒来十，我听到一个声音在说：“闺女，醒来了，我让儿子去给你买了碗羊肉面，看你还睡着，怕凉了，就放到旅馆的茶炉上温着，你别动，我让孩子去给你端来。”
这时，我一下子哭出声来，我哽咽着不知道说什么好，我突然感到他就象父亲一样在心疼着自己的女儿。后来我们就拉起了家常，知道大爷是个老实本分的庄稼人，因为舍不得花钱，所以这病一直拖了还几年才到现在来看。
一会他儿子捧着一碗面进来了，他说：“大姐，快趁热吃吧。”
我平时是不喜欢吃面的，但是，那碗面却吃的那样香甜，至今那味道还留在我的唇边。
看完病之后，他儿子跑前跑后地把医生开的一大堆药买好了，我们因为不需要住院，所以就准备回程。到火车站后，趁他儿子去忙着为我买车票的时候，我去买了一大堆吃的，要老人带上去，可是老人说什么也不要，没办法，我就趁他不注意的时候，就偷偷地在他的背包里塞了200元钱。
火车出发的时间到了，他儿子把我送到站台上，扶我上车，安顿好后，就下去了。窗外的雪花还没有变小，还在簌簌地下着。那片片的雪花就象一只只美丽的蝴蝶在夜色里旋飞着，映着古城璀璨的霓虹灯，闪烁着迷幻的光彩，灿烂极了。我看着窗口下，被雪花包裹着的那个憨厚的身影，慢慢地消失在雪中，泪水再次涌上了眼眶。
八年过去了，而八年前的那个场景依然清晰可见，八个冬季的思念和牵挂，一直在我心底缠绕。
现在又是冬天了，也不知道那位出租车师傅是否依然奔波于风雪之中，也不知道那位老人的病好了没有，他的儿子结婚了没有，我只有借这一篇薄纸遥遥地祝福他们能够健康、幸福地生活着。
四 : 2001年5月TOEFL考题
section one: listening comprehension
1. (a) he has just recovered from the flu.
(b) he won’t be able to go to the play.
(c) he heard that the play isn’t very good.
(d) he has already seen the play.
2. (a) share the place he’s renting.
(b) avoid living near the campus.
(c) apply for campus housing.
(d) find an apartment soon.
3. (a) he wants to meet the woman after his
spanish class.
(b) the woman should borrow someone else’s
workbook.
(c) he can take the woman to her class.
(d) the woman needs to return the workbook
before the class.
4. (a) she didn’t know dr. turner’s lecture would
be so interesting.
(b) she didn’t expect to have a quiz today.
(c) dr. turner often gives quizzes.
(d) the man should have prepared for the class.
5. (a) there are different kinds of folders.
(b) this decision requires careful thought.
(c) it doesn’t matter which color she uses.
(d) the color should suggest the content.
6. (a) she prepares her students well.
(b) she used to teach graduate courses.
(c) she isn’t qualified to teach organic
chemistry.
(d) her students rarely attend graduate school.
7. (a) he decided not to sell the piano.
(b) he’s looking for a place to store the piano.
(c) no one has bought the piano.
(d) he hasn’t been able to find an inexpensive
piano yet.
8. (a) tennis players often injure their backs.
(b) she hadn’t heard about the man’s problem.
(c) the man should have seen the doctor.
(d) she’ll check the man’s schedule as soon as
possible.
9. (a) he already knew about the problem.
(b) someone has started fixing the washing
machine.
(c) no one complained about the washing
machine today.
(d) there’s nothing wrong with the washing
machine.
10. (a) it won’t take long to get to the station.
(b) it’ll be easy for him to give the woman aride to the station.
(c) he’ll ride on the train with the woman.
(d) he’s picking someone up from the station.
11. (a) i’ll out an application from.
(b) apply for a different position.
(c) file the papers in the cabinet.
(d) show her the advertisement from the
newspaper.
12. (a) go with her to the airport.
(b) talk to her for a short time.
(c) find out when the plane is leaving.
