一 : 求有关工程热力学的中英文对照论文,越多越好,
求有关工程热力学的中英文对照论文,越多越好,
工程热力学
热力学是研究热现象中,物质系统在平衡时的性质和建立能量的平衡关系,以及状态发生变化时,系统与外界相互作用的学科.
工程热力学是热力学最先发展的一个分支,它主要研究热能与机械能和其他能量之间相互转换的规律及其应用,是机械工程的重要基础学科之一.
工程热力学的基本任务是：通过对热力系统、热力平衡、热力状态、热力过程、热力循环和工质的分析研究,改进和完善热力发动机、制冷机和热泵的工作循环,提高热能利用率和热功转换效率.
为此,必须以热力学基本定律为依据,探讨各种热力过程的特性；研究气体和液体的热物理性质,以及蒸发和凝结等相变规律；研究溶液特性也是分析某些类型制冷机所必需的.现代工程热力学还包括诸如燃烧等化学反应过程,溶解吸收或解吸等物理化学过程,这就又涉及化学热力学方面的基本知识.
工程热力学是关于热现象的宏观理论,研究的方法是宏观的,它以归纳无数事实所得到的热力学第一定律、热力学第二定律和热力学第三定律作为推理的基础,通过物质的压力 、温度、比容等宏观参数和受热、冷却、膨胀、收缩等整体行为,对宏观现象和热力过程进行研究.
这种方法,把与物质内部结构有关的具体性质,当作宏观真实存在的物性数据予以肯定,不需要对物质的微观结构作任何假设,所以分析推理的结果具有高度的可靠性,而且条理清楚.这是它的独特优点.
古代人类早就学会了取火和用火,不过后来才注意探究热、冷现象的实质.但直到17世纪末,人们还不能正确区分温度和热量这两个基本概念的本质.在当时流行的“热质说”统治下,人们误认为物体的温度高是由于储存的“热质”数量多.1709～1714年华氏温标和1742～1745年摄氏温标的建立,才使测温有了公认的标准.随后又发展了量热技术,为科学地观测热现象提供了测试手段,使热学走上了近代实验科学的道路.
1798年,朗福德观察到用钻头钻炮筒时,消耗机械功的结果使钻头和筒身都升温.1799年,英国人戴维用两块冰相互摩擦致使表面融化,这显然无法由“热质说”得到解释.1842年,迈尔提出了能量守恒理论,认定热是能的一种形式,可与机械能互相转化,并且从空气的定压比热容与定容比热容之差计算出热功当量.
英国物理学家焦耳于1840年建立电热当量的概念,1842年以后用不同方式实测了热功当量.1850年,焦耳的实验结果已使科学界彻底抛弃了“热质说”.公认能量守恒、能的形式可以互换的热力学第一定律为客观的自然规律.能量单位焦耳就是以他的名字命名的.
热力学的形成与当时的生产实践迫切要求寻找合理的大型、高效热机有关.1824年,法国人卡诺提出著名的卡诺定理,指明工作在给定温度范围的热机所能达到的效率极限,这实质上已经建立起热力学第二定律.但受“热质说”的影响,他的证明方法还有错误.1848年,英国工程师开尔文根据卡诺定理制定了热力学温标.1850年和1851年,德国的克劳修斯和开尔文先后提出了热力学第二定律,并在此基础上重新证明了卡诺定理.
1850～1854年,克劳修斯根据卡诺定理提出并发展了熵的概念.热力学第一定律和第二定律的确认,对于两类“永动机”的不可能实现作出了科学的最后结论,正式形成了热现象的宏观理论热力学.同时也形成了“工程热力学”这门技术科学,它成为研究热机工作原理的理论基础,使内燃机、汽轮机、燃气轮机和喷气推进机等相继取得迅速进展.
与此同时,在应用热力学理论研究物质性质的过程中,还发展了热力学的数学理论,找到了反映物质各种性质的相应的热力学函数,研究了物质在相变、化学反应和溶液特性方面所遵循的各种规律 .1906年,德国的能斯脱在观察低温现象和化学反应中发现热定理；1912年,这个定理被修改成热力学第三定律的表述形式.
二十世纪初以来,对超高压、超高温水蒸汽等物性,和极低温度的研究不断获得新成果.随着对能源问题的重视,人们对与节能有关的复合循环、新型的复合工质的研究发生了很大兴趣.
Engineering Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of thermal phenomena, the material system in equilibrium and the establishment of the nature of the relationship between energy balance, as well as the state changes, the system of academic interaction with the outside world.
Engineering thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of the first development of its main research in heat and mechanical energy and other energy conversion between the law and its application in mechanical engineering is an important foundation for one subject.
Thermodynamics of the basic tasks of the project is: through the thermal system, heat balance, heat, and thermal processes, and working fluid thermodynamic cycle analysis, improve and perfect heat engine, refrigerator and heat pump working cycle, to improve energy utilization and heat conversion efficiency.
To this end, the basic law of thermodynamics must be based on a variety of thermodynamic properties of the process; study the thermal gas and liquid physical properties, as well as evaporation and condensation, such as phase-change rule; study analysis of solution properties is necessary for certain types of refrigerator . Modern Engineering Thermodynamics include chemical reactions such as combustion processes, such as dissolving the physical absorption or desorption chemical processes, which also involves the aspects of chemical thermodynamics of basic knowledge.
Engineering Thermodynamics is on the macro-theory of thermal phenomena, the study is a macro, it has been summarized by numerous facts of the first law of thermodynamics, and the second law of thermodynamics third law of thermodynamics as a basis for reasoning by the material pressure, temperature , specific volume and other macro parameters and heating, cooling, expansion, contraction, such as the overall behavior of the macro-phenomena and to study the thermal process.
