一 : 墓园挽歌
The poem begins in a churchyard with a narrator who is describing his surroundings in vivid detail. The narrator emphasises both aural and visual sensations as he examines the area in relation to himself:
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,
The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.
Now fades the glimm'ring landscape on the sight,
And all the air a solemn stillness holds,
Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight,
And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds;
Save that from yonder ivy-mantled tow'r
The moping owl does to the moon complain
Of such, as wand'ring near her secret bow'r,
Molest her ancient solitary reign. (lines 1–12)
As the poem continues, the narrator begins to focus less on the countryside and more on his immediate surroundings. His descriptions begin to move from sensations to his own thoughts about the dead. As the poem changes, the narrator begins to emphasise what is not present in the scene; he contrasts an obscure country life with a life that is remembered. This contemplation provokes the narrator's thoughts on waste that comes in nature:
Full many a gem of purest ray serene,
The dark unfathom'd caves of ocean bear:
Full many a flow'r is born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.
Some village-Hampden, that with dauntless breast
The little tyrant of his fields withstood;
Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest,
Some Cromwell guiltless of his country's blood.
The applause of listening senates to command,
The threats of pain and ruin to despise,
To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land,
And read their hist'ry in a nation's eyes,
Their lot forbade: nor circumscrib'd alone
Their growing virtues, but their crimes confin'd;
Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne,
And shut the gates of mercy on mankind,
The struggling pangs of conscious truth to hide,
To quench the blushes of ingenuous shame,
Or heap the shrine of Luxury and Pride
With incense kindled at the Muse's flame. (lines 53–72)
The narrator focuses on the inequities that come from death, obscuring individuals, while he begins to resign himself to his own inevitable fate. As the poem ends, the narrator begins to deal with death in a direct manner as he discusses how humans desire to be remembered. As the narrator does so, the poem shifts and the first narrator is replaced by a second who describes the death of the first:
For thee, who mindful of th' unhonour'd Dead
Dost in these lines their artless tale relate;
If chance, by lonely contemplation led,
Some kindred spirit shall inquire thy fate,
Haply some hoary-headed swain may say,
Oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn
Brushing with hasty steps the dews away
To meet the sun upon the upland lawn. (lines 93–100)
The poem concludes with a description of the poet's grave, over which the narrator is meditating, together with a description of the end of the poet's life:
There at the foot of yonder nodding beech
That wreathes its old fantastic roots so high,
His listless length at noontide would he stretch,
And pore upon the brook that babbles by.
Hard by yon wood, now smiling as in scorn,
Mutt'ring his wayward fancies he would rove,
Now drooping, woeful wan, like one forlorn,
Or craz'd with care, or cross'd in hopeless love.
One morn I miss'd him on the custom'd hill,
Along the heath and near his fav'rite tree;
Another came; nor yet beside the rill,
Nor up the lawn, nor at the wood was he;
The next with dirges due in sad array
Slow thro' the church-way path we saw him borne.
Approach and read (for thou canst read) the lay,
Grav'd on the stone beneath yon aged thorn." (lines 101–116)
An epitaph is included after the conclusion of the poem. The epitaph reveals that the poet whose grave is the focus of the poem was unknown and obscure. The poet was separated from the other common people because he was unable to join with the common affairs of life, and circumstance kept him from becoming something greater:
Here rests his head upon the lap of Earth
A youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown.
Fair Science frown'd not on his humble birth,
And Melancholy mark'd him for her own.
Large was his bounty, and his soul sincere,
Heav'n did a recompense as largely send:
He gave to Mis'ry all he had, a tear,
He gain'd from Heav'n ('twas all he wish'd) a friend.
No farther seek his merits to disclose,
Or draw his frailties from their dread abode,
(There they alike in trembling hope repose)
The bosom of his Father and his God. (lines 117–128)
The original conclusion from the earlier version of the poem promotes the view that humans should be resigned to the fact that we will die, which differs from the indirect, third person description in the final version:
The thoughtless World to majesty may bow
Exalt the brave, & idolize Success
But more to Innocence their Safety owe
Than Power & Genius e'er conspired to bless
And thou, who mindful of the unhonour'd Dead
Dost in these Notes thy artless Tale relate
By Night & lonely contemplation led
To linger in the gloomy Walks of Fate
Hark how the sacred Calm, that broods around
Bids ev'ry fierce tumultous Passion ease
In still small Accents whisp'ring from the Ground
A grateful Earnest of eternal Peace
No more with Reason & thyself at strife;
Give anxious Cares & endless Wishes room
But thro' the cool sequester'd Vale of Life
Pursue the silent Tenour of thy Doom.