(d) make the phone call now.
13. (a) he can give the woman directions to
chicago.
(b) he can drive the woman to chicago.
(c) he can get a map for the woman.
(d) he can take the woman to the bookstore.
14. (a) he didn’t show his paintings at the exhibit.
(b) he didn’t see the paintings.
(c) he doesn’t understand ted’s art.
(d) the exhibit was canceled.
15. (a) she has canceled her trip to lowa.
(b) the snowstorm is getting weaker.
(c) the man’s information isn’t accurate.
(d) they also may get a lot of snow.
16. (a) she needs more time to get ready for the
dinner.
(b) she thought the dinner was at another
time.
(c) she forgot about the plans she made for
dinner.
(d) she won’t be able to go to dinner.
17. (a) take the class this semester.
(b) get permission to take the class.
(c) take the class over again.
(d) register for the class next semester.
18. (a) he doesn’t like his new eyeglass frames.
(b) he didn’t get a haircut.
(c) he got his eyeglasses a long time ago.
(d) several people have asked him about his
new eyeglass frames.
19. (a) the grades have been calculated
correctly.
(b) the woman will get the grade she
deserves.
(c) the woman received one of the highest
grades.
(d) the woman’s grade can’t be changed.
20. (a) she left the lecture for a few minutes.
(b) she was reading doing the lecture.
(c) she may have fallen asleep.
(d) she misunderstood the speaker’s last
points.
21. (a) the man hasn’t seen joan recently.
(b) the man plans to call joan soon.
(c) joan doesn’t know what happened to the
book.
(d) joan gave the book to the man.
22. (a) why she should tell her students about
her plans.
(b) what he plans to do when he’s on
sabbatical.
(c) why she can’t take a sabbatical next
semester.
(d) why her students probably weren’t
surprised by her announcement.
23. (a) put a little more pepper in the stew.
(b) taste the stew to see if it needs paper.
(c) check the recipe to see if they followed it
correctly.
(d) serve the stew as it is.
24. (a) she wants to know where tom heard the
stories.
(b) she’s surprised tom was so serious last
night.
(c) tom doesn’t usually tell funny stories.
(d) the stories probably weren’t true.
25. (a) he plans to sell the books to a collector.
(b) he won’t sell the books until he has read
them.
(c) the books probably aren’t worth a lot of
money.
(d) the woman can borrow any of the books
if she wants to.
26. (a) leave with the man.
(b) get ready to leave for the weekend.
(c) stay where she is for the weekend.
(d) meet the man later.
27. (a) the man is upset that the wasn’t invited to
the party.
(b) the man and the woman live in different
buildings.
(c) the woman’s friends were louder than she
expected they would be.
(d) the woman hadn’t intended to serve food
and beverages at the party.
28. (a) mary hadn’t planned to attend the
seminar.
(b) mary has been ill for several weeks.
(c) mary forgot about the seminar.
(d) mary wasn’t able to attend the seminar.
29. (a) do more research before they meet.
(b) meet several days before the presentation.
(c) change the day of the presentation.
(d) try to solve the problems before they
meet.
30. (a) she’ll talk to judy about the problem.
(b) she may not be available later to help the
man.
(c) she isn’t sure if judy can solve the
problem.
(d) the man will be able to solve the problem
himself.
31. (a) places the man has visited.
(b) a paper the woman is writing for a class.
(c) school activities they enjoy.
(d) the woman’s plans for the summer.
32. (a) she has never been to gettysburg.
(b) she took a political science course.
(c) her family still goes on vacation together.
(d) she’s interested in the united states civil
war.
33. (a) why her parents wanted to go to
gettysburg.
(b) why her family’s vacation plans changed
ten years ago.
(c) where her family went for a vacation ten
years ago.
(d) when her family went on their last
vacation.
34. (a) it’s far from where she lives.
(b) her family went there without her.
(c) she doesn’t know a lot about it.
(d) she’s excited about going there.
35. (a) a catalog mailed to the man.
(b) the woman’s catalog order.