In this way, the internal structure and material to the specific nature, as a macro-physical properties of real data to be sure, do not need to micro-structure of the material to make any assumptions, so analysis of the results of reasoning with a high degree of reliability, and coherent . This is its unique advantages.
Ancient man long ago learned to make fire and use of fire, but then pay attention to explore the hot, cold real phenomenon. However, until the end of the 17th century, people still can not correctly distinguish between temperature and heat of these two basic concepts of nature. Popular at that time, "said Heat and Mass Transfer" under the rule, people mistakenly believe that the high temperature object is stored as a result of "thermal mass" number. 1709 ~ Fahrenheit temperature scale in 1714 and 1742 ~ 1745 Celsius temperature to establish the subject to move the temperature with accepted standards. Followed by calorimetry technology developed for Earth observation science and thermal testing means is provided so that thermal embarked on the path of modern experimental science.
1798, Langford was observed drilling with drill barrel, the consumption of mechanical work and the result are warming bit. In 1799, the British David with two resulting in friction between the ice surface melting, which is obviously not from the "Heat and Mass said," be explained. 1842, Meyer made the conservation of energy theory, that heat is a form of energy can be transformed into mechanical energy with each other, and the air pressure from the specific heat capacity with constant volume specific heat capacity to calculate the difference between the mechanical equivalent of heat.
British physicist Joule heating in the equivalent in 1840 to establish the concept in 1842 measured in different ways beyond the mechanical equivalent of heat. In 1850, the experimental results of Joule has completely abandoned the scientific community, "Heat and Mass said." Recognized conservation of energy can be interchangeable in the form of first law of thermodynamics for the objective laws of nature. Energy unit Joule is named after him.
Thermodynamics of the formation and practice at the time the production of an urgent need to find a reasonable large-scale, highly efficient heat engine-related. In 1824, the French out of the famous Kano theorem, the work specified in a given temperature range the heat engine's efficiency can reach the limit, which essentially has established the second law of thermodynamics. However, by the "heat and mass transfer that" the impact that his methods are proven wrong. 1848, British engineer Kelvin theorem formulated in accordance with Carnot thermodynamic temperature scale. In 1850 and 1851, Germany and the Clausius Kelvin has made the second law of thermodynamics, and on this basis re-prove theorems Kano.
1850 ~ 1854, according to Carnot theorem Clausius proposed and developed the concept of entropy. First law of thermodynamics and second law of recognition, for two types of "perpetual motion machine" make the impossible to realize the final conclusions of science, the official formation of the thermal theory of thermodynamics of macro phenomena. At the same time the formation of the "Engineering Thermodynamics" This technological sciences, it became the study of heat engine working principle of the theoretical foundation for the internal combustion engine, steam turbine, gas turbines and jet propulsion, etc. have to make rapid progress.
At the same time, research in the application of thermodynamic theory of the nature of the course material, but also developed the mathematical theory of thermodynamics, the various substances found in nature to reflect the corresponding thermodynamic function was studied in the phase-change material, chemical reaction and the solution properties followed by a variety of laws. 1906, Germany Nernst observed phenomena and chemical reactions at low temperature found in heat theorem; in 1912, the theorem is modified into the third law of thermodynamics expression.