二 : 墓园挽歌
晚钟响起来一阵阵给白昼报丧,
牛群在草原上迂回,吼声起落,
耕地人累了,回家走,脚步踉跄,
把整个世界留给了黄昏与我。
苍茫的景色逐渐从眼前消退,
一片肃穆的寂静盖遍了尘寰,
只听见嗡嗡的甲虫转圈子纷飞,
昏沉的铃声催眠着远处的羊栏。
只听见常春藤披裹的塔顶底下
一只阴郁的柢枭向月亮诉苦,
怪人家无端走进它秘密的住家,
搅扰它这个悠久而僻静的领土。
峥嵘的榆树底下,扁柏的荫里,
草皮鼓起了许多零落的荒堆,
各自在洞窟里永远放下了身体,
小村里粗鄙的父老在那里安睡。
香气四溢的晨风轻松的呼召,
燕子从茅草棚子里吐出的呢喃,
公鸡的尖喇叭,使山鸣谷应的猎号
再不能唤醒他们在地下的长眠。
在他们,熊熊的炉火不再会燃烧,
忙碌的管家妇不再会赶她的夜活;
孩子们不再会“牙牙”的报父亲来到,
为一个亲吻爬倒他膝上去争夺。
往常是:他们一开镰就所向披靡,
顽梗的泥板让他们犁出了垄沟;
他们多么欢欣地赶牲口下地!
他们一猛砍,树木就一棵棵低头!
“雄心”别嘲讽他们实用的操劳,
家常的欢乐,默默无闻的命运;
“豪华”也不用带着轻蔑的冷笑
来听讲穷人的又短有简的生平。
门第的炫耀,有权有势的煊赫,
凡是美和财富所能赋予的好处,
前头都等待着不可避免的时刻:
光荣的道路无非是引导到坟墓。
骄傲人,你也不要怪这些人不行,
“怀念”没有给这些人建立纪念堂,
没有让悠长的廊道、雕花的拱顶
洋溢着洪亮的赞美歌,进行颂扬。
栩栩的半身像,铭刻了事略的瓮碑,
难道能恢复断气,促使还魂?
“荣誉”的声音能激发沉默的死灰?
“献媚”能叫死神听软了耳根?
也许这一块地方,尽管荒芜,
就埋着曾经充满过灵焰的一颗心;
一双手,本可以执掌到帝国的王芴
或者出神入化地拨响了七弦琴。
可是“知识”从不曾对他们展开
它世代积累而琳琅满目的书卷;
“贫寒”压制了他们高贵的襟怀,
冻结了他们从灵府涌出的流泉。
世界上多少晶莹皎洁的珠宝
埋在幽暗而深不可测的海底;
世界上多少花吐艳而无人知晓,
把芳香白白地散发给荒凉的空气。
也许有乡村汉普顿在这里埋身,
反抗过当地的小霸王,胆大,坚决;
也许有缄口的米尔顿,从没有名声;
有一位克伦威尔,并不曾害国家流血。
要博得满场的元老雷动的鼓掌,
无视威胁,全不顾存亡生死,
把富庶,丰饶遍播到四处八方,
打从全国的笑眼里读自己的历史——
他们的命运可不许:既不许罪过
有所放纵,也不许发挥德行;
不许从杀戮中间涉登宝座
从此对人类关上仁慈的大门;
不许掩饰天良在内心的发作,
隐瞒天真的羞愧,恬不红脸;
不许用诗神的金焰点燃了香火
锦上添花去塞满“骄”“奢”的神龛。
远离了纷纭人世的勾心斗角,
他们有清醒愿望,从不学糊涂,
顺着生活的清凉僻静的山坳,
他们坚持了不声不响的正路。
可是叫这些尸骨免受到糟踏,
还是有脆弱的碑牌树立在近边,
点缀了拙劣的韵语、凌乱的刻划,
请求过往人就便献一声婉叹。
无闻的野诗神注上了姓名、年份,
另外再加上地址和一篇悼词;
她在周围撒播了一些经文,
教训乡土道德家怎样去死。
要知道谁甘愿舍身哑口的“遗忘”,
坦然撇下了忧喜交织的此生,
谁离开风和日暖的明媚现场
而能不依依地回头来顾盼一阵?