(c) the history of mail-order catalogs.
(d) a comparison of two kinds of catalogs.
36. (a) she wants to learn about richard sears.
(b) she is helping the man with his
assignment.
(c) she needs to buy a filing cabinet.
(d) she wants to order some textbooks.
37. (a) teachers.
(b) farmers.
(c) students.
(d) laborers.
38. (a) as textbooks.
(b) as fuel.
(c) as newspapers.
(d) as art.
39. (a) taxes on factory goods rose.
(b) some people lost their farms.
(c) shipping prices rose.
(d) some families lost their businesses.
40. (a) problems with pesticides.
(b) characteristics of one type of falcon.
(c) migratory patterns of birds.
(d) tracking systems for animals.
41. (a) it flying speed.
(b) its keen hearing.
(c) it size.
(d) its aggressiveness.
42. (a) by radar.
(b) by airplane.
(c) by direct observation.
(d) by satellite.
43. (a) the types of instruments used in bebop
music.
(b) the social setting in which bebop music
developed.
(c) how two styles of jazz music influenced
each other
(d) the influence of bebop music on the
united states economy during the 1940’s.
44. (a) they didn’t use singers.
(b) they gave free concerts.
(c) they performed in small nightclubs.
(d) they shortened the length of their
performances.
45. (a) to discuss one way it impacted jazz music.
(b) to explain why the government reduced
some taxes.
(c) to describe a common theme in jazz
music.
(d) to discuss the popularity of certain jazz
bands.
46. (a) the music contained strong political
messages.
(b) the music had a steady beat that people
could dance to.
(c) the music included sad melodies.
(d) the music contained irregular types of
rhythms.
47. (a) the increase in beachfront property value.
(b) an experimental engineering project.
(c) the erosion of coastal areas
(d) how to build seawalls.
48. (a) to protect beachfront property.
(b) to reduce the traffic on beach roads.
(c) to provide privacy for homeowners.
(d) to define property limits.
49. (a) by sending water directly back to sea with
great force.
(b) by reducing wave energy.
(c) by reducing beach width.
(d) by stabilizing beachfront construction.
50. (a) protect roads along the shore.
(b) build on beaches with seawalls.
(c) add sand to beaches with seawalls.
(d) stop building seawalls.
section two: structure and written expression
1. the giant ragweed, or buffalo weed, grows ---.
(a) 18 feet up to high
(b) to high 18 feet up
(c) up to 18 feet high
(d) 18 feet high up to
2. neptune is --- any planet except pluto.
(a) to be far from the sun
(b) far from the sun being
(c) farther than the sun is
(d) farther from the sun than
3. since prehistoric times, artists have arranged
paint on surfaces in ways --- their ideas about
people and the world.
(a) express
(b) that their expression of
(c) which, expressing
(d) that express
4. except for certain microorganisms, --- need
oxygen to survive.
(a) of all living things
(b) all living things
(c) all are living things
(d) are all living things
5. dubbing is used in filmmaking --- a new sound
track to a motion picture.
(a) which to add
(b) to add
(c) is adding that
(d) to add while
6. --- of green lumber may come from moisture in
the wood.
(a) more weight than half
(b) of the weight, more than half
(c) the weight is more than half
(d) more than half of the weight
7. archaeologists study ---- to trace ancient trade
routes because such tools are relatively rare, and
each occurrence has a slightly different chemical
composition.
(a) which obsidian tools
(b) obsidian tools
(c) how obsidian tools
(d) obsidian tools are
8. ---- the hamster’s basic diet is vegetarian, some
hamsters also eat insects.
(a) despite
(b) although
(c) regardless of
(d) consequently
9. the navajo indians of the southwestern united
states --- for their sand painting, also called dry
painting.
(a) noted
(b) are noted
(c) to be noted
(d) have noted
10. in 1784, the leaders of what would later
become the state of virginia gave up --- to the
territory that later became five different
midwestern states.
(a) any claim
(b) when the claim
(c) toclaim
(d) would claim
11. ---- one after another, parallel computers
perform groups of operations at the same time.