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, on the ultra-high pressure, super-heated steam and other physical properties, and very low temperature research to gain new achievements. With the issue of energy, and energy of the combined cycle, a new type of composite refrigerant great research interest.
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二 : 机器人传感器论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
中英文资料对照外文翻译
机器人和机器人传感器
介绍
工业机器人以及它的运行是本文的主题。（www.61k.com)工业机器人是应用于制造环境下以提高生产率的一种工具。它可用于承担常规的、冗长乏味的装配线工作，或执行那些对工人也许有危害的工作。例如，在第一代工业机器人中，曾有一台被用于更换核电厂的核燃料棒。从事这项工作的工人可能会暴露在有害量的放射线下。工业机器人也能够在装配线上操作——安装小型元件，例如将电子元件安装在线路板上。为此，工人可以从这种冗长乏味任务的常规操作中解放出来。通过编程的机器人还能去掉炸弹的雷管、为残疾者服务以及在我们社会的众多应用中发挥作用。
机器人可被看作将臂端执行工具、传感器以及/或夹爪移动到某个预定位置的一台机器。当机器人到达该位置，它将执行某个任务。该任务可能是焊接、密封、机械装载、机械卸载，或许多装配工作。除了编程以及打开和关闭系统之外，一般情况下，均不需要人们的参与就能完成这类工作。
机器人专业术语
机器人是一台可再编程的多功能机械手，它可通过可编程运动移动零件、物料、工具或特殊装置以执行某种不同任务。由这项定义可导致下面段落中被阐述的其他定义，它们为机器人系统提供了完整的写照。
预编程位置是机器人为了完成工作必须遵循和通过的途径。在这些位置的某点，机器人会停下来并执行某种操作，例如装配零件，喷漆或焊接。这些预编程位置被存储在机器人的记忆装置中供以后继续操作时使用。此外，当工作的要求发生变化时，不仅其他编程数据而且这些预编程位置均可作修改。因此，正由于这种编程的特点，一台工业机器人与一台可存储数据、以及可回忆及编辑的计算机十分相似。
机械手是机器人的手臂，它允许机器人俯仰、伸缩和转动。这种动作是由
机器人英文翻译 机器人传感器论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
机械手的轴所提供的，机械手的轴又称为机器人的自由度。（www.61k.com）一台机器人可以具有3至16根轴。在本人的后面部分，自由度这个术语总与一台机器人轴的数目相关联。
工具及夹爪并非属于机器人系统的本身，它们是装在机器人手臂端部的附件。有了与机器人手臂端部相连接的这些附件，机器人就可以提起零件、点焊、喷漆、弧焊、钻孔、去毛刺，还可以根据所提要求指向各种类型的任务。
机器人系统还可以控制操作机器人的工作单元。机器人工作单元是一种总体环境，在该环境下机器人必须执行赋予它的任务。该单元可包容控制器、机器人的机械手、工作台、安全装置，或输送机。机器人开展工作所需要的所有设备均被包括在这个工作单元中。此外，来自外界装置的信号能够与机器人进行交流，这样就可以告诉机器人什么时候它该装配零件、捡起零件或将零件卸到输送机。 基本部件
机器人系统具有3个基本部件：机械手、控制器及动力源。在某些机器人系统中可以看到第4个部件，端部执行件，有关这些部件将在下面小节描述。 机械手
机械手承担机器人系统的体力工作，它由两部分组成：机械部分及被连接的附属物。机械手还有一个与附属物相连的底座。
机械手的底座通常被固定在工作领域的地面。有时，底座也可以移动。在该情况下，底座被安装到导轨上，这样该机械手就可以从一处移动到另一处。例如，一台机器人可以为几台机床工作，为每台机床装载和卸载。
正如前面所述，附属物从机器人的底座伸出。该附属物是机器人的手臂。它既可以是一个直线型的可动臂，也可以是一个铰接臂。铰接臂也称关节臂。
机器人机械手的附属物可为机械手提供各种运动轴。这些轴与固定底座相连接，而该底座又被紧固到机架上。这个机架能确保该机械手被维持在某个位置上。
在手臂的端部连接着一个手腕。该手腕由附加轴及手腕法兰组成，有了该手腕法兰，机器人用户就可以根据不同的工作在手腕上安装不同的工具。
机器人英文翻译 机器人传感器论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
机械手的轴允许机械手在一定区域内执行工作。［www.61k.com）如前所述，该区域被称为机器人的工作单元，它的尺度与机械手的尺寸相对应。当机器人的物理尺寸增大时，工作单元的尺寸必然也随之增加。
机械手的运动由驱动器，或驱动系统所控制。驱动器或驱动系统允许各根轴在工作单元内运动，驱动系统可利用电力的、液压的或气压动力。驱动系统发出的能量由各种机械驱动装置转换成机械动力。这些驱动装置通过机械联动机构接合在一起。这些联动机构依次驱动机器人的不同轴。机械联动机构由链轮机构，齿轮机构及滚珠丝杠所组成。
控制器
机器人系统的控制器是运行的心脏。控制器存储着为以后回忆所用的预编程信息，控制着外围设备，它还与厂内计算机进行交流以使生产不断更新。
控制器用于控制机器人机械手运动以及工作单元中的外围部件。工作人员可以利用手递示教盒将机械手的动作编程进入控制器。这种信息可被存储在控制器的记忆装置中以便以后回忆使用。控制器存储着机器人系统的所有程序数据。它可以存储几种不同的程序，并且它们中任一程序均可被编辑。
也可要求控制器与工作单元中外围设备进行交流。例如，控制器具有一根输入线，该输入线可识别某项机械加工什么时候完成。当该机械循环完成时，输入线被接通，它会吩咐控制器让机械手到位以便机械手能夹起以加工完的零件。接着，该机械手再捡起一根新的零件并将它安放到机床上，然后，控制器向该机床发出信号让它开始运转。
控制器可由机械操纵的磁鼓构成，这些鼓按工作发生的先后次序操作。这类控制器用于非常简单的机器人系统。在大多数机器人系统中见到的控制器是很复杂的装置，它们体现了现代化的电子科学。换言之，它们由微信息处理器操纵。这些微信息处理器不是8位、16位就是32位的信息处理器。这种功能使控制器的运行具有非常好的柔性。
控制器可通过通讯线路发出电子信号，发出能与机械手各轴线进行沟通的电信号，机器人机械手与控制器之间这种双向交流可使系统的位置及运行维持在
机器人英文翻译 机器人传感器论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
不断修正及更新得状态下，控制器还可以控制安装在机器人手腕端部的任意工具。[www.61k.com]
控制器还有与工厂中不同计算机开展交流的任务，这个通讯网络可使机器人成为计算机辅助制造（CAM）系统的一部分。
根据上述基本定义，机器人是一台可再编程序的多功能机械手。所以，控制器必须包含某种形式的记忆存储器，以微信息处理器为基础的系统常与固态记忆装置连同运行。这些记忆装置可以是磁泡、随机存取记忆装置、软塑料磁盘或磁带。每种记忆存储装置均可存储编程信息以便以后回忆使用。
动力源
动力源是向控制器及机械手供给动力得装置，有两类动力供给机器人系统。一类动力是供控制器运行的交流点动力，另一类被用于驱动机械手各轴。例如，若机器人的机械手由液压或气压装置控制，则控制信号被发送到这些装置才能使机器人运动。
每个机器人系统均需要动力来驱动机械手，这种动力既可由液压动力源、气压动力源，也可以由电力动力源提供，这些动力源是机器人工作单元总的部件及设备中的一部分。
当液压动力源与及机器人机械手底座相连接，液压源产生液压流体，这些流体输送到机械手各控制元件，于是，使轴绕机器人底座旋转。
压力空气被输送到机械手，使轴沿轨道作直线运动，也可将这种气动源连接到钻床，它可为钻头的旋转提供动力。一般情况下，可从工厂得供给站获取气动源并做调整，然后将它输入机器人机械手的轴。
电动机可以是交流式的，也可以是直流式的。控制器发出的脉冲信号被发送到机械手得电机。这些脉冲为电机提供必要的指令信息以使机械手在机器人底座上旋转。
用于机械手轴的三种动力系统任一种均需要使用反馈监督系统，这种系统会不断地将每个轴位置数据反馈给控制器。
每种机器人系统不仅需要动力来开动机械手的轴，还需要动力来驱动控制
机器人英文翻译 机器人传感器论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