辞世的灵魂还依傍钟情的怀抱,
临闭的眼睛需要尽哀的珠泪,
即使坟冢里也有“自然”的呼号
他们的旧火还点燃我们的新灰。
至于你,我关心这些默默的陈死人,
用这些诗句讲他们质朴的故事,
假如在幽思的引导下,偶然有缘分,
一位同道来问起你的身世——
也许会有白头的乡下人对他说,
“我们常常看见他,天还刚亮,
就用匆忙的脚步把露水碰落,
上那边高处的草地去会晤朝阳;
“那边有一棵婆娑的山毛榉老树,
树底下隆起的老根盘错在一起,
他常常在那里懒躺过一个中午,
悉心看旁边一道涓涓的小溪。
“他转游到林边,有时候笑里带嘲,
念念有词,发他的奇谈怪议,
有时候垂头丧气,像无依无靠,
像忧心忡忡或者像情场失意。
“有一天早上,在他惯去的山头,
灌木丛,他那棵爱树下,我不见他出现;
第二天早上,尽管我走下溪流,
上草地,穿过树林,他还是不见。
“第三天我们见到了送葬的行列,
唱着挽歌,抬着他向坟场走去——
请上前看那丛老荆棘底下的碑碣,
(你是识字的)请念念这些诗句”:
墓 铭
这里边,高枕地膝,是一位青年,
生平从不曾受知于“富贵”和“名声”;
“知识”可没轻视他出身的微贱,
“清愁”把他标出来认作宠幸。
他生性真挚,最乐于慷慨施惠,
上苍也给了他同样慷慨的报酬:
他给了“坎坷”全部的所有,一滴泪;
从上苍全得了所求,一位朋友。
别再想法子表彰他的功绩,
也别再把他的弱点翻出了暗窖
(他们同样在颤抖的希望中休息)。
那就是他的天父和上帝的怀抱。
=======================================
版本二
暮钟声声,宣告白日即将隐去,
牛群悠悠,如清风刮过低洼的草地。
农夫急急,拖着困倦疲惫的身体,
旷野寂寂,只有诗人在昏暗中伫立。
夜幕悄然降下,苍茫渐渐消退,
刹那间万籁俱静,了无生机,
只听牛铃在催着远处的同伴入睡,
还有一只甲壳虫嗡嗡地瞎飞。
常青藤缠绕的钟楼塔顶上,
传来夜猫子的几声凄厉,
似在向月儿抱怨陌生人闯入领地,
骚扰了这片孤寂古土的神秘。
塔前大片榆树及扁柏树下,
鼓起那么多起俯如浪的土堆,
土堆下的小小洞穴中,
静静沉睡的是村人们粗鄙的先辈。
芬芳的晨风轻轻呼唤,
梁上的小燕喃喃低语,
猎手号角回荡,雄鸡一声长啼,
可谁也无法将那些先辈从床上唤起。
炉火熊熊,他们再也无法面对,
主妇忙碌,再也无人为他们将晚饭准备,
儿孙们再也不会扑向他们的怀里,
也不会争相亲吻,爬上他们的双膝。
想当年,想当年哟----
他们挥动银镰,收回金子般的谷粒,
推动犁头,他们翻起硬硬的土地,
他们高举斧头砍树伐木,
他们赶着牲口,别提多么欢喜。
不要嘲笑他们平庸而无闻的劳作,
切莫蔑视他们短暂而简单的经历,
他们的一生没有惊天动地,
可平凡的一生照样也有意义。
你能卖弄显赫的权势,炫耀高贵的门第,
你的财富车载斗量,美貌落雁沉鱼,
但你可知道它们都在等着同一个归宿-----
那就是走向这片漆黑的墓地。
三 : 墓园挽歌
欣赏《墓园挽歌》
ELERGY WRITTEN IN A COUNTRY CHURCHYARD墓园挽歌 The curfew tolls the knell of parting day; The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea; The ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me.