(a) conventional computers, by handling tasks
(b) since tasks being handled by conventional
computers
(c) whereas conventional computers handle
tasks
(d) while tasks handled by conventional
computers
12. the liberty bell, formerly housed in
independence hall, --- in philadelphia, was
moved to a separate glass pavilion in 1976.
(a) which a historic building
(b) a historic building which
(c) was a historic building
(d) a historic building
13. fossils, traces of dead organisms found in the
rocks of earth’s crust, reveal --- at the time the
rocks were formed.
(a) what was like
(b) was like life
(c) what life was like
(d) life was like
14. although the huge ice masses ---- glaciers
move slowly, they are a powerful erosive force
in nature.
(a) call them
(b) are called
(c) to call
(d) called
15. the soybean contains vitamins, essential
minerals, --- high percentage of protein.
(a) a
(b) and a
(c) since a
(d) of which a
16. a gene is a biological unit of information who directs the activity of a cell or organism during its
a b c d
lifetime.
17. the flowering of african american talent in literature, music, and art in the 1920’s in new york city
a b c
became to know as the harlem renaissance.
d
18. the symptoms of pneumonia, a lung infection, include high fever, chest pain, breathing difficult, and
a b c d
coughing.
19. the rapid grow of boston during the mid-nineteenth century coincided with a large influx of
a b c
european immigrants.
d
20. in 1908 olive campbell started writing down folk songs by rural people in the southern appalachian
a b c
mountains near hers home.
d
21.the thirteen stripes of the united states flag represent the original thirteen states of the union, which
a b c
they all were once colonies of britain.
d
22. in 1860, more as 90 percent of the people of indiana lived rural areas, with only a few cities having a
a b c
population exceeding 10,000.
d
23.gravitation keeps the moon in orbit around earth and the planets other of the solar system in orbit
a b c d
around the sun.
24. photograph was revolutionized in 1831 by the introduction of the collodion process for making glass
a b c d
negatives.
25. after flax is washed, dry, beaten, and combed, fibers are obtained for use in making fabric.
a b c d
26. a fever is caused which blood cells release proteins called pyrogens, raising the body’s temperature.
a b c d
27. because of various gift-giving holidays, most stores clothing in the united sates do almost as much
a b
business in november and december as they do in the other ten months combined.
c d
28.the united states national labor relations board is authorized to investigation allegations of unfair
a b
labor practices on the part of either employers or employees.
c d
29.the great potato famine in ireland in the 1840’s caused an unprecedented numbers of people from
a b c
ireland to immigrate to the united states.
d
30.the particles comprising a given cloud are continually changing, as new ones are added while others
a b
are taking away by moving air.
c d
31.political parties in the united states help to coordinate the campaigns of their members and organizes a b c
the statewide and national conventions that mark election years.
d
32.the lemur is an unusual animal belonging to the same order than monkey’s and apes.
a b c d
33.chese may be hard or soft, depending on the amount of water left into it and the character of
a b c d
the cuting.
34.the carbon-are lamp, a very bright electric lamp used for spotlights, consists of two carbon
a b
electrodes with a high-current are passing between it.
c d
35. at first the poems of e.e. cummings gained notoriety to their idiosyncratic punctuation and
a b
typography, but they have gradually been recognized for their lyric power as well.
c d
36.the mechanism of human thought and recall, a subject only partly understood by scientists, is
a b c
extraordinary complicated.
d
37.while the process of photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used
a b
to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and organic compounds.
c d
38.the globe artichoke was known as a delicacy at least 2,500 years ago, and records of its
a b c
cultivation date from fifteenth century.
d
39. humans do not constitute the only species endowed with intelligence: the higher animals also
a b c
have considerably problem-solving abilities.
d
40. many of species of milkweed are among the most dangerous of poisonous plants, while others
a b c
have little, if any, toxicity.
d
questions 1-10
in the early 1800’s, over 80 percent of the united states labor force was engaged
in agriculture. sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent.
people who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated
line in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. others cured meats, silversmiths, candle
5) or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle
makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family
perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the
united states society than the rise of industrialization. industrial growth hinged on several
10） economic factors. first, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially
coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber-all readily available on the north american
continent. second, factories demand a large labor supply. between the 1870’s and the
first world war (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the
united states, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. they also helped
15）build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked
important trade centers essential to industrial growth.
factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial
unpredictability associated with farming. many adults, poor and disillusioned with
farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks,
20) increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. others were
pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions
such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work
that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than
labor-intensive.