器，这种动力可由制造环境的动力源提供。(www.61k.com)
端部执行件
在大部分机器人应用的场合见到的端部执行件均是机械手手腕法兰相连接的一个装置，端部执行件可应用于生产领域中许多不同场合，例如，它可用于捡起零件，用于焊接，或用于喷漆，端部执行件为机器人系统提供了机器人运行时必须的柔性。
通常所设计得端部执行件可满足机器人用户的需要。这些部件可由机器人制造商或机器人系统的物主制造。
端部执行件事机器人系统中唯一可将一种工作变成另一种工作的部件，例如，即日起可与喷水割机相连，它在汽车生产线上被用于切割板边。也可要求机器人将零件安放到磁盘中，在这简单的过程中，改变了机器人端部执行件，该机器人就可以用于其它应用场合，端部执行件得变更以及机器人的再编程序可使该系统具有很高的柔性。
机器人传感器
尽管机器人有巨大的能力，但很多时候却比不过没有经过一点训练的工人。例如，工人们能够发现零件掉在地上或发现进料机上没有零件，但没有了传感器，机器人就得不到这些信息，及时使用最尖端的传感器，机器人也比不上一个经验丰富的工人，因此，一个好的机器人系统的设计需要使用许多传感器与机器人控制器相接，使其尽可能接近操作工人得感知能力。
机器人技术最经常使用的传感器分为接触式的与非接触式的。接触式传感器可以进一步分为触觉传感器、力和扭矩传感器。触觉或接触传感器可以测出受动器端与其他物体间的实际接触，微型开关就是一个简单的触觉传感器，当机器人得受动气端与其他物体接触时，传感器是机器人停止工作，避免物体间的碰撞，告诉机器人已到达目标；或者在检测时用来测量物体尺寸。力和扭矩传感器位于机器人得抓手与手腕的最后一个关节之间，或者放在机械手得承载部件上，测量反力与力矩。力和扭矩传感器有压电传感器和装在柔性部件上的应变仪等。
非接触传感器包括接近传感器、视觉传感器、声敏元件及范围探测器等。
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接近传感器和标示传感器附近的物体。(www.61k.com）例如，可以用涡流传感器精确地保持与钢板之间的固定的距离。最简单的机器人接近传感器包括一个发光二极管发射机和一个光敏二极管接收器，接收反射面移近时的反射光线，这种传感器的主要缺点是移近物对光线的反射率会影响接收信号。其他得接近传感器使用的是与电容和电感相关的原理。
视觉传感系统十分复杂，基于电视摄像或激光扫描的工作原理。摄像信号经过硬件预处理，以30帧至60帧每秒的速度输入计算机。计算机分析数据并提取所需的信息，例如，物体是否存在以及物体的特征、位置、操作方向，或者检测元件的组装及产品是否完成。
声敏元件用来感应并解释声波，从基本的声波探测到人们连续讲话的逐字识别，各种声敏元件的复杂程序不等，除了人机语音交流外，机器人还可以使用声敏元件控制弧焊，听到碰撞或倒塌的声音时阻止机器人的运动，预测将要发生的机械破损及检测物体内部缺陷。
还有一种非接触系统使用投影仪和成像设备获取物体的表面形状信息或距离信息。
传感器有静态探测与闭环探测两种使用方法。当机器人系统的探测和操作动作交替进行时，通常就要使用传感器，也就是说探测时机器人不操作，操作时与传感器无关，这种方法被称为静态探测，使用这种方法，视觉传感器先寻找被捕捉物体的位置与方向，然后机器人径直朝那个地点移动。
相反，闭式探测的机器人在操作运动中，始终受传感器的控制，多数视觉传感器都采用闭环模式，它们随时监测机器人的实际位置与理想位置间的偏差，并驱动机器人修正这一偏差。在闭环探测中，即使物体在运动，例如在传送带上，机器人也能抓住它并把它送到预定位置。
Robots and robot sensor
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Introduction
Industrial robot and its operation is the subject of this article. Industrial robots are used in manufacturing environment as a tool to increase productivity. It can be used to undertake routine, tedious assembly line work, or the implementation of those workers may be hazardous work. For example, in the first generation of industrial robots, there were a nuclear power plant is for the replacement of fuel rods. Workers engaged in this work may be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation in the next. Industrial robots can operate in the assembly line - to install small-scale components, such as electronic components mounted on circuit board. To this end, workers from the tedious task of this routine operation freed. The robot can be programmed to remove the bomb detonators for the disabled in our community services and play a role in many applications.
Robot arm can be seen as the end of the implementation of tools, sensors, and / or jaws to move to a predetermined position of a machine. When the robot reaches the position, it will perform a task. The task may be welded, sealed, mechanical loading, mechanical unloading, or many assembly work. In addition to programming, and open and close the system, the general, not require the participation of people will be able to complete such work.
Robotics Glossary
Robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator that can be programmable motion moving parts, materials, tools or special devices to perform a different task. By the following paragraphs of this definition may lead to other definitions were described, which provides a complete system for the robot itself.
Location is pre-programmed robot must follow in order to complete the work and the way through. A point in these locations, the robot will stop and perform some operations, such as assembling parts, painting or welding. These pre-programmed robot position is stored in the memory device to continue operation for later use. In addition, when job requirements change, the only other programming data and these can be modified
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pre-programmed locations. Therefore, precisely because of the characteristics of this program, an industrial robot and one can store data, and can recall and edit the computer is very similar.