白昼将残尽,晚钟促落晖。(www.61k.com]
黄犊鸣草原,逶迤缓缓归。
田夫荷锄走,赴家意沉昏。
玄冥盈天地,孤影立乾坤。
Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,
And all the air a solemn stillness holds, Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds;
夕曛逐黯淡,晚景渐暝灭。
万化皆偃息,阴肃笼四野。
唯见虫旋舞,但闻语切切。
牧铃声思睡,催羊入圈歇。
Save that, from yonder ivy-mantled tower, The moping owl does to the moon complain Of such as, wandering near her secret bower,
Molest her ancient solitary reign.
薜荔摇青气,蒙络罩尖顶。
栖栖枝上枭,磔磔怨蟾光:
窥我私巢久,徘徊未离休。
古已长居此,何事扰清幽。
Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap,
Each in his narrow cell for ever laid,
The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.
峥嵘耸青榆,蔼蔼立紫杉。
翳下多荒坟,隆冒蒿草间。
隘隘见方穴,寂寂长眠人。
欲问谁偃卧,野夫与村氓。
The breezy call of incense-breathing morn, The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed, The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn, No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed.
1
墓园挽歌 墓园挽歌
欣赏《墓园挽歌》
侵晓花香郁,翦翦风轻唤。[www.61k.com]
茅庐草堂下,家燕语呢喃。
司晨雄鸡啼,行猎号角鸣。
陋塌一已卧,万声莫能醒。
For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn,
Or busy housewife ply her evening care;
No children run to lisp their sire's return, Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share.
炉膛火烁烁,主妇忙夜活。
烧饭兼添火,此景已不复。
娇儿尚学语,哑哑迎父归。
爬膝争宠爱,斯景亦难追。
Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield; Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke; How jocund did they drive their team afield! How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke!
昔往镰刀利,行处皆披靡。
瘠土硗薄地,犁沟亦能理。
驱驾于南亩,耦耕欢时务。
千斤挥巨斧,群林纷鞠伏。
Let not ambition mock their useful toil, Their homely joys, and destiny obscure;
Nor grandeur hear with a disdainful smile The short and simple annals of the poor.
妄者莫嘲讽,劳碌终有功。
微贱无须叹,家乐可颂扬。
蓬户家史短,简略不足耀。
权贵或有闻,无为相讥诮。
The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave,
Awaits alike the inevitable hour:
The paths of glory lead but to the grave.
炫炫之豪族,煌煌之王侯,
美貌所招徕,财货所添购,
最终皆难免,灰飞烟灭时。
荣华何足道,百年归丘垄。
——《墓园挽歌》 作者:托马斯?格雷 王佐良译
2
墓园挽歌 墓园挽歌
欣赏《墓园挽歌》
墓园挽歌 (卞之琳译) 晚钟响起一阵阵给白昼报丧, 牛群在草原上迂回,吼声起落, 耕地人累了,回家走,脚步踉跄, 把整个世界留给了我与黄昏。(www.61k.com]
苍茫的景色逐渐从眼前消退, 一边肃穆的寂静盖遍了尘寰, 只听见嗡嗡的甲虫转圈子纷飞,
昏沉的铃声催眠者远处的羊栏。
只听见常春藤披裹的塔顶地下 一只阴郁的鸱枭向月亮诉苦, 怪人家无端走进它秘密的住家,
搅扰它这个悠久而僻静的领土。
峥嵘的榆树地下,扁柏的荫里, 草皮鼓起了许多零落的荒堆, 各自在洞窟里永远放下了身体, 小村里粗鄙的父老在那里安睡。 香气四溢的晨风轻松的呼召,
燕子从茅草棚子里吐出的呢喃, 公鸡的尖喇叭,使山鸣谷应的猎号 再不能唤醒他们在地下的长眠。 在他们,熊熊的炉火不再会燃烧,
忙碌的管家妇不再会赶他的夜活;
孩子们不再会“牙牙”的报父亲的来到,
为一个亲吻爬到他膝上去争夺。 往常是:他们一开镰就所向披靡
顽梗的泥板让他们犁出了垄沟;
他们多么欢欣的赶牲口下地! 他们一猛砍,树木就一棵棵低头!
“雄心”别嘲讽他们使用的操劳,
家常的欢乐、默默无闻的运命;
“豪华”也不用带着轻蔑的冷笑 来听讲穷人的又短又简的生平。
门第的炫耀,有权有势的煊赫,
凡是美和财富所能赋予的好处,
前头都等待着不可避免的时刻: 光荣的道路无非是引导到坟墓。 骄傲人,你也不要怪这些人不行, “怀念”没有给这些坟建立纪念堂, 没有让悠久的廊道、雕花的拱顶
洋溢着洪亮的赞美歌,进行颂扬。
栩栩的半身像、铭刻了事略的瓮碑,难道能恢复断气,促使还魂? “荣誉”的声音能激发沉默的死灰?