25） the united states economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work
was permanently altered. whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft
workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from
start to finish, factories relied on specialization. while factory work was less creative and
more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at
less expense.
1.what aspect of life in the united states does the passage mainly discuss?
(a) the transition from an agricultural to an
industrial economy
(b) the inventions that transformed life in the
nineteenth century
(c) the problems associated with the earliest
factories
(d) the difficulty of farm life in the nineteenth
century
2. blacksmiths, silversmiths, and candle makers are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of
artisans who
(a) maintained their businesses at home
(b) were eventually able to use sophisticated
technology
(c) produced unusual goods and commodities
(d) would employ only family members
3. the phrase “hinged on” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(a) recovered from
(b) depended on
(c) started on
(d) contributed to
4. which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the industrial growth that occurred in the united states before 1914?
(a)the availability of natural resources found only in the united states
(b) the decrease in number of farms resulting
from technological advances
(c) the replacement of canals and railroads by
other forms of transportation
(d) the availability of a large immigrant work
force
5. the word “lured” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(a) attracted
(b) assigned
(c) restricted
(d) attached
6. the word “others” in line 20 refers to other
(a) adults
(b) promises
(c) goods and services
(d) social opportunities
7.the word “expendable” in line 21 is closest in
meaning to
(a) nonproductive
(b) unacceptable
(c) nonessential
(d) unprofitable
8. it can be inferred from the passage that
industrialization affected farming in that
industrialization
(a) increased the price of farm products
(b) limited the need for new farm machinery
(c) created new and interesting jobs on farms
(d) reduced the number of people willing to do
farm work
9.what does the author mean when stating that
certain inventions made farming
“capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive”
(lines 23-24)?
(a) workers had to be trained to operate the new
machines.
(b) mechanized farming required more capital
and fewer laborers.
(c) the new inventions were not helpful for all
farming activities.
(d) human labor could still accomplish as much
work as the first machines.
10. according to the passage, factory workers
differed from craft workers in that factory
workers
(a) were required to be more creative
(b) worked extensively with raw materials
(c) changed jobs frequently
(d) specialized in one aspect of the finished
product only
question 11-20
molting is one of the most involved processes of a bird’s annual life cycle.
notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird’s
feather inevitably wears out. all adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and
line upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that
5) are nearing the end of their useful life. two distinct processes are involved in molting.
the first step is when the old, worn feather is dropped, or shed. the second is when a new
feather grows in its place. when each feather has been shed and replaced, then the molt
can be said to be complete. this, however, is an abstraction that often does not happen:
incomplete, overlapping, and arrested molts are quite common.
10) molt requires that a bird find and process enough protein to rebuild approximately
one-third of its body weight. it is not surprising that a bird in heavy molt often seems
listless and unwell. but far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary
forces that have established an optimal time and duration. generally, molt occurs at the
time of least stress on the bird. many songbirds, for instance, molt in late summer, when
15) the hard work of breeding is done but the weather is still warm and food still plentiful.
this is why the woods in late summer often seem so quiet, when compared with the
exuberant choruses of spring.
molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. some species,
for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain
20) balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before
shedding the next outermost, and so on. others always start with the innermost primary
feathers and work outward. yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both
weeks while the replacement feathers grow.