Robot is a robot arm, which allows the robot pitch, stretching and rotating. This action is provided by the robot axis, mechanical axis, also known as robot hand of freedom. A robot can have 3-16 axis. In my later, the term degrees of freedom and a total number of robot axes associated.
Tools and not within the robot gripper itself, which is mounted on the robot arm end attachment. With the end of the robot arm connected to these attachments, the robot can lift parts, spot welding, painting, welding, drilling, deburring, the request can also point to various types of tasks.
Robot system can also control the operation of the robot's work unit. Robotic work cell is a general environment in the environment, the robot must perform the tasks entrusted to it. The unit can accommodate the controller, the robot manipulator, working platforms, safety devices, or conveyor. Robot to carry out all the equipment needed for the work are included in this unit of work. In addition, the signal from the external device to communicate with the robot, so that you can tell the robot when it is part of the assembly, pick up the parts or the parts to the unloading conveyor.
Basic components
Robotic system has three basic components: the robot, controller and power source. In some robot system can be seen in the first four components, end of the implementation of parts, these parts will be described in the following sections.
Manipulator
Robot bear robot system manual work, which consists of two parts: the mechanical parts and is connected to appendages. There is also a robot appendage connected to the base.
The base of the robot work area is usually fixed in the ground. Sometimes, the base can
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be moved. In that case, the base is installed to the rail so that the robot can move from one place to another. For example, a robot can work for a few machine tools, loading and unloading for each machine.
As mentioned earlier, the appendage extending from the base of the robot. The attachment is a robot arm. It can be a linear movable arm, it can be a hinged arm. Articulated arm, also known as articulated arm.
Adjunct manipulator can provide a variety of sports-axis robot. The shaft is connected with the fixed base, which base has been tightened to the rack. This rack can ensure that the robot is in a position to maintain.
Ends of the arm connected to a wrist. The axis of the wrist and wrist flange by additional components, with the flange of the wrist, the robot according to the different users can work in different tools installed on the wrist.
Axis allows the robot manipulator in a certain area implementation. As mentioned earlier, the region known as the robot work unit, and its scale and size of the corresponding robot. When the robot's physical size increases, the size of the unit of work must also increase. Mechanical hand movements by the driver, or drive system control. Drive or shaft drive system allows the movement in the work unit, drive system using electric, hydraulic or pneumatic power. Drive the energy emitted from a variety of mechanical drive into mechanical power. These drives are joined together by a mechanical linkage. The linkage in turn drive the various robot axes. Mechanical linkage from the sprocket body, composed of gears and ball screws.
Controller
Robot controller is running in the heart. After the memory controller stores used for the pre-programmed information, control peripherals, to communicate it with the factory computer to make the production of constantly updated.
Controller used to control the manipulator motion and the outer parts of the work unit. Staff can use the box to teach hand-delivery actions programmed into the robot controller. This
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information can be stored in the controller's memory for later recall using the device. Robot controller stores all program data. It can store several different programs, and they can be in any program to be edited.
May also request the work unit controller and peripheral devices to communicate. For example, the controller has an input line, the input line can be identified when a mechanical process to complete. When the mechanical cycle is complete, the input line is connected, it will place orders for the controller to the robot manipulator to pick up the processing of finished parts. Then, the robot then picked up a new part and it is placed into the machine, then, the controller send a signal to the machine to get it started operation.
Mechanical manipulation of the drum controller can be constituted, the work place by order of the drum operation. The controller for a very simple robot system. Seen in most of the robot system controller is a very complex device, which reflects the modern electronic science. In other words, they are manipulated by the micro-information processor. These micro-information processors instead of 8 bits, 16 bits of information that is 32-bit processors. This feature allows the controller to run with very good flexibility.
Controller can send electronic signals through the communication line to issue with the mechanical hand signals to communicate with the axis of the robot manipulator and controller, this two-way communication between the location and operation makes the system constantly revised and updated to maintain the state may The controller can also control the robot wrist in the end installed any tools.
There are different controller computers and factory to carry out the task of communication, the communication network will enable the robot to become computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) part of the system.
According to the basic definition, the robot is a multi-function can be re-programmed robot. Therefore, the controller must include some form of memory storage, to micro-processor-based information systems are often associated with solid-state memory
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device with the operation. These memory devices can be magnetic bubbles, random access memory device, soft plastic disk or tape. Each memory storage device programming information can be stored for later recall using the.
Power source
Source of power to the controller and the robot was powered device, there are two types of robot power supply system. Controller for a class of power is power to run the exchange point, and the other is used to drive the robot axes. For example, if the robot manipulator controlled by a hydraulic or pneumatic device, the control signal is sent to these devices to make the robot movement.
Each robot systems require power to drive the robot, this source of power either by hydraulic power, pneumatic power source, power source can also be provided by electricity, the power source is a unit of work the robot parts and equipment in the total part. When the hydraulic power source with and connected to the base manipulator, hydraulic pressure source to produce the hydraulic fluid, the fluid transport of the control components to the robot, so the robot base rotated around the axis.
Pressure air is fed to the robot, the axis along the track in a straight line, the source can also be connected to such a pneumatic drill, it can provide power for the drill rotation. Under normal circumstances, can be obtained from the factory air supply station for the source and make adjustments, and then enter it in the axis manipulator.
AC motor type can also be a DC-style. Controller sends out pulses of the signal was sent to the robot motors. These pulses provide the necessary instructions for the motor information to enable the robot in the robot base rotation.
The three-axis robot for power systems either require the use of feedback control systems, this system will continue to position data for each axis of feedback to the controller.