“谄媚”能叫死神听软了耳根?
3
墓园挽歌 墓园挽歌
欣赏《墓园挽歌》
也许这一块地方,尽管荒芜, 就埋着曾经充满过灵焰的一颗心; 一双手,本可以执掌着帝国的王笏 或者出神入化的拨响了七弦琴。[www.61k.com] 可是“知识”从不曾对他们展开 它时代积累而琳琅满目的书卷; 贫寒压制了他们高贵的襟怀, 冻结了他们从灵府涌出的流泉。 世界上多少晶莹皎洁的珠宝 埋在幽暗而深不可测的海底: 世界上多少花吐艳而无人知晓, 把芳香白白的散发给荒凉的空气。 也许有乡村汉普顿在这里埋身, 反抗过当地的小霸王,胆大,坚决;也许有缄口的米尔顿,从没有名声;有一位克伦威尔,并不曾害国家流血。
要博得满场的元老雷动的鼓掌, 无视威胁,全不管存亡生死, 把富庶、丰饶遍播到四处八方, 打从全国的笑眼里读自己的历史—
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他们的命运可不许:既不许罪过 有所放纵,也不许发挥德行: 不许从杀戮中间涉登宝座 从此对人类关上仁慈的大门; 不许演示天良在内心的发作, 隐瞒天真的羞愧,恬不红脸; 不许用诗神的金焰点燃了香火 锦上添花去塞满“骄”“奢”的神龛。 远离了纷纭人世的勾心斗角, 他们有清醒的愿望,从不学糊涂, 顺着生活的清凉僻静的山坳, 他们坚持了不声不响的正路。 可是叫那些尸骨免受糟蹋, 还是有脆弱的碑牌树立的近边, 点缀了拙劣的韵语、凌乱的刻划, 请求过往人就便献一声惋叹。 无文的野诗神注上了姓名、年份,
另外再加上地址和一篇悼词; 她在周围散播了一些经文, 教训乡土道德家怎样去死。
要知道睡甘愿舍身喂哑口的“遗忘”,坦然撇下了忧喜交织的此生,
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墓园挽歌 墓园挽歌
欣赏《墓园挽歌》
谁离开风和日暖的明媚现场 而不依依的回头来盼一阵? 辞世的灵魂还依傍钟情的怀抱,
临闭的眼睛需要尽哀的珠泪,
即使这家坟墓里也有“自然”的呼号 他们的旧火还点燃我们的新灰。(www.61k.com] 至于你,你关心这些陈私人,
用这些诗句讲他们质朴的故事,
假如在幽思的引领下,偶然有缘分,一位同道来问起你的身世—— 也许会有白头的乡下人对他说, “我们常常看见他,天还刚亮, 就用匆忙的脚步把露水碰落, 上那边的高出的草地去会晤朝阳; 那边有一个婆娑的山毛榉老树, 树底下隆起的老根盘错在一起, 他常常在那里懒躺过一个中午, 悉心看旁边的一道涓涓小溪。 “他转游到林边,有时候笑里带嘲, 念念有词,发他的奇谈怪议, 有时候垂头丧气,像无依无靠, 像忧心忡忡或者情场失意。
有一天早上,在他惯去的山头, 灌木丛、他那棵爱树下,我不加他出现;
第二天早上,尽管我走下溪流,
上草地,穿过树林,他还是不见。
第三天我看到了送葬的行列, 唱着挽歌,抬着他向坟场走去——
请上前看那丛老荆棘地下的墓碣
(你是识字的)请念念这些诗句”:
墓铭
这里边,高枕地膝,是一位青年, 生平从不曾受知于“富贵”和“名声”; “知识”可没有轻视他生身的微贱, “清愁”把他标出来认作宠幸。 他生性真挚,最乐于慷慨施惠, 上苍也给了他同样的慷慨的报酬: 他给了“坎坷”全部的所有,一滴泪;从上苍全得了所求,一位朋友。 别再想法子表彰他的功绩, 也别再把他的弱点翻出两暗窖 (它们同样再颤抖的希望中休息),那就是他的天父和上帝的怀抱。
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