11.the passage mainly discusses how
(a) birds prepare for breeding
(b) bird feathers differ from species
(c) birds shed and replace their feathers
(d) birds are affected by seasonal changes
12.the word “notwithstanding” in line 2 is closest
in meaning to
(a) despite
(b) because of
(c) instead of
(d) regarding
13.the word “intricate” in line 2 is closest in
meaning to
(a) regular
(b) complex
(c) interesting
(d) important
14.the word “random” in line 12 is closest in
meaning to
(a) unfortunate
(b) unusual
(c) unobservable
(d) unpredictable
15.the word “optimal” in line 13 is closest in
meaning to
(a) slow
(b) frequent
(c) best
(d) early
16.which of the following is not mentioned as a
reason that songbirds molt in the late
summer?
(a) fewer predators are in the woods.
(b) the weathers is still warm.
(c) the songbirds have finished breeding.
(d) food is still available.
17. some birds that are molting maintain balance
during flight by
(a) constantly preening and caring for their
remaining feathers
(b) dropping flight feathers on both sides at the
same time
(c) adjusting the angle of their flight to
compensate for lost feathers
(d) only losing one-third of their feathers
18.the word “others” in line 21 refers to
(a) ducks
(b) sides
(c) species
(d) flight feathers
19.the author discusses ducks in order to provide
an example of birds that
(a) grow replacement feathers that are very long
(b) shed all their wing feathers at one time
(c) keep their innermost feathers
(d) shed their outermost feathers first
20. it can inferred from the discussion about ducks
that the molting of their flight feathers takes.
(a) a year
(b) a season
(c) several months
(d) a few weeks
question 21-30
the harlem renaissance, a movement of the 1920’s, marked the twentieth century’s
first period of intense activity by african americans in the field of literature, art, and
music in the united states. the philosophy of the movement combined realism, ethnic
line consciousness, and americanism. encouraged by the example of certain americans
5) of european descent such as thomas eakins, robert henri, and george luks, who had
included persons of african descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as
trivial or sentimental stereotypes, african american artists of this period set about
creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the united states. as they began
to strive for social and cultural independence. their attitudes toward themselves changed,
10) and, to some extent, other segments of american society began to change their attitudes
toward them. thus, thought the harlem renaissance was a short-lived movement, its
impact on american art and culture continues to the present.
the district in new york city know as harlem was the capital of the movement.
in 1925 an issue of survey graphic magazine devoted exclusively to harlem and edited
15) by philosopher alain locke became the manifesto of the african american artistic
movement. locke strongly suggested that individuals, while accepting their americanism,
take pride in their african ancestral arts and urged artists to look to africa for substance
and inspiration. far from advocating a withdrawal from american culture, as did some of
his contemporaries, locke recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could
20) enrich the culture of america. african americans were urged by locke to be collaborators
and participators with other americans in art, literature, and music; and at the same time
to preserve, enhance, and promote their own cultural heritage.
artists and intellectuals from many parts of the united states and the caribbean had
been attracted to harlem by the pulse and beat of its unique and dynamic culture. from
25) this unity created by the convergence of artists from various social and geographical
backgrounds came a new spirit, which, particularly in densely populated harlem, was
to result in greater group awareness and self-determination. african american graphic
artists took their place beside the poets and writers of the harlem renaissance and
carried on efforts to increase and promote the visual arts.
21.what does the passage mainly discuss?