Each robot system not only need power to start the robot axis, also need power to drive the controller, this dynamic manufacturing environment, the power source can provide. Implementation of end pieces
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In most applications where the robot to see implementation of end pieces are connected to the robot wrist flange of a device, end pieces can be used in the production areas of the implementation of many different occasions, for example, it can be used to pick up parts, used for welding, or for painting, the implementation of parts for the robot end system provides the flexibility of the robot must run.
Usually designed to meet the end of the implementation of pieces of the robot users. These components can robot manufacturer or owner of manufacturing robot system.
The implementation of the system end the only thing the robot can be a work into another working parts, for example, are available from the cutting machine is connected with the water, which is used in the automotive production line cutting edge. May also request the robot placed the parts to disk, in this simple process, change the end of the implementation of parts of the robot, the robot can be used for other applications, the implementation of end pieces may change, and then the robot programmed allows the system to have high flexibility.
Robot Sensor
Although the robot has great ability, but often than not with a little practice, but the workers. For example, workers can find parts that fall to the ground or no parts feeder, but not the sensor, the robot will not get this information in a timely manner using the most sophisticated sensors, the robot is smaller than an experienced worker Therefore, a good robot system design requires many sensor and robot controller using the phase, it was as close as possible operative awareness.
The most frequently used robotics sensors into contact with the non-contact. Contact sensors can be further divided into tactile sensors, force and torque sensors. Tactile or contact sensors can be measured by the drive-side and the actual contact between other objects, micro-switch is a simple tactile sensor, the robot may be angry when the client contact with other objects, the sensor is the robot to stop work and avoid objects between collisions, tell the robot has reached the goal; or when used to measure the size of objects
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detected. Force and torque sensors in the robot gripper and wrist was the last joint, or between the parts on the robot to carry a measured reaction force and torque. Force and torque sensors are mounted on the flexible piezoelectric sensors and strain gauges on the parts.
Non-contact sensors include proximity sensors, vision sensors, sound detectors, sensitive components and scope. Proximity sensors and labeling of objects near the sensor. For example, eddy current sensor can be used to accurately maintain a fixed distance between the plates. The most simple robot proximity sensors including a light-emitting diode and a photodiode receiver transmitter, receiver reflector closer to the reflection of light, the main disadvantage of this sensor is closer to the object reflectance of light will affect the received signal. The other was close to the sensor using a capacitance and inductance associated with the principle.
Visual sensing system is very complex, based on the TV camera or laser scanner works. Video signal through the hardware pretreatment to 30-60 per second input into the computer. Computer analysis of the data and extract the required information, for example, the existence of objects and object features, location, operating direction, or components of the assembly and product testing is complete.
Sound sensitive devices used to sense and interpret sound waves, sound waves detected from the basic people recognize continuous speech, word for word, all kinds of sound ranging from sensitive components of the complex procedures, in addition to human-computer voice communication, the robot can also use the sound sensitive devices control of arc welding, I heard the sound of collision or collapse of the movement to stop the robot to predict the mechanical damage will occur and the detection of objects within the defects.
There is also a non-contact systems for projector and imaging the surface of the object shape information or distance information.
Static detection and closed-loop sensor probe used in two ways. When the detection and
机器人英文翻译 机器人传感器论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
operation of the robot system moves alternately, it is usually necessary to use sensors that detect when the robot is not operating, the operation has nothing to do with the sensors, this method is called static detection, using this method, visual Find the sensor captured the first position and orientation of objects, and then the robot moves straight to the site. In contrast, closed manipulation and motion detection robot, always under the control of sensors, vision sensors are used the majority of closed-loop mode, which monitor the robot's actual position at any time and the deviation between the ideal position, and drive the robot fix this error . In the closed-loop detection, even if the object in motion, for example, the conveyor belt, the robot can grasp it and send it to the desired location.
三 : 电影市场营销论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
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Buzz marketing for movies
Abstract: In today's dynamic entertainment environment, movies are struggling to stay afloat and remain profitable. Challenges such as piracy, digital theft, competition, overlapping movie campaigns, media fragmentation, and audience saturation are forcing marketers to stretch their film budgets and make every dollar as effective as possible. With more and more entertainment options crowding peoples' lives, marketers must search for innovative ways to reach movie audiences. By breaking through the daily clutter and noise, and capturing peoples' attention to the point that talking about a movie becomes an enjoyable experience to share, buzz marketing is one such promotional posture that drives audiences to theaters. In order to achieve success with buzz marketing, however, marketers must recognize the role it plays in the context of movie differentiation strategies to support the company's overall approach. To that end, this article analyzes buzz marketing as it pertains to six movie differentiation strategies (differentiation with cosmetic movie features, differentiation to reach market segments, growing a movie segment, positioning to support the movie image, positioning to extend the movie image, and differentiation via non-traditional channels) and offers steps for its successful implementation
Keyword: motion pictures; movies; marketing; promotion; buzz marketing
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1. The marketing challenge Today's movie marketers confront a difficult reality: the game plan by which they've played for years is being challenged and there is a call for new, innovative ways to drive box office sales. Under the historically used traditional model, corporate marketers spend marketing dollars on messages aimed at a target audience. The marketing team creates a message, purchases media, and sees that the message is delivered to personal and business customers. Given the fragmentation of media today, however, it is becoming increasingly difficult for marketers to promote movies using the traditional model. In the United States, for example, what was once a handful of television stations has now proliferated into more than 1600 broadcast and cable outlets; similar trends are underway in Europe, as well. Cable fragments the broadcast audience, TiVo users are zapping through 30-second commercial spots, and online advertising is on the rise. This sort of fragmentation makes it more difficult to generate an impact, accumulate sufficient reach and awareness, and plan promotional campaigns in general.
Added to this fractured landscape, multitasking has become increasingly common across the board. While surfing the Web, the typical US teenager engages in an average of two other activities, one of which is often homework. Reportedly, some 80% of business people also multitask while performing work related duties (Greenspan, 2004). In concert with this, there is an increasing trend for consumers to “switch off”; they are evermore selective about what they watch and the advertising messages they trust. As Court (2004, p.2) cites, according to Yankelovich Partners, 65% of consumers feel “constantly bombarded with too much advertising,” 69% are “interested in products and services that would help skip or block marketing,” and 54% “avoid buying products that overwhelm with advertising and marketing.”
To add, television and movie lovers are witnessing a revolution in digital home entertainment. With it, a growing number of people are turning away from neighborhood cinemas in order to stay home and be entertained by new technologies and advanced personal theater systems. Consumer electronics manufacturers, IT vendors, and movie companies are lining up to extol the virtues of Blue-ray and HD-DVD; the proclaimed
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successors to the current DVD format (Thomas, 2006). According to Geoff (2005), by the end of 2004, Forrester Re-search estimated there were TiVo’s and other DVDs in 6.5 million US households, up from 1.9 million in 2002. That number, the firm claims, will climb to almost 50 million by 2009, representing 41% of all US households. On another front, the popularity of Netflix, an online subscription service boasting 3 million users, prompted both Blockbuster and Wal-Mart to offer similar services whereby people rent DVDs for an unlimited time for a monthly fee. While it's true that DVDs may be a cash cow for studios, theaters suffer when patrons skip the cinema experience and wait for those releases at home.
Needless to say, given the increase in entertainment options, the movie-going experience needs to be far more compelling to draw in audience members. Moreover, this challenge is not likely to subside, but rather grow more compelling: as discussed by Chary (2005), a recent study by Informal Research Services indicates that 125 million people about 5% of all cell phone owners – will be watching television on their handsets by 2010. In addition, the Digital Lifestyles 2006 Outlook from Parks Associates (Escher, 2006) estimates that US consumer spending for online entertainment, including on-demand gaming, music, and video services, will grow by 260% in the next five years.
In this frenetic and competitive environment, marketers must search for innovative ways to reach and attract movie audiences. Buzz marketing is one such promotional posture that is capable of breaking through the existing noise and clutter of the marketing scene, to capture peoples' attention to the point that talking about a movie becomes an enjoyable experience to share. Essentially, buzz marketing mimics the traditional marketing model in that it sends messages to targeted audiences through varying media. Under the buzz marketing model, however, the entertainment marketer injects the audience and media with a jaw-dropping, movie-related message that is so interesting and exciting that it causes the information to spread like wildfire. That appealing element of exhilaration represents the essence of and key to, buzz marketing, and differentiates it from the traditional marketing approach.
Among its many attractive qualities, buzz marketing is a low-cost, far-reaching mode
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of promotion. This being the case, entertainment marketers' interest in the method is raising as media fragmentation continues and movie marketing costs increasingly spiral upward. Buzz marketing also satisfies studio executives who are confronted with steadily mounting marketing costs, and are thus challenged by existing promotional tactics in search of more mileage for fewer dollars.
2. Buzz marketing encompasses word of mouth and viral marketing
At the core of buzz marketing is the phenomenon of word of mouth (WOM), the process by which an individual influences the actions or attitudes of others. As indicated by the following quotes on the value of word of mouth, academicians have long been aware of the power of WOM on consumers' preferences and actual purchase behaviors: “Forget about market surveys and analyst reports. Word of mouth is probably the most powerful form of communication in the business world. It can either hurt a company's reputation…or give it a boost in the market. Word-of-mouth messages stand out in a person's mind….Quite simply, we find messages more believable and compelling when we hear them directly from other people, particularly people we know and respect.”– Regis McKenna
“Word of mouth seems to be a frequently used risk-reduction device; and this source of information is particularly sought for in situations characterized by high uncertainty.”– Johan Arndt
“Word of mouth tends to be highly persuasive because the sender apparently has nothing to gain from the receiver's subsequent actions.”– Leon G. Schiff man and Leslie L. Karuk Malcolm Glad well (2002), author of the national bestseller The Tipping Point, says WOM is so powerful because ideas, behaviors, messages, and products sometimes behave just like outbreaks of infectious disease. Similar to how an ill person can start a flu epidemic, so too can a small but precisely targeted push cause a fashion trend or the popularity of a new product.
According to McKinsey & Co. (Ramsey, 2005), approximately two-thirds of all
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economic activity in the United States is influenced by shared opinions about a product, brand, or service. On the basis of aggregated data and interviews with various WOM marketing experts, remarketer estimates that almost 50% of online marketers will engage in some form of WOM or viral campaign in 2006. A recent survey of marketers, which asked what type of digital media they were either using or were, planning to use, found that exactly two-thirds cited WOM (Ramsey, 2005). The nature and scope of the Internet, as well as other messaging devices, has inspired marketers to deliberately attempt to stimulate or simulate the WOM process by designing marketing campaigns with characteristics that attract audiences and encourage individuals to pass along a message. Also known as buzz marketing and viral marketing, these tactics create the potential for exponential growth in the message's exposure and influence (Wilson, 2000). Though the terms buzz marketing and viral marketing are often used interchangeably with WOM communications, the following discussion points highlight clear distinctions between the three.