(a) african american paintings in the 1920’s
(b) an arts movement of the 1920’s
(c) the influence of alain locke on african
american art
(d) some ways in which african culture
inspired american literature, art and music
22. according to the passage, tomas eakins,
robert henri, and george luks were important
because of
(a) the philosophical contributions they made to
the harlem renaissance
(b) their development of a new style of african
american art
(c) they way in which they depicted african
americans in their paintings
(d) their independence from european artistic
traditions
23. the word “them” in line 11 refers to
(a) americans of european descent
(b) paintings
(c) african american artists
(d) attitudes
24. according to the passage, african american
artists of the 1920’s differed from earlier
african american artists in terms of their
feelings about
(a) themselves
(b) other artists
(c) their impact on american art
(d) stereotypes
25.the word “urged” in line 17 is closest in
meaning to
(a) prepared
(b) defined
(c) permitted
(d) encouraged
26. alain locke believed all of the following to be
important to the african american artistic
movement except
(a) pride in african art
(b) cultural pluralism
(c) collaboration with other artists
(d) withdrawal from american culture
27. in mentioning “the pulse and beat” (line24) of
harlem during the 1920’s, the author is
characterizing the district as one that
(a) depended greatly on its interaction with
other parts of the city
(b) grew economically in a short period of time
(c) was an exciting place to be
(d) was in danger of losing population
28.the word “convergence” in line 25 is closest in
meaning to
(a) gathering
(b) promotion
(c) expression
(d) influence
29. according to the passage, all of the following
were true of harlem in the 1920’s except:
(a) some caribbean artists and intellectuals
lived there.
(b) it attracted people from various regions of
united states.
(c) it was one of the most expensive
neighborhoods in new york city.
(d) it was a unique cultural center.
30.the phrase “carried on” in line 29 is closest in
meaning to
(a) continued
(b) praised
(c) transformed
(d) connected
questions 31-40
ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its
evolutionary history. ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the
1960’s but has become even more influential today. the origins of ethology can be traced
line to the work of darwin. its modern foundations were laid by two european zoologists,
5) konrad lorenz and niko tinbergen.
watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, lorenz, and
tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. the most well-known of these
is imprinting, the carly following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young
will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. imprinting takes place
10) during an early, restricted time period of development. if the mother goose is not present
during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may
imprint on it instead.
observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child
development” the critical period. it refers to a limited times span during which the child is
15) biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably
stimulating environment. many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether
complex congnitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods.
for example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation
during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? if language
20) is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child’s capacity to acquire it reduced?
inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the british psychoanalyst john bowlby
applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and
its parents. he argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling,
grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach,
25) care for, and interact with the baby. by keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure
that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and
affection necessary for healthy growth. the development of attachment in human infants
is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep
affectional tie between parent and baby.
31.what was darwin’s contribution to ethology?
(a) darwin improved on the original principles
of ethology.
(b) darwin was the professor who taught
lorenz and tinbergen.
(c) darwin’s work provided the basis for
ethology.
(d) darwin was the first person to apply
ethological theory to children.
32.the word “diverse” in line 6 is closest in
meaning to
(a) small
(b) varied
(c) wild
(d) particular
33.the word “ensures” in line 8 is closest in
meaning to
(a) guarantees
(b) proves
(c) teaches
(d) assumes
34. according to the passage, if a mother goose is
not present during the time period when
imprinting takes place, which of the following
will most likely occur?
(a) the gosling will not imprint on any object.
(b) the gosling may not find a mate when it
matures.
(c) the mother will later imprint on the gosling.
(d) the gosling may imprint on another object.
35.the word “it” in line 12 refers to
(a) development
(b) goose
(c) time
(d) object
36.the word “suitably” in line 15 is closest in
meaning to
(a) willingly
(b) moderately
(c) appropriately
(d) emotionally
37.the author mentions all of the following as
attachment behaviors of human infants
except
(a) grasping
(b) crying
(c) eating
(d) smiling
38.according to the passage, attachment behaviors
of infants are intended to
(a) get the physical, emotional and social needs
of the infant met
(b) allow the infant to become imprinted on
objects that resemble the parent
(c) provide the infant with a means of
self-stimulation
(d) prepare the infant to cope with separation
39.the phrase “affectional tie” in line 29 is closest
in meaning to
(a) cognitive development
(b) emotional attachment
(c) psychological need
(d) behavioral change
40. it can be inferred from the passage that
ethological theory assumes that
(a) to learn about human behavior only human
subjects should be studied
(b) failure to imprint has no influence on
inteligence
(c) the notion of critical periods applies only to
animals
(d) there are similarities between animal and
human behavior
questions 41-50
there are only a few clues in the rock record about climate in the proterozoic con.