2.1. Word of mouth communications WOM communications, also referred to as opinion leadership, is the process by which one person (the opinion leader) informally influences the actions of others, who may be opinion seekers or opinion receivers. The key characteristic of this influence is that it is interpersonal and informal and takes place between two or more people, none of whom represent a commercial selling source that would gain financially from the exchange of information (Schiff man & Karuk, 2007). WOM implies personal or face-to-face communication, although nowadays it may also take place via telephone conversation or within the context of an instant message or e-mail. As individuals, opinion leaders specialize in the product categories (e.g., travel, automobiles) about which they offer information and advice, and often read special interest magazines to broaden their expertise. By the same token, when other product categories are discussed (ones in which they do not focus), these individuals are likely to become opinion receivers, occupying that position due to lack of knowledge in the subject area. Opinion leaders are a highly credible and powerful source of consumer information, and thus very effective in
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influencing customers' product-related decisions. One explanation for this strong influence is that opinion leaders are perceived as having nothing to gain financially from their purchase recommendations, and are thus inherently trusted. That is why word of mouth is so effective. In effect, when opinion leaders initiate WOM, they send a free, credible, and targeted marketing message.
2.2. Viral marketing
Viral marketing, a high-tech and “impersonal” variation of WOM, is an Internet-driven strategy that enables and encourages people to pass along a marketing message and engage in word of mouth, creating the potential for exponential growth in the message's exposure and influence. Like a virus, this tactic takes advantage of rapid multiplication to explode a message to thousands, even millions. Viral marketing depends on a high pass-along rate to create a snowballing effect. A widely cited first example of viral marketing is Hotmail, a company now owned by Microsoft, which promotes both its service and advertisers' messages in every e-mail sent by patrons using the technology.
2.3 Buzz marketing
With media undergoing a vast change in a world where aggressive television ads, flashy websites, and glossy brochures compete for consumer attention, it is necessary to bridge WOM with technology(e.g., the Internet, mobile phones, MP3 players) and “outside the box” thinking. Buzz marketing is the practice of gathering volunteers either formally by actively recruiting individuals who naturally set cultural trends, or informally by drawing “connectors”: people who have lots of contacts in different circles, who can talk up their experiences with folks they meet in their daily lives. These people can be experts, members of the press, politicians, celebrities, or well-connected customers others rely on for information. Unlike WOM, whereby opinion leaders are internally motivated because of their knowledge, those spreading buzz may or may not be experts, and may be spreading buzz on a host of different things that are injected by marketers.
Buzz marketing captures the attention of consumers and media to the point that people talk about the brand, because the message is perceived as entertaining, fascinating, and/or newsworthy. In order for this to occur, however, there must be something
中英互译电影 电影市场营销论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文外文资料翻译
interesting, clever, amusing, catchy, or remarkable enough about the message such that WOM fuels fast distribution via technology to create a “buzz.” Clearly, this requires clever marketing and creativity. Successful buzz marketing efforts so capture the attention of individuals that they talk to others interpersonally via acquaintances, friends, co-workers, and family members, and impersonally on the Internet in the form of message boards, chats, polls, user ratings, and member stories. As a result, more buzz is ultimately generated. Practitioner writings suggest that buzz is usually something that combines a wacky, jaw-dropping event or experience with pure branding to get people talking. According to McKinsey & Co., and as reported by firm strategy consultant Renee Dye (2000), motion pictures and broadcasting are two categories that are highly driven by buzz. Consider, for example, the 19th season premiere of The Oprah Winfrey Show, which aired in the fall of 2004. This episode created considerable buzz when Pontiac gifted each audience member with a new G6 sedan, and was remarkable enough to be noted by TV Guide as one of the greatest moments in television history. According to console Networks (“Oprah Giveaway,” 2004), traffic to the www.61k.com website and GM's www.61k.com increased dramatically after the talk show host's giveaway program aired on Monday. Behold the power of buzz.
中英互译电影 电影市场营销论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文外文资料翻译
电影口碑营销
摘要：在今天的动态电影娱乐环境下，许多企业都努力维持生存并保持盈利，并时刻面对着 诸如盗版，电子仿造，恶性竞争，重复的电影活动，媒体舆论，以及观众对电影的饱和度的 挑战，不断通过营销来提高自己的电影预算，尽可能做到使每一美元都发挥其价值。(www.61k.com)随着越来越多的娱乐方式充实人们的生活，营销人员必须寻找更多创新的方式来达到电影观众的要求。突破日常的嘈杂，捕捉人们的注意点，并将谈论电影作为一个愉快的经验分享。口碑营销就是以这样一个宣传的姿势，带动观众前往剧院。为了成功实现口碑营销，营销人员必须承认其作用范围内的存在的电影差异化战略，并支持公司的整体方法。为此，本文分析了口碑营销，包括六大部分（分化电影功能，细分电影市场，播放电影片段，定位电影图像，延伸电影形象，运用传统渠道）以及口碑营销的的具体步骤，保证它的成功实施
关键词：情感画面；电影；市场营销；营销推广；
一、 市场的挑战
今天的电影商面临着一个困难的现实：他们已经运用多年的营销计划正在受到挑战,然而现在有一个称为全新的创新方式可以驱动票房销售。在历史上他们所使用的传统模式，就是企业营销人员花费一定资金收集目标受众的营销信息，然后营销团队创建一个消息，同时购买媒体报道，并将该消息交付给个人或企业客户。然而鉴于媒体较分散的现状，电影采用传统模型来进行营销推广已经变得越来越困难。在美国，例如，曾经还只有极少数量的电视台现在已经遍布1600多个广播和有线电视网点，并且欧洲也有类似的发展趋势—通过电缆信息转播给观众，电视用户可以随意切换30秒的商业点，再加上在线广告的兴起。这种情况，使它更加难以积累足够的范围和意识，使得营销计划结果一般。
发展到现在这个信息分散的时代，多任务处理已越来越普遍。在上网时，典型的美国少年，平均每人同时从事二项活动，其中之一就是日常的作业。据了解，“具有多业务的群体，80%同时履行多样的工作职责”（格林斯潘，2004 ）于此相关的，
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