much of our information about climate in the more recent periods of geologic history
comes from the fossil record, because we have a reasonably good understanding of
line the types of environment in which many fossil organisms flourished. the scarce fossils
5) of the proterozoic, mostly single-celled bacteria, provide little evidence in this regard.
however, the rocks themselves do include the earliest evidence for glaciation, probably
a global ice age.
the inference that some types of sedimentary rocks are the result of glacial activity
is based on the principle of uniformitarianism, which posits that natural processes now
10) at work on and within the earth operated in the same manner in the distant past. the
deposits associated with present-day glaciers have been well studied, and some of their
characteristics are quite distinctive. in 2.3-billion-year-old rocks in canada near lake
huron (dating from the early part of the proterozoic age), there are thin laminae of
fine-grained sediments that resemble varves, the annual layers of sediment deposited in
15) glacial lakes. typically, present-day varves show two-layered annual cycle, one layer
corresponding to the rapid ice melting and sediment transport of the summer season, and
the other, finer-grained, layer corresponding to slower winter deposition. although it is
not easy to discern such details in the proterozoic examples, they are almost certainly
glacial varves. these fine-grained, layered sediments even contain occasional large
20) pebbles or “dropstones,” a characteristic feature of glacial environments where coarse
material is sometimes carried on floating ice and dropped far from its source, into
otherwise very fine grained sediment. glacial sediments of about the same age as those
in canada have been found in other parts of north america and in africa, india, and
europe. this indicates that the glaciation was global, and that for a period of time in
25) the early proterozoic the earth was gripped in an ice age.
following the early proterozoic glaciation, however, the climate appears to have
been fairly benign for a very long time. there is no evidence for glaciation for the
next 1.5 billion years or so. then, suddenly, the rock record indicates a series of
glacial episodes between about 850 and 600 million year ago, near the end of the
proterozoic con.
41.which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?
(a) how patterns in rock layers have been used to construct theories about the climate of the proterozoic age
(b) what some rare fossils indicate about glacial conditions during the late proterozoic age
(c) the varying characteristics of proterozoic glacial varves in different parts of the world
(d) the number of glacial episodes that the earth has experienced since the proterozoic age
42. according to the passage, the fossil record of the proterozoic con is
(a) highly regarded because it preserves the remains of many kinds of organisms
(b) less informative than the fossil record of more recent periods
(c) very difficult to interpret due to damage from bacteria
(d) more useful to researchers than other aspects of the rock record
43.the word “scarce” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(a) ancient
(b) tiny
(c) available
(d) rare
44. it can be inferred from the passage that the principle of uniformitarianism indicates that
(a) similar conditions produce similar rock formations
(b) rock layers in a given region remain undisturbed over time
(c) different kinds of sedimentary rocks may
(d) each continent has its own distinctive pattern of sediment layers
45. the word “resemble” in line 14 is closest in
meaning to
(a) result from
(b) penetrate
(c) look like
(d) replace have similar origins
46. according to the passage, the layers in varves are primarily formed by
(a) fossilized bacteria
(b) pieces of ancient dropstones
(c) a combination of ancient and recent sediments
(d) annual cycles of sediment transport and deposition
47. the phrase “the other” in line 17 refers to another
(a) annual cycle
(b) glacial lake
(c) layer of sediment
(d) season
48. according to the passage, the presence of dropstones indicates that
(a) the glacial environment has been unusually server
(b) the fine-grained sediment has built up very slowly
(c) there has been a global ice age
(d) coarse rock material has been carried great distances
49. why does the author mention canada, north america, africa, india, and europe in lines 23-24?
(a) to demonstrate the global spread of dropstones
(b) to explain the principles of varve formation
(c) to provide evidence for the theory that there was a global ice age in the early proterozoic eon
(d) to illustrate the varied climatic changes of the proterozoic con in different parts of the globe
50. which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
(a) fossil record (line 3)
(b) laminae (line 13)
(c) varves (line14)
(d) glacial episodes (line 29)
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